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İSRÂİL (Benî İsrâil) Skip to content Tevrat ve Kur’an’da Hz. Ya‘kūb’un (İsrâil) çocuklarına ve onların soyundan gelenlere verilen ad.
Kur’an’da iki yerde geçen (Âl-i İmrân 3/93; Meryem 19/58) ve Hz. Ya‘kūb’un ikinci adı veya lakabı olan İsrâîl’den dolayı, onun soyundan gelenlere Tevrat’ta Beney Yisrael, Kur’an’da Benû/Benî İsrâîl (İsrâiloğulları) denilmektedir. Tevrat’a göre Ya‘kūb’un soyundan gelenler, gerek Mısır’da gerekse Mısır’dan çıktıktan sonra çölde ve Ken‘ân diyarında İsrâil ve İsrâiloğulları diye de adlandırılmıştır. Saul’ün ölümüne kadar bu iki isim, on iki kabileden oluşan halkın tamamını kapsamak üzere kullanılırken zamanla siyasî ve coğrafî şartlar kelimenin çeşitli dönemlerde farklı anlamlar kazanmasına sebep olmuştur. Krallığın ikiye bölünmesinin (m.ö. 930) ardından on kabileden oluşan kuzeydeki krallık İsrâil adını almış (I. Krallar, 14/19), bununla birlikte o dönemde (II. Samuel, 23/3) ve Bâbil esareti sonrasında İsrâil bütün kabileleri kuşatıcı anlamını da muhafaza etmiş, geçmişin şanlı hâtıralarını çağrıştıran ve gelecekteki mesîhî krallık hayalini canlandıran bir kavram olarak varlığını sürdürmüştür. Kohen veya Levili olmayan yahudileri belirtmek için de kullanılan bu kelime günümüzde, Mûsâ öncesi liderlerden neşet eden ve aynı Tanrı’ya inanan halkın tamamını ifade etmektedir (IDB , II,765; DBS , IV, 730-731). Tevrat’a göre İsrâil’in oğulları Ruben, Şimeon, Levi, Yahuda, İssakar, Zebulun, Yûsuf, Benyamin (Binyamîn), Dan, Naftali, Gad ve Aşer adlarını taşımakta, bunlardan her biri aynı addaki kabilenin atası sayılmakta ve böylece İsrâiloğulları on iki kabileden oluşmaktadır. Ancak Yûsuf’un iki oğlu Efraim ve Menasseh’nin soyu iki ayrı kabile olarak kabul edilmekte, Levi ise özel statüsü sebebiyle on ikinin dışında tutulmaktadır.
Ahd-i Atîk’te İsrâiloğulları bir taraftan Tanrı’nın kavmi, mukaddes millet olarak takdim edilirken (Çıkış, 19/5-6) diğer taraftan kötü davranışları sebebiyle bizzat İsrâil Tanrısı onları tenkit etmektedir. Çünkü onlar Mûsâ ve Hârûn’a karşı gelmiş (Sayılar, 16/2-3), Rabb’in gözünde kötü olanı yapmış, Yahve’yi bırakıp Baal ve Molok gibi ilâhlara, bu arada altın buzağıya tapmış (Çıkış, 32/1-6; Hâkimler, 3/7, 4/1, 10/6; I. Samuel, 7/3-4), zina etmiş (Hâkimler, 8/33), Allah’a verdikleri sözü tutmamış, ahidlerini bozmuş, ibadethâneleri yıkmış, peygamberleri öldürmüş (I. Krallar, 19/14), başka ilâhlardan korkmuş, Allah’ın şeriatını bırakıp diğer milletlerin kanunlarını benimsemişlerdir (II. Krallar, 17/7-23; Yeremya, 32/30-35). Ahd-i Atîk’e göre İsrâil dönek, Yahuda haindir (Yeremya, 3/1-22). “Öküz kendi sahibini, eşek de efendisinin yemliğini bilmekte, fakat İsrâil rabbini bilmemektedir” (İşaya, 1/3). Yahudi kutsal kitabı, İsrâiloğulları’nın doğru yoldan sapmaları ve başka ilâhlara kulluk etmeleri sebebiyle peygamberler tarafından kınandıklarını ve azapla tehdit edildiklerini gösteren örneklerle doludur.
Kur’an’da yahudilerden hem Benî İsrâil olarak hem de hûd, yehûd ve hâdû kelimeleriyle bahsedilmekte, ancak yehûd kelimesi sadece Medenî sûrelerde geçtiği halde Benî İsrâil Mekkî sûrelerde de yer almakta ve daha çok İslâm öncesi dönemlerde vuku bulan olayların söz konusu edildiği âyetlerde geçmektedir. İslâmî kaynaklarda Benî İsrâil, Ya‘kūb’un soyundan gelen ve ırken yahudi olanları, yehûd ise hem bunları hem de başka ırklardan olup bu dine girenleri ifade etmektedir (Cevâd Ali, VI, 512; EI2 [Fr.] , I, 1053). Kur’an’da kırk bir yerde geçen Benî İsrâil terkibi, Ya‘kūb’un çocukları ve onların soyundan gelenler, Hz. Mûsâ’nın kavmi, birinci ve ikinci mâbed dönemi yahudileri ve Hz. Îsâ’nın kavmi gibi (Âl-i İmrân 3/49; ez-Zuhruf 43/59; es-Saf 61/6) geçmişte yaşamış insanların yanında Hz. Muhammed zamanında başta Medine olmak üzere Arap yarımadasında yaşayan yahudileri de ifade etmektedir. Âyetlerde, İsrâiloğulları diye adlandırılan ve on iki kabileye ayrıldığı bildirilen (el-A‘râf 7/160) Ya‘kūb’un on iki oğlunun Hz. Yûsuf zamanında Mısır’a yerleşmesinden başlayarak Hz. Mûsâ sonrası dönemlerdeki faaliyetlerine kadar çeşitli olaylar nakledilmekte olup bu bilgiler büyük ölçüde Tevrat’ta da mevcuttur.
Mekke’de yahudi nüfusu yok denecek kadar az olduğu için hicretten önce nâzil olan sûrelerin hiçbirinde “ey İsrâiloğulları” diye bir hitap yer almamaktadır. İsrâiloğulları’ndan bahseden sûrelerde onların geçmişte yaşadıkları olaylardan, özellikle de Mûsâ’nın Firavun’la mücadelesi ve İsrâiloğulları’nı kurtarmasından, Allah’ın elçisi Mûsâ’ya inanmayıp karşı çıkanların kötü âkıbetinden söz edilmekte, geçmişte İsrâiloğulları’na verilen nimetler sayılmakta, özellikle âlemlere üstün kılındıkları belirtilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/47, 122; el-A‘râf 7/140; ed-Duhân 44/32; el-Câsiye 45/16).
İsrâil halkının millî şuur kazanmasının temelinde millî tanrı inancı bulunmaktadır; İsrâil halkı Yahve’nin seçilmiş milleti olduğuna ve Tanrı ile aralarında özel ahid yapıldığına inanmaktadır. İsrâil’in Yahve’nin seçilmiş halkı olduğu fikri daha sonra Kudüs mâbediyle alâkalandırılmış ve çağlar boyunca yahudilerin millî şuurlarının temelini bu dinî inanç teşkil etmiştir (IDB , II, 765-766). Bir taraftan İsrâiloğulları’nın atası olan Ya‘kūb’un Tanrı veya O’nun meleğiyle güreşmesi dolayısıyla gücü ve dayanıklılığı, diğer taraftan Tanrı’nın seçilmiş kavmi oldukları inancı, İsrâiloğulları’nın gurura kapılıp ırkî üstünlük iddiasında bulunmalarına yol açmış, onlar imtiyazlı olduklarını vurgulamış, âdeta kendilerinin dışındaki insanları hakir görmüşlerdir (Âl-i İmrân 3/24, 75; el-Mâide 5/18). Kur’an, İsrâiloğulları’nın bu iddialarına karşılık bir zamanlar âlemlere üstün kılındıklarını, fakat bunun ırkla ilgili olmadığını belirtmekte, onlara Allah’a verdikleri sözü ve diğer yükümlülüklerini hatırlatarak üstünlüğün ancak bunlarla olabileceğini bildirmektedir.
Mekkî sûrelerde İsrâiloğulları’ndan bahsedilmesi, geçmiş olaylarla ilgili kıssalara âşina olan ve müslümanlarla mücadelede yahudilerden bilgi desteği alan Mekke müşriklerinin kıssadan hisse almaları içindir. Bu dönemde nâzil olan âyetlerde Allah’ın birliği, âlemlerin rabbine inanmanın gerekliliği, âyetleri inkâr edenlerin âkıbeti Mûsâ ve Firavun kıssasından örneklerle vurgulanmakta, geçmiş peygamberlerin ve kitapların kabul ve tasdik edilmesi üzerinde durulmakta, peygamberleri yalanlayanların, âhireti inkâr eden ve putlara tapanların cezalandırılacağı İsrâiloğulları tarihinden örneklerle belirtilmekte, zulüm ve kibrin fayda vermeyeceği ifade edilmekte, böylece Mekke müşrikleri uyarılmaktadır. Allah’ın birliği, yahudilerin üzerinde ısrarla durdukları en önemli inanç idi. Öte yandan anılan peygamberlerin çoğu İsrâiloğulları arasından çıkmıştı. Bu sebeple İsrâiloğulları’nın yüceltildiği, çeşitli konularda şahit tutulduğu Mekke döneminde onların müslümanlarla bir çatışması olmamıştır. Medine’de ise yahudiler kalabalık halde bulunuyorlardı ve burası onların önemli merkezlerinden biriydi. Resûl-i Ekrem Medine’ye hicret edip burada güç kazanınca menfaatlerinin zedelendiğini gören yahudiler müslümanlara karşı düşmanca tavır aldılar; bunun üzerine Kur’an’ın onlara karşı üslûbu değişti (M. İzzet Derveze, s. 398-404). Böylece Kur’an’da yahudilerin İslâmî davet karşısındaki inatçı ve inkârcı tavırları, Allah’ın kelâmına kulak vermemeleri eleştirildiği gibi kutsal kitaplarını tahrif etmeleri, peygamberlerini yalanlamaları, öldürmeleri gibi kendi tarihlerine ait kötülükleri söz konusu edildi (el-Bakara 2/71-79, 87-93; en-Nisâ 4/44-52; el-Cum‘a 62/5-8).
Kur’an, İsrâiloğulları’na hitap ederken onların geçmişteki durumlarını ve kendilerine verilen nimetleri hatırlatmaktadır. Firavun’un zulmünden ve denizde boğulmaktan kurtulmaları, çöldeki yiyecekler, kayadan su fışkırması, Tûr’un üzerlerine kaldırılması bu nimetlerden bazılarıdır (el-Bakara 2/40, 47, 122; el-A‘râf 7/105, 134; Yûnus 10/93; Tâhâ 20/47, 80; el-Câsiye 45/16). Diğer taraftan vaktiyle İsrâiloğulları’ndan Allah’a kulluk etme, anaya babaya, yakın akrabaya, yetimlere, yoksullara iyilik yapma, insanlara güzel söz söyleme, namaz kılıp zekât verme, peygamberlere inanıp onları destekleme gibi konularda söz alınmış; karşılığında günahlarının bağışlanacağı, cennet gibi bir ülkeye kavuşturulacakları vaad edilmişti (el-Bakara 2/83; el-Mâide 5/12, 70). Fakat onlar verdikleri sözü tutmamışlar, peygamberleri inkâr etmiş ve onları öldürmüşler, Allah’ı unutup putlara ve buzağı heykeline tapmaya başlamışlar, yeryüzünde bozgunculuk çıkarmışlardır (el-Bakara 2/83; el-Mâide 5/70, 110; el-İsrâ 17/4; Tâhâ 20/94). İsrâiloğulları’na kitap, hüküm ve peygamberlik verilmiş (el-Câsiye 45/16), Mûsâ’ya indirilen kitap onlar için rehber kılınmış (el-İsrâ 17/2; es-Secde 32/23; Gāfir 40/53-54), ancak onlar söz dinlemeyip haddi aşmışlardır (el-Mâide 5/78). Benî İsrâil âlimleri Kur’an’ı bilmekte (eş-Şuarâ 26/197) ve Kur’an, İsrâiloğulları’nın ihtilâf ettikleri pek çok şeyi açıklamaktadır (en-Neml 27/76).
Hadislerde de Benî İsrâil’den çeşitli vesilelerle bahsedilmektedir. Benî İsrâil’in çıplak yıkandığı ve bu âdete uymadığı için Hz. Mûsâ’yı ayıpladıkları, kadınlarının mescide gitmekten menedildiği, âşûrâ gününün Benî İsrâil’in düşmandan kurtuluş günü olduğu ve bu günde oruç tuttukları, onlardan bir grubun tarihten silindiği, İsrâil hukukunda kısasın bulunduğu, ancak diyetin olmadığı, İsrâiloğulları’nın peygamberleri tarafından idare edildiği, onların dinî hükümleri sadece yoksul kesime uyguladıkları, tâûnun onlara gönderilmiş bir azap olduğu hususunda hadisler rivayet edilmiştir. Ahkāf sûresinin 10. âyetinin, yahudi iken İslâm’ı benimseyen Abdullah b. Selâm’la ilgili olarak indiği de nakledilmektedir (Müsned , I, 273-274, 278, 291; Buhârî, “Ġusül”, 20, “Enbiyâʾ”, 1, 25, 28, 50, “Eẕân”, 163, “Ṣavm”, 69, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 19, 52, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 15, “Feżâʾilü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî”, 6, 18, “Tefsîr”, 2/23; Müslim, “Ḥayıż”, 75, “Feżâʾil”, 155, 156, “Ṣalât”, 141, “Küsûf”, 9, “Ṣıyâm”, 127, “İmâre”, 44, “Ṣayd”, 50, 51, “Zühd”, 61, “Selâm”, 92). Tefsir, tarih, tabakat ve kısas-ı enbiyâ türü eserlerde İsrâiloğullarıyla ilgili pek çok rivayet yer almakta olup bunlardan bir kısmı yahudi dinî literatüründen, birçoğu da apokrif kitaplardan kaynaklanmaktadır (bk. İSRÂİLİYAT ; YAHUDİLİK ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Müsned , I, 273-274, 278, 291.
Buhârî, “Ġusül”, 20, “Enbiyâʾ”, 1, 25, 28, 50, “Eẕân”, 163, “Ṣavm”, 69, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 19, 52, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 15, “Feżâʾilü aṣḥâbi’n-nebî”, 6, 18, “Tefsîr”, 2/23.
Müslim, “Ḥayıż”, 75, “Feżâʾil”, 155, 156, “Ṣalât”, 141, “Küsûf”, 5, 9, “Ṣıyâm”, 127, “İmâre”, 44, “Ṣayd”, 50, 51, “Zühd”, 61, “Selâm”, 92.
Sa‘lebî, ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis , s. 101.
E. Mangenot, “Israel”, DB , III/1, s. 995-1005.
M. İzzet Derveze, Târîḫu Benî İsrâʾîl min esfârihim , Beyrut 1969, s. 398-404.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , VI, 512-568.
Hamîdullah, İslâm Peygamberi , I, 587-613.
A. Haldar, “Israel”, IDB , II, 765-766.
A. J. Wensinck, “İsrail”, İA , V/2, s. 1128.
S. D. Goitein, “Banū Isrāʾīl”, EI2 (Fr.) , I, 1051-1053.
R. de Vaux, “Israel”, DBS , IV, 730-731.
Süleyman Ateş, Kur’an Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul, ts. (Kur’an Bilimleri Araştırma Vakfı), X, 330-499.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 193-195 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.