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İSMET Skip to content Peygamberlerin günahtan korunmuş olduğunu ifade eden terim.
Sözlükte “engel olmak, gelebilecek zararları bertaraf edip korumak” anlamına gelen asm kökünden türemiş bir isimdir. Kelimenin “korumak” mânasına ağırlık veren Râgıb el-İsfahânî, peygamberlerin ismetini “Allah’ın temiz bir yaratılışa sahip kılması, bedenî üstünlük vermesi, zafer ve kararlılık lutfetmesi, iç huzuru yaratması ve hayra muvaffak kılması suretiyle kendilerini koruması” şeklinde tarif etmiş (el-Müfredat , “ʿaṣm” md.), İbn Manzûr ise “Allah’ın, kulunu cezalandıracağı kötü şeylerden koruması, ona engel olması” tanımını yapmıştır (Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “ʿaṣm” md.). Kelâm literatüründe ismet “peygamberlerin Allah tarafından günah işlemekten korunması” şeklinde terimleşmiştir.
Yahudiliğin kutsal metni olan Tanah’ta peygamberlerin şahsiyetlerini doğrudan nitelendiren ifadelere pek rastlanmamakla birlikte onların “Tanrı’nın ağzı” olarak takdim edilmesi (Çıkış, 4/15-16; Sayılar, 22/38; Yeremya, 1/9) tebliğ ettikleri şeylerin doğruluğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak insanları Rab Yahova’dan başka tanrılara tapınmaya davet etmek (Yeremya, 2/8; 32/32-35), yalan söylemek (Mika, 3/11; Zekarya, 13/3), zina etmek (Yeremya, 23/14; 29/23), içkiye düşkün olmak (İşaya, 5/11-12; 28/7-8), hırsızlık yapmak (Hezekiel, 22/25) gibi hususlar sahte peygamberlerin özellikleri olarak zikredilir. İsrâiloğulları’nın buzağı heykeline tapınmaları sebebiyle Yahova’nın onları cezalandıracağını bildirmesi üzerine Mûsâ’nın, “Ey Rab! Mısır diyarından büyük kudretle ve kuvvetli elle çıkardığın kavmine karşı niçin öfken alevleniyor?.. Kızgın öfkenden dön, kavmine karşı bu kötülüğe nâdim ol” (Çıkış, 32/7-14), ayrıca kavmiyle birlikte çölde aç kalmaları ve herkesin çadırının kapısında ağlaması üzerine Yahova’ya, “Niçin kuluna kötülükle davrandın? Niçin senin gözünde lutuf bulmadım ki bu kavmin bütün yükünü bana yüklüyorsun?” (Sayılar, 11/10-15) dediği belirtilir. Dâvûd’un evli bir kadınla beraber olduğu, kocasını bir planla öldürtüp onunla evlendiği (II. Samuel, 11/2-27), Süleyman’ın hanımlarına uyarak başka ilâhların ardınca gittiği (I. Krallar, 11/1-13) ifade edilir. Peygamber Habakkuk’un, “Ey Rab! Ne vakte kadar imdada çağıracağım da sen işitmeyeceksin? Sana zorbalık diye feryat ediyorum ve sen kurtarmıyorsun” (Habakkuk, 1/2-4) şeklindeki şikâyeti ise dikkat çekicidir. Ortodoks Yahudiliği’nin hiç kimsenin günah işlemekten tamamen kurtulamayacağı (I. Krallar, 8/46), ancak samimiyetle tövbe edildiği takdirde Tanrı’nın bütün günahları affedeceği şeklindeki inancı göz önünde bulundurulacak olursa Mûsâ’nın şeriatını tebliğ eden ve sahte peygamberlerin kötü vasıflarından korunan peygamberlerin daha çok mesajlarının doğruluğuna vurgu yapıldığı görülür (EJd. , XIV, 1587-1593).
Hıristiyan inancına göre Âdem’in işlediği aslî günah nesilden nesile intikal etmiş, insanlığın bu günahını çarmıha gerilmek suretiyle Îsâ ortadan kaldırmış, bununla birlikte her doğan çocuk vaftiz olmadığı takdirde suçlu kabul edilmiştir (Romalılar’a Mektup, 5/12-21; bk. ASLÎ GÜNAH ). Yeni Ahid’de, gerçek peygamberlerin şahsiyetleriyle ilgili özellikleri sıralayan kısımlar bulunmamakla birlikte onların Tanrı adına söylediklerinin doğru olduğu, bizzat Îsâ tarafından ilâhî mesajı tebliğle görevlendirilirken Tanrı’nın Ruhu’nun kendilerine yardımcı olacağının vaad edildiği, Baba’nın Ruhu’nun onlar adına söyleyeceği (Matta, 10/19-20; Markos, 13/11; Luka, 12/11-12) belirtilmiştir.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de on üç âyette geçen ismet kavramı “korumak, kurtarmak; Allah’a sarılmak, tutunmak, iffetli olmak” mânalarında kullanılmakla birlikte bu âyetlerde peygamberlerin ismetine temas edilmemiştir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ʿaṣm” md.). Âlimler, Kur’an’da diğer insanlar gibi beşer oldukları (el-İsrâ 17/94-95; el-Enbiyâ 21/8), başkalarına tebliğ ettikleri hususlardan kendilerinin de sorumlu tutulacağı (el-A‘râf 7/6-7) ifade edilen peygamberlerin mâsumiyetine başka âyetlerle istidlâl etmişlerdir. Meselâ Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî, muhtelif âyetlerde müşriklerin Resûl-i Ekrem’den tebligatını değiştirmesi ve dinî konularda kendilerine tâviz vermesi yolundaki taleplerinin reddedilişinden bahsedilmesi (Yûnus 10/15; el-İsrâ 17/73-74), Allah’a ve resulüne de itaatin emredilmesi (el-Enfâl 8/20, 46), Allah’a ve resulüne eziyet edenlerin dünyada ve âhirette lânete mâruz kalacaklarının bildirilmesi (el-Ahzâb 33/57) gibi hususların onun ismetini kanıtladığını belirtir (Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , vr. 427a ). Fahreddin er-Râzî de Hz. İbrâhim, İshak ve Ya‘kūb’un âhiret yurdunu düşünen ihlâslı ve seçkin kimseler kılındığını bildiren âyetin (Sâd 38/45-47) Allah’ın mutlak anlamda peygamberlerin hayırlı oluşuna hükmettiğini, bunun da bütün iyi nitelikleri kapsadığı için onların ismetine delil teşkil ettiğini söylemiş, peygamberlerin işlerinde hayırlı ve seçkin kılındıklarına işaret edildiğini belirtmiştir (Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , XXVI, 217). Râzî ayrıca, “Garânîḳ âyeti” diye bilinen Hac sûresindeki âyetin (22/52) peygamberlerin bilerek hata işlemekten korunmuş olsalar da yanılmaktan ve şeytanın vesvesesinden korunmadıklarına, ancak şeytânî vesveseye kapıldıkları takdirde bunun kendilerinden giderildiğine delâlet ettiğini belirtmiştir (a.g.e. , XXIII, 54-55). Kur’an’da, peygamberlerin tebliğ ettikleri konularda yalan söylemekten veya vahyi gizlemekten korundukları da vurgulanmaktadır (el-Hâkka 69/44-47). Bunun yanında birçok âyette “iftirâ”nın (Allah’ın söylemediği bir şeyi söylediğini ileri sürmek) peygamberlerden nefyedilmesi onların tebligatı asla tahrif edemeyeceklerini kanıtlamaktadır. Peygamberlerin, kavimlerine hitap ederken kendilerinin güvenilen (emin) kimseler olduklarını söylemeleri de ismet sıfatını destekler mahiyettedir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “emîn” md.). Hadislerde de ismet kelimesi “korumak, kurtarmak; tutunmak” mânalarında kullanılmış (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ʿaṣm” md.), Hz. Peygamber “mâsum” kelimesini “Allah tarafından korunan kimse” diye tanımlamıştır (Buhârî, “Ḳader”, 8, “Aḥkâm”, 42).
Ehl-i sünnet’e ve Mu‘tezile’ye göre ismet sadece peygamberlere ait bir sıfattır; Şîa grupları ise imamların da mâsum olduğuna inanmaktadır. Mâsumiyetin niteliği konusunda mezhepler farklı görüşler benimsemiştir. Mâtürîdîler’e göre ismet, peygamberin iradesini devre dışı bırakmadan onu kötü fiillerden caydırıcı, hayırlı fiillere sevkedici bir sıfattır. Nitekim Mâtürîdî ismetin mihneti izâle etmeyeceğini belirtmiştir (Teʾvîlâtü’l-Ḳurʾân , vr. 525a ; Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Bidâye , s. 53-54). Peygamberin günahtan korunmuş olması onu taate zorlamadığı gibi günah işlemekten de âciz bırakmaz. Mu‘tezile ile Şîa âlimlerinin ismet telakkisi de aynı paraleldedir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, Şerḥu’l-Uṣûli’l-ḫamse , s. 780; İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, Envârü’l-melekût , s. 195). Eş‘arî kelâmcıları ismeti “Allah’ın peygamberde taati yaratıp mâsiyeti yaratmaması” diye tanımlamış, mâsum kimsede onu kötülüklere yönelmekten koruyan bir özelliğin bulunduğunu söylemiştir (Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, s. 169). Eş‘ariyye’nin bu görüşü peygamberi bir bakıma melek statüsüne çıkarıp onun günah işleme iradesini ortadan kaldırmaktadır.
Ehl-i sünnet’in çoğunluğu ile Ebü’l-Hüzeyl el-Allâf ve Ebû Ali el-Cübbâî peygamberlerin nübüvvet vaktinden, Mu‘tezile’nin çoğunluğu bulûğa ermelerinden, Şîa ise peygamberlerle birlikte imamların da doğumlarından itibaren mâsum oldukları görüşündedir. Kur’an’da, peygamberlerin nübüvvet görevi verilmeden önce korunmuş olduklarını doğrudan ifade eden ibarelere rastlanmamakla birlikte nübüvvet öncesi hallerini tasvir eden bazı beyanlar mevcuttur. Nitekim kavminin Hz. Sâlih’e, nübüvvet iddiasından önce kendisinden iyilik beklenen biri olduğunu söylemesi (Hûd 11/62), Resûl-i Ekrem’in, inanmamakta ısrar eden kavmine bir ömür boyu aralarında güvenilir bir kişi olarak bulunduğunu hatırlatması (Yûnus 10/16) peygamberlerin nübüvvetten önce de yaşadıkları toplum içinde saygın, güvenilir, iffetli kişiler olarak kabul gördüklerine işaret etmektedir. Ancak henüz vahiy almamaları sebebiyle onların herhangi bir şekilde uyarılmaları da bahis konusu olmadığından nübüvvet dönemlerinde olduğu gibi korunmuşluklarından söz etmek güçtür.
İslâm âlimleri, peygamberlerin nübüvvetten önce ve sonra küfür ve şirkten korundukları görüşündedir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm, peygamberlerin Allah’a iman ve O’na şirk koşmama hususunda tam bir hassasiyet içinde olduklarını beyan etmektedir (el-Bakara 2/21; en-Nisâ 4/36; el-Enbiyâ 21/25; ez-Zümer 39/65). Siyer kitaplarında Resûl-i Ekrem’in nübüvvetten önceki döneminde puta tapmadığı, putlar üzerine yemin etmediği, putlar adına takdim edilen yiyeceklerden yemediğine dair pek çok rivayet vardır (İbn Hişâm, I, 181-183). Esasen peygamberlerde, mesajlarının özünü teşkil eden Allah’ın varlığı ve birliği ilkesine ters düşen inanışların mevcut olması onların kabul görmesini engeller. Öte yandan her türlü günahı küfür sayan bazı Hâricî gruplarına göre Allah’ın küfre düşmüş olan kimselerden peygamber göndermesi mümkündür (Fahreddin er-Râzî, ʿİṣmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , s. 39).
Peygamberlerin tebliğ ettikleri konularda da yalan söylemekten korunmuş oldukları hususunda ulemâ fikir birliği içindedir. Onların diğer hususlarda yanılarak gerçek dışı bir şey söyleyebileceklerini belirtenler bulunmakla birlikte çoğunluğun görüşü bu yönde değildir. Peygamberlerin tebliğ ettikleri hususlarda yalan söylemeleri Allah’ın kendilerini görevlendirmekle kastettiği hikmete ters düşer. Bu husus, “Eğer o bazı sözler düzenleyip bize isnat etseydi hemen sağ elinden yakalar ve can damarını keserdik, hiçbiriniz ona yardım edemezdiniz” (el-Hâkka 69/44-47) meâlindeki âyette de ifade edilmiştir (Zemahşerî, IV, 137).
Peygamberlerin fiil ve uygulamalarındaki korunmuşluklarına gelince, ismeti nübüvvetle başlatan Ehl-i sünnet’in çoğunluğuna göre onların nübüvvetten önce günah işlemeleri mümkündür. Büyük günah olması da aklen imkân dahilinde bulunan bu hususu nefyeden naklî bir delil yoktur. Peygamberler nübüvvetten önce günah işledikleri takdirde ilâhî irade ile tavırlarını değiştirip doğru yola yönelir ve toplum içinde güvenilir kişiler olma niteliğini korurlar (Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Kifâye fi’l-hidâye , I, 539-540). Âlimlerin çoğunluğu, peygamberlerin nübüvvetten sonra kasten büyük günah işlemekten korundukları görüşündedir; bazıları ise onların yanılarak dahi olsa nübüvvetten sonra büyük günah işlemelerini câiz görmemiştir (Abdülkāhir el-Bağdâdî, s. 167-168; Beyâzîzâde, s. 319). Ehl-i sünnet kelâmcıları, nübüvvetten önce ve sonra peygamberlerin kasten veya sehven yüz kızartıcı günahlardan korunmuş oldukları hususunda görüş birliği içindedir. Onların katı kalplilikten, nefret uyandıran her türlü davranıştan, hafifmeşreplilikten, küçük düşürücü fiiller işlemekten uzak durmaları gerekmektedir. Bu tür günahlar küçük sayılsa bile peygamberlerin toplum içindeki saygınlıklarını zayıflatarak etkinliklerini azaltır. Çoğunluğa göre peygamberler yüz kızartıcı olmayan günahları unutarak veya yanılarak işleyebilirler. Ancak onlar bu günahlarda ısrar etmez, Allah tarafından uyarılarak bunlardan vazgeçerler.
Mu‘tezile âlimlerinin çoğunluğuna göre peygamberler nübüvvetten önce ve sonra kasten veya sehven büyük günah işlemekten korunmuştur. Yüz kızartıcı günahlardan korunmakla birlikte yanılarak ya da unutarak diğer küçük günahları işlemeleri mümkündür. Peygamberlerin gönderilişindeki asıl amaç üzerinde duran Mu‘tezile’nin bu konudaki görüşleri onların salah-aslah, hüsün-kubuh anlayışlarıyla şekillenmiştir (Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muġnî , XV, 309).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, bazı peygamberlerin çeşitli karar ve uygulamalarından dolayı Allah tarafından uyarıldıklarına dair âyetler mevcuttur. Nitekim Hz. Âdem, Nûh, Yûsuf, Mûsâ gibi peygamberlerde olduğu gibi (el-Bakara 2/35-37; Hûd 11/45-47; Yûsuf 12/23-24; el-Kasas 28/15; ayrıca bk. Fahreddin er-Râzî, ʿİṣmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , s. 49-135) Resûl-i Ekrem’e de bazı ikazlar yapılmıştır. Resûlullah, Bedir Savaşı’nın ardından elde edilen esirler hakkında ashabıyla istişarede bulunduktan sonra onlardan fidye alınmasını kararlaştırmış, bunun üzerine, “Yeryüzünde ağır basıp küfrün belini iyice kırıncaya kadar hiçbir peygambere esir sahibi olmak yakışmaz” (el-Enfâl 8/67-68) meâlindeki âyetle uyarılmış (İbn Kesîr, II, 338), kâfirlerin ileri gelenlerini İslâm’a davet ederken yanına gelen âmâ sahâbî İbn Ümmü Mektûm ile ilgilenmemesi üzerine ikaz edilmiş (Abese 80/1-10), ayrıca daha faziletli bazı davranışları terketmesi sebebiyle nazik uyarıya (itâb) tâbi tutulmuştur (Fahreddin er-Râzî, ʿİṣmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , s. 137-158). Buna göre peygamberlerin, Hz. Âdem’in memnu ağaçtan yemesi örneğinde görüldüğü gibi nehyedileni yapmak veya emredileni terketmek şeklindeki fiillerinin Kur’an’da çok az geçtiği, onların ictihadî hatalara düştüklerinde kendi hallerine bırakılmayıp uyarıldıkları ve doğru yola iletildikleri görülmektedir.
Şîa’ya göre peygamberler yanında Hz. Fâtıma ile imamlar doğumlarından itibaren küfür ve şirkten, yalan söylemekten, büyük küçük her türlü günahtan, hata, yanılma ve unutmadan mâsumdur (bk. ÇÂRDEH MA‘SÛM-i PÂK ). Şiîler, doğrulukları mûcizelerle teyit edilen peygamberin yalan söylemesinin veya günah işlemesinin güvenilirliğini zedeleyeceğini, tebliğlerinin kabul görmesini engelleyeceğini, bunun da Allah’ın peygamber göndermesindeki hikmeti ortadan kaldıracağını belirtmişlerdir. Peygamberlerin mâsum oluşuna dair deliller imamların mâsumiyeti için de geçerlidir (İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, Keşfü’l-murâd , s. 274-275; ayrıca bk. İMÂMET ).
Tasavvuf geleneğine göre peygamberler günah işlemekten, velîler de günahta ısrar etmekten korunmuşlardır (Kuşeyrî, s. 239). Bu umumi telakkinin yanı sıra nübüvvet-velâyet tartışmalarıyla bağlantılı olarak velîlere nisbet edilen korunmuşluğun (mahfûz) mahiyeti hakkında farklı görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. İbnü’l-Arabî, nebîlerin şâri‘ olma vasıflarının gereği olarak zâhir ve bâtın itibariyle tamamen korunduklarına, velîlerin ise kalplerine gelen ilham konusunda mahfuz olduklarına ve bu iki kavram arasında farklılık bulunduğuna dikkat çekerse de sonuçta nebîlere has olan korunmuşluk sıfatını velîlere de atfetmektedir (el-Fütûḥât , XII, 146-151; Fuṣûṣ , s. 62-64; ayrıca bk. HIFZ ).
Peygamberlerin mâsumiyeti konusu tefsir ve hadis literatüründe, kelâm kitaplarının nübüvvet bahislerinde ele alınmıştır. Bu hususta ayrıca Fahreddin er-Râzî’nin ʿİṣmetü’l-enbiyâʾ , Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî’nin el-Münteḳā min ʿiṣmeti’l-enbiyâʾ ve Şerîf el-Murtazâ’nın Tenzîhü’l-enbiyâʾ (Necef 1379/1960) adlı eserleri gibi müstakil kitaplar da yazılmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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J. Lachowski, “Sin (in The Bible)”, New Catholic Encyclopedia , Washington 1967, XIII, 236-241.
L. Jacobs, “Sin”, EJd. , XIV, 1587-1593.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 134-136 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.