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İSPİRÎZÂDE AHMED EFENDİ Skip to content (ö. 1143/1730)
Patrona İsyanı düzenleyicilerinden, Ayasofya vâizi.
İstanbul’da doğdu. Babası Ayasofya Camii cuma vâizi İspirli Ali Efendi’dir. İlk eğitimini babasından aldı, onun çevresindeki hocalardan ve müderrislerden ders gördü. Babasının vefatı üzerine Seyyid Feyzullah Efendi’nin şeyhülislâmlığı sırasında kendisine 22 Zilhicce 1106’da (3 Ağustos 1695) Sofu Mehmed Paşa dârülhadisliği verildi (BA , Ali Emîrî, II. Mustafa, nr. 1004). 1112’den (1700-1701) itibaren babası gibi Eyüp Sultan Camii’ne cuma vâizi tayin edildi. Ardından sırasıyla Sultan Selim, Sultan Mehmed, Süleymaniye, Sultan Ahmed Camii vâizliği ve 1134 Cemâziyelâhirinde (Mart-Nisan 1722: BA, KK 7500, s. 147), Sadreddinzâde’nin günlüğüne göre ise 24 Rebîülâhir 1134’te (11 Şubat 1722) Süleyman Fâzıl Efendi’nin yerine Ayasofya cuma vâizliğine getirildi. İki yıl sonra vâizliği selâtin şeyhliği unvanıyla daha da pekiştirildi. “Reîsü’l-müfessirîn, reîsü’l-meşâyih” unvanlarına da sahip olan Ahmed Efendi, Patrona İsyanı’nın ardından 30 Rebîülevvel 1143’te (13 Ekim 1730) öldü. İsyanın hemen sonrasındaki âni ölümünün sebebi bilinmemekle birlikte onun Patrona İsyanı’nın çıkmasında hayli önemli rol oynadığı belirtilir. Fındıklılı İsmet Efendi, İspirîzâde’nin yönetici erkâna yakınlığını dile getirir (Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik , s. 325). Onun cuma vâizliği sırasında devlet adamları ve sarayla olan ilişkileri dikkat çekicidir. Dönemin sadrazamı Nevşehirli Damad İbrâhim Paşa, 1135 (1723) yılının bir cuma günü cuma namazı için Ayasofya Camii’nde bulunmaktayken İspirîzâde’nin, III. Ahmed’in hastalığı için okuduğu etkili dua cemaatin dinî duygularını coşturmuş, sadrazam da bu coşkunluk içinde birkaç defa baygınlık geçirmişti. İspirîzâde’nin saray nezdinde de önemli bir yeri vardı. 1720 sünnet şenliklerinde Sadrazam ve Rakka Valisi Vezir Ali Paşa, Nakîbüleşraf Zeynelâbidîn Efendi ve Ayasofya şeyhi Süleyman Fâzıl Efendi ile beraber vezîriâzamın sofrasında yer almıştı. Hatta bu yüzden Patrona İsyanı’ndan sonra kaleme alınan eserlerde “şeyh-i mesfûr, şeyh-i bî-pervâ, yekūlü mâ lâ yef‘al mefhûmuna mâsadak olan İspîrî oğlu” gibi ifadelerle geçmiştir.
Hânedan düğünlerinde, üst düzey devlet görevlilerinin hazır olduğu her yerde İspirîzâde’nin de bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Saray çevresinde kazandığı nüfuza en çarpıcı örnek, 15 Ramazan 1138’de (17 Mayıs 1726) eskiden beri düzenlenen hırka-i şerif ziyaretine davet edilmesinde ihmalkâr davranan tezkireci Mustafa Efendi’nin hemen görevden alınmış olmasıdır. İspirîzâde ayrıca hediyelerle de teskin edilmişti. Bunun dışında Damad İbrâhim Paşa, Hocapaşa yangınında harap olan Süleyman Subaşı Mescidi’ni camiye dönüştürüp bir dârülhadis ilâve ederek burayı aynı mahallede oturan İspirîzâde’ye tevcih etmişti. İbrâhim Paşa ayrıca, 19 Cemâziyelâhir 1137 (5 Mart 1725) gecesi çıkan yangında yanan evinin inşası için İspirîzâde’ye 8 kese akçe yardımda bulunmuştu.
Ahmed Efendi saraya bu yakınlığını siyasete karışmakla da gösterdi. Onun 1730 isyanında oynadığı kritik rolde dönemin iktidarının en büyük ismi İbrâhim Paşa ile muhtemel çekişmesinin önemli rolü vardır. İspirîzâde’nin böyle bir isyanın tertibiyle yönetimden hınç almayı düşündüğü ve bunun da yönetici kesime (İbrâhim Paşa ve ekibine) karşı duyduğu nefretin sonucu olduğu ileri sürülebilir. Dönemindeki “harf-i dâd kavgası” bu konuda bazı ipuçları verir. İbrâhim Paşa, sadâret makamına gelişinin ilk yılında Sultan Ahmed vâizliği görevinde bulunan İspirîzâde’yi “harf-i dâd”ın tecvid ilminde mahreci konusunda “münasebetsiz” sözleri yüzünden azarlamıştı. Dâd harfinin “zı” gibi okunması meselesi dönemin ulemâsı arasında derin tartışmalara yol açmıştı. Şeyhülislâm Yenişehirli Abdullah Efendi sadrazamla birlikte İspirîzâde’ye bu konuda tembihatta bulunmuş, ayrıca kendisi Ma‘rûzât ’ında (Süleymaniye Ktp., Bağdatlı Vehbi Efendi, nr. 2054, vr. 20b ) “harf-i dâd”ın mahreci konusuna değinmiş ve dâd harfini “zı” okuyanların kıldıkları namazın fâsid olacağını ifade etmişti. İspirîzâde’ye yapılan tembihat bu netameli konudaki tartışmaya girmesi hususundadır. Belirttiği görüşün içeriğinden ziyade “devlet aklı” bu meselenin üzerini örtme, konuyu kapatma isteği içerisindeydi. Harf-i dâdın mahreci konusu yalnız İspirîzâde için değil kendisinden önceki Ayasofya şeyhleri, vâizleri için de problem teşkil etmişti. Ahmed Efendi’den önce Süleyman Fâzıl Efendi de aynı sebepten Sarıyer’e sürülmüş, ardından affedilmişti.
İspirîzâde isyan günlerinde isyancılarla saray arasındaki çetin pazarlığı yürüten kişidir. Onun yürüttüğü bu pazarlık III. Ahmed’in tahttan indirilmesi, İbrâhim Paşa, Kethüdâ Mehmed Paşa, Kaptanıderyâ Kaymak Mustafa Paşa’nın öldürülmesiyle neticelenecek ve Şeyhülislâm Abdullah Efendi, ancak İspirîzâde’yi ve Kadı Zülâlî Hasan Efendi’yi yanına alıp ulemâdan bir nevi icâzet ya da destek alarak ölüm listesinden adını sildirmeyi başaracaktı. III. Ahmed vezirini ve vezirinin iki damadını ölüme göndermiş, isyancılar bununla da tatmin olmamıştır. İspirîzâde son pazarlık için Etmeydanı’na gidişinde isyancılar Sultan Ahmed’in hilâfetini bundan böyle kabul etmediklerini, II. Mustafa’nın oğlu Mahmud’u istediklerini söylemiş, o da saraya dönüp bu isteği bildirmiş, III. Ahmed de 19 Rebîülevvel 1143 (1 Ekim 1730) tarihinde tahttan feragat etmiştir.
Ahmed Efendi’nin 1730 isyanının oluşumundaki rolü açık biçimde, “isyancıların aşmakta zorlanacakları güçlükleri aşarak onları başka bir çözüm aramaya sevkedebilecek yolları kapama” şeklinde ifade edilmiştir (A Particular Account of the Two Rebellions , s. 20-21). İsyanın bilindiği haliyle patlak vermesi İspirîzâde’nin yol göstermesiyle olmuştur. Onun desteği bulunmadan isyana temayül eden kalabalıklar belki daha yumuşak bir çözüm arayışına girecekti. Hatta kendisi bizzat isyancılara hareketin tertibi işini üstlenmeyi teklif etmiş, isyancıların ağzından III. Ahmed’in hal‘i meselesini kendisi dayatmıştır. I. Mahmud’un tahta çıkışından sonra İspirîzâde yerinde kalmış, fakat bir hafta sonra ölümü vuku bulmuş, isyanın neticelerini görememiştir.
İspirîzâde Ahmed Efendi hakkında bugüne ulaşan en önemli kaynak tereke kaydıdır. Bu kayıt İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘î Siciller Arşivi’nde (Kısmet-i Askeriyye Mahkemesi, nr. 60, vr. 9a -10a ) yer alır (Karahasanoğlu, OTAM , sy. 24 [Ankara 2008], s. 97-128). Buna göre İspirîzâde’nin Hocapaşa mahallesinde bir evi, birçok kitabı tesbit edilmişti. Onun satışı gerçekleştirilen kitapları arasında en pahalısı 4800 akçe ile Tefsîr-i Kādî ’dir. İkinci sırada 4500 akçe ile Târîh-i Hamîs gelir. En ucuz satılan eser ise 60 akçe ile Risâle-i Birgivî ’dir. Terekede toplam 173 cilt kitap bulunmaktadır. Kitapları, ev eşyaları, kıyafetleri ve daha önemlisi terekeye yansıdığı şekliyle yegâne gayri menkulü olan evi ile İspirîzâde’nin toplam mal varlığı 1 milyon akçeye ulaşmaktadır. Bu da ya XVIII. yüzyıl başlarında imparatorluğun en kıdemli camisinde kürsü şeyhi olmanın maddî getirisinin (en azından İbrâhim Paşa’nın yakın çevresindeki bir kısım üst düzey bürokrata kıyasla) çok da yüksek sayılmadığını, ya da İspirîzâde’nin bu konumunu servet edinmeye yönelik olarak kullanmadığını düşündürür.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 664-665 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.