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İSMAİL FENNİ ERTUĞRUL Skip to content (1855-1946)
Felsefeci, yazar.
Bulgaristan’ın Tırnova kasabasında doğdu. Babası oranın mahallî idare meclisi üyelerinden Mahmud Bey’dir. Rüşdiyeyi bitirince bir süre medresede Arapça derslerine devam etti. Yazısı güzel olduğundan on altı yaşında iken vâridât mukayyitliğine tayin edildi. Bu sırada hem muhasebe öğrendi hem de mûsiki meşketti. Memleketinin Ruslar tarafından işgal edilmesi üzerine yirmi yaşında İstanbul’a göç etti. 1879’da Maliye Nezâreti’nde memuriyet görevi aldı. 1883’te Dîvân-ı Muhâsebât’a nakledildi; bu arada yeni açılan lisan mektebine gidip Fransızca bölümünden mezun oldu (1886). Ayrıca dört yıl kadar İngilizce dersleri alarak divan üyesi oldu, ardından Mâbeyn-i Hümâyun bütçesini hazırlayan komisyona alındı. Şirket-i Hayriyye’nin hesaplarını inceleyen komisyonda da görev yaptı. 1898’de Dahiliye Nezâreti’nde muhasebe müdürlüğüne getirildi. İsmail Fenni devlet hizmetinde dürüst, çalışkan ve titiz bir memur olarak tanındı. Başarılı çalışmalarından dolayı “rütbe-i ûlâ sınıf-ı evvel” pâyesi, dördüncü dereceden Mecîdî ve üçüncü dereceden Osmanlı nişanı gibi nişanlarla ödüllendirildi. 1911 yılında emekli olduktan sonra daha önce başladığı eserleri tamamlamaya çalıştı ve bilhassa felsefî konularda araştırmalar yaptı.
Şiir ve mûsikiyle de ilgilenen İsmail Fenni çeşitli gazeller yazdı. Tırnova’da Karaoğlan Dimitriof’tan kanun ve Pamukoğlu’ndan keman dersleri almıştı. İstanbul’a geldikten sonra da Kemânî Aleksan Ağa, Tanbûrî Ali Efendi, Hacı Fâik Bey ve bestekâr Şevki Bey gibi mûsiki üstatlarının öğrencisi oldu. Güftelerinin çoğu kendisine ait olmak üzere 200’den fazla şarkı, ayrıca peşrev, semâi ve saz semâileri besteledi. Bu arada yürüyüş marşları da besteleyip bunlardan birkaçını 1924’te cumhurbaşkanlığına takdim etti. Beğenilen bu eserler askerî birliklerin bandolarına tavsiye edildi.
Münzevi, gösterişsiz bir hayat yaşayan İsmail Fenni 29 Ocak 1946’da İstanbul’da öldü ve Eyüpsultan Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. İsmail Fenni müzmin mide rahatsızlığı, ilk dönemlerde geçim sıkıntısı ve eser telifi gibi sebeplerle evlenememiştir. Mirasçısı bulunmadığından Cağaloğlu’ndaki evini, Büyükada’daki köşkünü, nakdî servetiyle basılmamış eserlerini ve bütün kitaplarının basım hakkını Dârüşşafaka’ya bağışlamıştır. Basılı eserlerinin mevcut nüshalarını ise müftülüklere dağıtılmak üzere Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na bırakmıştır. Öte yandan 9050 ciltten oluşan kütüphanesini Beyazıt Devlet Kütüphanesi’ne vermiştir.
İsmail Fenni’nin temel düşüncesi vahdet-i vücûdun benimsenmesi ve materyalizmin reddedilmesine dayanır. Ona göre varlık birdir, o da zorunlu, ezelî ve ebedî olan Allah’tır. Diğer varlıklar Allah’ın sıfatlarının görünüşünden ibarettir, geçici ve fâni olup bizâtihi mevcudiyetleri yoktur. Varlıklar bir aynada görünüp kaybolan sûretlerden ibarettir. İsmâil Fenni, ruhun olgunlaşmasının insân-ı kâmilde mümkün olacağına inandığı için kişiyi ruhen kemale erdirecek yol olarak vahdet-i vücûd görüşünü tercih etmiş, vahdet-i vücûd anlayışının kaynağı olarak Kur’an ve hadisi göstererek bunun Hint, İran ve Yunan menşeli olduğu fikrine karşı çıkmıştır. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’deki birçok âyeti (el-Bakara 2/186; Âl-i İmrân 3/6; en-Nisâ 4/108, 126; el-Enfâl 8/17; et-Tevbe 9/104; es-Secde 32/11; ez-Zümer 39/42; eş-Şûrâ 42/25; Muhammed 47/31; el-Feth 48/10; Kāf 50/16; er-Rahmân 55/1-2; el-Vâkıa 56/64, 68-69; el-Kıyâme 75/18) vahdet-i vücûda delil olarak getirmekle birlikte bunların doğrudan konuyla ilgili olmadığı görülmekte, ele aldığı hadislerin de ciddi tenkide ihtiyacı bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır (bk. VAHDET-i VÜCÛD ). İsmail Fenni, tasavvuf ve vahdet-i vücûdla ilgili görüşlerinde Tırnova Sıbyan Mektebi’nde ders aldığı dönemin mutasavvıflarından Ahmed Amiş Efendi’den çok etkilenmiş ve daha sonra onun müridi olmuştur.
Vahdet-i vücûdun panteizmden ayrıldığını ısrarla belirten İsmail Fenni, çeşitli panteist görüşlerde ortaya çıkan Tanrı anlayışını reddederek tabiatın ve içindeki şeylerin Allah olamayacağını vurgular. Ona göre bütün evren ve ondaki her şey değişken ve geçici görünüşlerden ibarettir. Bunların hepsi kadîm, değişime uğramayan ve bâki olan Allah’ın kudret ve iradesiyle vücut bulur. Ayna, üzerindeki sûretlerin değişmesinden etkilenmediği gibi Allah da nesnelerin değişmesinden etkilenmez. Nesnelerin temel niteliği yokluk olduğundan onların oluşturduğu tabiata tanrılık izâfe edilemez. Bu bakımdan bütün âlemi Tanrı olarak kabul eden panteist görüşler temelden yanlıştır.
İsmail Fenni, maddeciliğe karşı ruhun maddeden bağımsız varlığını ve üstünlüğünü savunmuş, bu hususta ruhçu ve mâneviyatçı bir düşünceyi benimsemiştir. Bazı cisimlerin gözle görülmeyen ışınlar (radyoaktivite) yayma özelliğine sahip olmasına dayanarak maddenin enerjiye dönüştüğünü, madde ile kuvvet arasındaki ikiliğin kalktığını, maddenin aslında enerjinin ısı, ışık gibi şekillerinden biri olduğunu ileri sürmüştür. Ona göre atom da parçalandığına göre maddenin bağımsız bir varlığından, dolayısıyla zorunlu varlık oluşundan söz etmek mümkün değildir.
Ruhun -suyun bir kaba girmesi veya bilginin zihne nüfuz etmesi gibi- bedene girmediğini söyleyen İsmail Fenni onun bir araz değil bir cevher olduğu, ayrıca kendisini ve yaratıcısını bildiği görüşündedir. Ona göre küllî ruh birdir ve emir âlemindendir, ilk ve vasıtasız olarak yaratılmış bir nurdur, şekli ve sûreti yoktur, yalnızca mümkün hakikatleri ihtiva eder. Buna “hakîkat-i Muhammediyye” de denir. Küllî ruh fertlerde türlü şekillerde tezahür eder, fakat onun erginliğe ulaşması kâmil insana mahsustur. İsmail Fenni, ruhun maddî olmadığını ispatlamak amacıyla ruhî olaylarla fizyolojik olaylar arasındaki farklardan, ruhun birliğinden, faaliyetlerinden ve duyum olayından çıkardığı dört delil ileri sürerek ruh-beyin ayrılığı üzerinde durur. Bu konuda ortaya çıkan çeşitli problemlere çözüm ararken ruhun maddeden bağımsız olarak varlığını teyit için yoga hayatını, manyetizma, ruh çağırma ve hipnotizma hadiselerini de delil olarak kullanır. Bu arada maddeci felsefeye yönelttiği eleştiriler çerçevesinde materyalizmi doğrudan veya dolaylı olarak destekleyen pozitivizm, transformizm (Lamarkçılık), Darvinizm ve Spencer’in sosyal evrimci felsefesini de ana hatları ile tenkit eder.
İsmail Fenni’ye göre dinî mükellefiyetin esası akıldır. Akılla nakil çatışırsa nakil te’vil edilir. Akıldan mümkün olduğu kadar yararlanmaya engel olacak herhangi bir şey bulunmadığı gibi hiçbir hakikatin keşfi dine zarar vermez. Buna göre “akıl vasıtasıyla her şeyin sebebini ve hikmetini anlamaya çalışmak” mânasında filozofluk insan için bir şereftir. Ancak ilim ve irfan alanında akıldan başka vasıta kabul etmeyip ilâhî vahyi inkâr etmek sapıklıktan başka bir şey değildir. Vahiy ve ilhamdan kaynağını alan bilgi en güvenilir bilgi çeşididir. Hz. Peygamber’in nassa dayanan icraatı göz önüne alınırsa vahyin öneminin hiçbir şeyle mukayese edilemeyeceği kolayca anlaşılır. Aklın metafizik alanıyla ilgili gücü ve yetkisi sınırlıdır; onun mânevî olayları idrakteki aczi ise herkesçe kabul edilmektedir. “Tabii din” adıyla bazı aydınlanma devri filozoflarınca ortaya atılan din anlayışı, âhirete yani ceza ve mükâfat inancına yer vermediğinden önemli bir etki yapamamıştır. Buna karşılık mukaddes kitabı olan ilâhî dinler her zaman toplumların dirlik ve düzenine büyük ölçüde yardım etmiştir. Öte yandan iddia edildiği gibi deney ve gözleme dayanan ilimle hak din arasında hiçbir çatışma yoktur.
Ahlâkın sosyal bütünlüğe büyük katkısı olduğunu söyleyen müellife göre sosyal hayatın esası ahlâktır. Ahlâk bozulunca insan ilişkilerinde samimiyet ve sevgi ortadan kalkar. XVIII. yüzyılın aydınlanmacı ateist ve materyalist filozofları yerleşik din anlayışını eleştirirken ahlâkî değerleri de tahrip etmişlerdir. Bunun üzerine Batılı toplumların kökten sarsıldığını gören bir kısım düşünürler, tabii din diye yeni bir mânevî değerler sistemi ortaya atıp insanlığın mutluluğunun yine dinde olduğunu itiraf etmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Müslümanlar Batılı felsefî ekollerin ahlâkî prensiplerini benimsediği takdirde milletin ahlâkında farklılıklar ortaya çıkar ve birlik bozulur.
Aslında ahlâk ve terbiye şuurlu olarak yapılan şeyleri şuur altına geçirme sanatıdır. Çocuklara güzel davranışları âdet haline gelecek şekilde devamlı yaptırmak gerekir. Ancak bu şuursuz bir otomat yetiştirme amacı taşımamalı, çocukların hiçbir meyil ve hevese esir olmadan kendi fiil ve hareketlerini kontrol etmeleri sağlanmalıdır. Çünkü kişi ne kadar zeki ve akıllı olursa olsun nefsinin arzularına mağlûp olunca aklını hep o yolda kullanır. Terbiyenin bir mânası da başkalarını mutlu kılmak için bazı fedakârlıklara katlanmaktır. Birinden iyilik bekleyen kişi kalbinin anahtarını ona teslim etmeye hazırlanmış demektir. Dolayısıyla insanları kazanmanın yolu sevgiye ve yardım etmeye dayalı bir eğitimden geçer.
İsmail Fenni insanı ilâhî sıfatların tecelli ettiği, bütün mânevî mertebeleri kendinde toplayan bir varlık olarak değerlendirir. Hz. Îsâ’nın Allah’ın izniyle ölüleri diriltmesi vb. olaylar bunun delilleri arasında yer alır. İlâhî sıfatlar tam olarak insân-ı kâmilde tecelli eder. Çünkü Allah insana kendi ruhundan üflemiş (Sâd 38/72) ve onun yaptığı bazı fiilleri kendisine nisbet etmiştir (el-Enfâl 8/17). İnsan bazı fiilleri işlemeye muktedir olmaktadır, bu da onun irade sahibi olduğunu gösterir. Aksini düşünmek, şimdiye kadar akıllı ve bilgili insanların aldanarak boş yere kanunlar ve ahlâk kuralları koyduklarını kabul etmek demektir.
Çocuğun zihnini boş bir levha olarak gören İsmail Fenni’ye göre çocukta önceleri iyi, kötü, fayda, zarar fikirleri yoktur; bir süre içgüdüye tâbi olduktan sonra yavaş yavaş aklın idaresine girer, fikir ve eğilimleri yaşayacağı tecrübelerle gelişir. Terbiye bu tecrübelerin faydalı olanlarını geliştirmeye, zararlı olanlarını da önlemeye çalışmaktır. Bunun için çocuğun iradesini kullanmayı öğrenmesi gerekir. Zihnî, ruhî ve nefsî olarak üçe ayrılan insanî kabiliyetlerin gelişmesi ayrı ayrı olup belli bir sınırda durmaktadır. Her birinin bu sınıra varmasını sağlayan ise tecrübedir. Bu kabiliyetlerden zihin güçlerini geliştirebilmek için ilim tahsil etmek, bedenî organların gelişmesi için iyi beslenip spor yapmak, ayrıca ruhî eğilimleri geliştirmeye çalışmak ve nefsânî arzularla mücadele etmek gerekir.
İsmail Fenni’ye göre pratik yönü teorik yönüne galip geldiği için mûsiki bir sanattır. Türk mûsikisindeki makamların ve usullerin çokluğu ve çeşitliliği, mûsikide bulunması gereken değişikliği mükemmel surette temin etmeye yeterlidir. İsmail Fenni, kendi mûsiki zevkimize aykırı olan Batı müziği parçalarının sevdirilmesi için sık sık halka dinletilmesine de karşı çıkar ve mûsikinin dinle çok kuvvetli bir bağının bulunduğunu vurgular. Aydınların bile güzelliğini ve zenginliğini anlayacak kültürden mahrum olmalarının acı sonucu olarak millî mûsikimizin itibarını yitirdiğinden yakınan İsmail Fenni, halkın bu yüzden âdi nağmeleri mûsiki şaheserlerine tercih ettiğini söyler.
Eserleri. 1. Lugatçe-i Felsefe (İstanbul 1341). André Lalande’ın Vocabulaire technique et critique de la philosophie adlı eserinden faydalanılarak hazırlanmış olmakla birlikte müellifin kendi yorumlarını ve İslâm düşüncesiyle ilgili katkılarını da içerir. Eserde felsefî terimlerin alfabetik sırası Fransızca terminolojiye göre düzenlenmiştir.
2. Maddiyyûn Mezhebinin İzmihlâli (İstanbul 1928). Ludwig Büchner’in 1855’te yayımladığı Kraft und Stoff adlı eserindeki materyalist iddiaların tenkidine dairdir. Abdülhalim Kılıçsoy tarafından Materyalizmin İflası ve İslâm adıyla sadeleştirilerek iki cilt halinde tekrar basılmıştır (İstanbul 1996).
3. Kitâb-ı İzâle-i Şükûk (İstanbul 1928). Reinhart Pieter Anne Dozy’nin Abdullah Cevdet tarafından Târîh-i İslâmiyyet (Kahire 1908) adıyla tercüme edilen eserinde yer alan İslâm, Kur’an ve Hz. Muhammed hakkındaki ithamlara cevap olarak yazılmıştır. Kitapta Dozy’nin özellikle Hz. Peygamber’in bazı şahsî tasarrufları, Bahîrâ ve Nestûrâ ile görüşmesi ve İslâm’ın yayılışıyla ilgili tenkitleriyle Kur’an üslûbunun düzensizliği hakkındaki iddiaları cevaplandırılmış, bu arada küfür ifadelerinin yer aldığı konularda mütercimin suskunluğu da eleştirilmiştir.
4. Vahdet-i Vücûd ve Muhyiddîn-i Arabî (İstanbul 1928). Vahdet-i vücûdun İslâmî karakteri ve panteizmden farkı konusunun ele alınıp aksi yöndeki görüşlerin cevaplandırıldığı eser Mustafa Kara tarafından kısmen sadeleştirilerek Vahdeti Vücûd ve İbn Arabi adıyla tekrar yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1991).
5. Küçük Kitapta Büyük Mevzular (İstanbul 1934). Eserde din ve tasavvuf meselelerine dair bazı önemli fikirler sade bir dille ve soru cevap şekilde açıklanmaktadır. Kâmil Yılmaz eseri sadeleştirerek İman Hakikatleri Etrafında Suallere Cevaplar adıyla neşretmiştir (İstanbul 1976).
6. Hakikat Nurları (İstanbul 1949, 1979). Asıl adı Envâr-ı Hakîkat olup müellifin hayatında basılmayan eseri Osman Nuri Ergin sadeleştirip önemli notlar eklemek suretiyle yayımlamıştır. H. Hirschfeld’in New Researches into the Composition and Exegesis of the Qoran (London 1902) ve W. Clair Tisdall’ın Original Sources of the Quran (London 1905) adlı eserlerindeki iddialara reddiye olarak kaleme alınmıştır. Eserde bu müelliflerin Hz. Peygamber’in ruhî dengesi, çok evliliği, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’in kaynakları, Sâbiîlik ve Yahudiliğin İslâm dinine etkisiyle ilgili görüşlerine cevap verilmektedir. Ayrıca İslâm’ın ulûhiyyet anlayışı bakımından diğer ilâhî dinlerden farkı üzerinde durulmakta ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in nübüvvetinin ispatına yer verilmektedir.
Müellifin bunların dışında, Türkiye Yayınevi’nce Canlı Tarihler adıyla yayımlanan seri içinde bir hâtırası ile (İstanbul 1946, 18 sayfa), kendisinin telif haklarıyla birlikte Dârüşşafaka Kütüphanesi’ne bağışladığı Büyük Filozoflar , Hürriyet (J. Stuart Mill’den), Asr-ı Hâzır Maddiyyûn Mezhebi (Paul Janet’ten), Hayat ve Madde (Olivier Lodge’dan) gibi çoğunluğu Fransızca, İngilizce ve Arapça’dan tercüme olan on beş kadar basılmamış eseri bulunmaktadır (Bolay, Felsefe Dünyası , sy. 7 [1993], s. 14-15).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul, Hakikat Nurları , İstanbul 1949, Osman Ergin’in önsözü ve girişi, s. III-XV.
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 205-206.
Hilmi Ziya Ülken, Türkiye’de Çağdaş Düşünce Tarihi , İstanbul 1966, II, 475-485.
Süleyman Hayri Bolay, Türkiye’de Ruhçu ve Maddeci Görüşün Mücadelesi , İstanbul 1966, s. 167-266.
a.mlf., “İsmail Fenni Ertuğrul”, Felsefe Dünyası , sy. 7, Ankara 1993, s. 11-25.
İsmail Kara, Türkiye’de İslâmcılık Düşüncesi , İstanbul 1987, II, 137-183.
Neşet Toku, Türkiye’de Anti Materyalist Felsefe (Spiritüalizm): İlk Temsilciler , İstanbul 1996, s. 107-152.
Süheyl Ünver, “Büyük Üstad İsmail Fenni: Kendi Kalemiyle Hal Tercümesi”, İslâm-Türk Ansiklopedisi Mecmuası , II/73, İstanbul 1947, s. 14-16; II/74, s. 9-10; II/80, s. 10.
Osman Özkul, “Mütevazi Bir Türk Düşünürü: İsmail Fennî Ertuğrul (1855-1946)”, Toplumbilim , sy. 2, İstanbul 1993, s. 153-160.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 98-100 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.