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İstanbul`da 19. yüzyıl kentsel yaşamında koşut olarak değişen saray ve konut mimarlığı Skip to content Tez Künye Durumu İstanbul`da 19. yüzyıl kentsel yaşamında koşut olarak değişen saray ve konut mimarlığı / The Palace and house architecture changing parallel to urban life in nineteenth century Istanbul Yazar:NEVİN KURTAY Danışman: PROF. DR. METİN SÖZEN Yer Bilgisi: İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi / Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü / Sanat Tarihi Ana Bilim Dalı Konu:Sanat Tarihi = Art History Dizin:Kentsel farklılaşma = Urban differentiation ; Konut mimarisi = Housing architecture ; Mimari özellikler = Architectural characteristics ; Saraylar = Palaces ; Sosyal değişme = Social change Onaylandı Doktora Türkçe 2001 237 s. İstanbul’da 19. yüzyıl kentsel yaşamına koşut olarak değişen saray ve konut mimarlığının incelendiği bu çalışma, 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısıyla 20. yüzyılın ilk onlu yıllarını kapsamaktadır. Çalışmada, saray olarak 19 yüzyılın ikinci yarısında inşa edilen ve İstanbul’un fiziksel evrimine büyük ölçüde yön veren Dolmabahçe, Çırağan ve Yıldız sarayları incelenmektedir. Konut olarak ise dönemin yönetici elit yada başka bir deyişle bürokrat seçkinlerinin özellikle Nişantaşı ve Yıldız bölgelerinde bulunan konakları ele alınmaktadır. 19. yüzyılda batılılaşma adı verilen Tanzimat’la başlayan süreç, Batı’daki gibi kendiliğinden ve bağımsız bir gelişimin ürünü olmamış, farklı toplum yapısında ve farklı koşullarda gerçekleşen bir sürecin ürünü olan bir “toplum modeli” olarak benimsenmiş ve imparatorluk bünyesinde gerçekleştirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Osmanlı’da batılılaşma yani değişim önce İstanbul’dan başlamış. Batılılaşmanın hazırlayıcısı ve taşıyıcısı ise Osmanlı sarayı ve bürokrat seçkinleri olmuşlardır. Osmanlı batılılaşmasının görünürdeki çerçevesi batılı malların tüketimini, resim ve mimaride batılı formların kullanılmasını içermekteydi. Bunlar, belli toplumsal grupların aracılık etmesiyle, Osmanlı toplumuna yayılmış ve daha sonra da Osmanlı sanatı, mimarisi ve maddi kültürü kendisini yemden ürettikçe, toplumsal geleneğin bir parçası haline dönüşmüştür. Batılılaşma hareketi beraberinde, 19. yüzyıl boyunca tek yapı ölçeğinden, fiziksel çevreyi, dolayısıyla, kişi ve toplum yaşamını etkileyen dış mekanların farklılaşmasına kadar mimarlık biliminin kapsadığı eylem alanlarında farklı ölçeklerde değişmeler getirmiştir. İstanbul kenti bu değişimi, 19. yüzyıl sonunda oluşan kentsel mekanlardaki boyutların ve ölçeğin büyümesinde yapı gruplarındaki üslup farklılıklarında ve tek yapıda izlenen plan ve süsleme değişikliklerinde yansıtır. Bu gelişmeler öncelikli olarak Osmanlı Devleti tarafından yaptırılan resmi içerikli yapılar, saraylar ve bürokrat seçkinler tarafından yaptırılan konutlarda izlenir. İstanbul 19. yüzyılın ortalarında yoğunlaşan, çevreselleşerek dünya ekonomisine eklenme süreci, beraberinde, kentin gelişimini yönlendirecek imar mevzuatını ve planlamayı getirdi. Şehrin yönetimini ve günlük hizmetlerini yürütecek İstanbul’u modernleştirecek bir örgüte gereksinim duyuldu. 1 854 yılında yayınlanan resmi bir tebliğ ile İstanbul Şehremaneti kuruldu. 19. yüzyıldaki çağdaşlaşma çabalan ile İslam hukukuna dayalı geleneksel kent politikaları yeni kalıplara döküldü, kent yönetimi, kurumları ve örgütlerinin yerine Avrupa’ daki örnekleri uyarlayan yenileri getirildi çağdaş ve Batılı yaşam tarzının gereklerine uygun bir dizi yeni bina tarzı geliştirildi. vıuİstanbul’da Tanzimat’ın ilanından II. Meşrutiyet’e kadar uzanan sürede, kentin gelişmesi ve büyük yangın alanları ve yerleşmeye açılacak alanlar için yapılan mevzii planlar ve Ebniye nizamnamelerinin uygulanmasıyla yönlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Bu şekilde İstanbul’a çağdaş bir şehir görünümü kazandırılacaktı. Osmanlı sultanları ve yöneticilerinin batılılaşma, çağdaş bir görünüm kazanma ve imparatorluğu eski ihtişamına kavuşturma özlemleri İstanbul kentinde yeni imar hareketlerine neden oldu. Osmanlı sultanları İstanbul’u çağdaşlaştırmaya çalışırken Avrupa mekanlarım taklit etmeye çalıştılar. Çağdaş çehreye sahip bir başkent imparatorluğun canlanışını simgeleyecekti. Ancak Avrupa devletleri gittikçe zenginleşirken, Osmanlı ekonomisi bu dönemde iflas noktasındaydı; bu olgu, inşaat faaliyetlerinin çok kısıtlı olmasmada yansıyordu. Osmanlı siyasi elitinin İstanbul’u Avrupa kentlerinin düzeyine çıkarma iddiaları ancak kent dokusuna bölük pörçük bir “nizam” verilmesini getirebildi. Dolayısıyla kent, Türk-İslam kimliğinin bütünselliğim yitirirken çoğunlukla Avrupalıların oturduğu mahallelerde bile bir örnek bir Batılı çehre kazanamadı 19. yüzyılda İstanbul’da yaşanan dönüşüm bir genel tasarım sonucu değildi. Parça parça mozaiklerin bir araya gelmesiyle oluşmuştu.. İstanbul’un kent yapısındaki değişimin yavaş ve çok uzun bir süreçte gerçekleşmesi, yamalı bir eklektik düzeni beraberinde getirdi. Fakat bu mozaiklerin her birinin arkasında yeni gelişen teknolojilerin etkisiyle Batı’nm kent imajlarının yönlendiriciliği görülebiliyordu. 19. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında İstanbul kentinin fiziksel sınırlarında üç yönde gelişme görülür. Bu sınırlar Taksim’den Şişli’ye doğru; Tophane’den sahili izleyerek Dolmabahçe’ye doğru, Dolmabahçe’den Beşiktaş sırtlarmı aşarak Teşvikiye ve Nişantaşı’na doğru ve Taksim’den Harbiye’ye doğrudur. Bu gelişmenin birbiriyle bağlantılı iki nedeni vardır. Birincisi, Avrupa değerlerine ve yaşam biçimine açılmış, onlara alışmaya çalışan bazı Türklerin Altıncı Daire’nin çağdaş belediye hizmetlerinden yararlanmak istemeleridir. İkincisi ise 1856’da sarayın Topkapı’dan Dolmabahçe’ye taşınması üzerine birçok yüksek devlet memurunun sultam izlemeye kendilerini mecbur hissetmeleridir. Bu süreç Yıldız Sarayı’nın inşasından sonra da devam etmiş, yüksek gelirli müslüman kesim sarayların etrafında mahalleler oluşturmuştur. Osmanlı sultanları batılılaşma hareketleri çerçevesinde kendi yaşamlarını da çağdaşlaştırma gereği duydular. Topkapı Sarayı ‘ndan çıkıp yeni bir sarayda oturma ve Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nı inşa etme düşüncesi bu idealden kaynaklandı. Sultanın yeni evi ve imparatorluğun yeni merkezi olacak bu saray aynı zamanda imparatorluğun Batı’ya dönen yüzünü ifade edecek, Avrupa sarayları anlayışında ve üslubunda inşa edilecekti. Dolmabahçe Sarayı bu düşünceler çerçevesinde gerçekleşti. Bu şekilde Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’ nda sivil mimari çağı başlamış oldu. Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nın inşasını Çırağan ve Yıldız sarayları takip etti. 19. yüzyılda İstanbul’da mimari çoğulculuk egemen oldu. Neoklasik, ampir, neorönesans, neobarok, neogotik üslupları dışında oryantalist ve eklektisist üsluplar ile yüzyılın sonunda Art Nouveau, kendini gösteren mimari üsluplardı. 19. yüzyılda saray ve konutlarında izlenen bu mimari üslup ve tercihlerin çeşitliliğiydi. IXOsmanlı Sarayı’nm Boğaziçi kıyılarına taşınmasından sonra bölge, saraylar, köşkler, ve konaklarla şekillendi. Bölgede görülen imar hareketlerinde, Osmanlı sultanları ve yöneticilerinin, batılılaşma hareketlerine koşut geliştirdikleri yaşamlarına ait verileri yakalamak mümkündür. Burada dikkati çeken nokta 19. yüzyıl boyunca süren, birbirini izleyen yenilik hareketlerinin saraydan kaynaklanmış olmasıdır. 19. yüzyılın saray ve yönetici elit konaklan, bu dönemin bütün özelliklerini içeren sayısız ipuçlarına sahip oldukları gibi değişimin bir şekilde göstergesi gibidirler. Bu dönem saray ve köşkleri yenilik hareketlerine koşut inşa edilseler bile, plan organizasyonlarında gelenekten kopmamışlardır. Bu dönem saraylarına baktığımızda görülen gerçek, saraylarda Batı etkisinin sadece bezeme düzeyinde kaldığı, ancak planda, geleneksel anlayışın hala sürdürüldüğüdür. Avrupa saraylarının ihtişamına sahip Dolmabahçe Sarayı’nm planında, geleneksel Türk evinde sofalara göre düzenlenen plan tipinin burada, her bölüm için ayrı uygulandığı görülmektedir. Çırağan Sarayı’nda ana yapıda plan itibariyle, diğer 19. yüzyıl saraylarından daha fazla geleneğe bağlılık sezilmektedir. Sarayda Türk ev mimari geleneğine bağlı olarak, büyük ölçüde, üç sofalı klasik Türk planı bir dikdörtgen içinde uygulanmıştır. Yeni saray yapılan planda, klasik Türk mimarisine uygun olarak, orta sofalı-odalı plan düzeni uygulanmıştır. Ancak eski saray örnekleriyle yeni saray örneklerinin arasındaki esas fark, cephe ve iç mekan dekorasyonu ile bezemelerde ortaya çıkmıştır. Bunun nedeni bu yeni saraylardaki süslemenin tamamen Avrupai üsluplar ve örnekler örnek alınarak gerçekleştirilmesidir. 19. yüzyıl saraylarının dekorasyonunda kullanılan mobilya ve eşyalarda Batı etkileri sezilir. Hatta mobilyaların yurtdışından getirildiğine dair birçok belge mevcuttur. 19. yüzyılın yaşam biçiminde bir yandan Batı’ya yönelik bir anlayış savunulurken, diğer yandan köklü gelenekleri yaşatma çabası da göze çarpar. Batının yaşam tarzı yüzeysel şekilde kopya edilmiş her yenilik eskinin yanında aykın bir biçimde yer almıştır. “Batılılaşma” olarak adlandmlan değişim sürecinin fiziki çevreye yansıyan görünümlerini ve görünümle değişimin dinamikleri arasındaki ilişkileri incelemek, fiziki çevredeki değişmenin, kültürel ve toplumsal değişmeyi simgeleyen bir olgu veya olgulardan birisi olduğu sonucunu verir. 19. yüzyıl Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda saray toplumsal değişim hareketlerinin kaynağıdır. Osmanlı sarayı’nda başlayan değişim hareketleri, Osmanlı toplumunu, kentini, mimarisini, sokağım, konutunu, kısacası yaşamını etkilemiştir. Doğulu bir toplum batılı bir toplum olma yolunda büyük bir mücadeleye girmiştir. Batılılaşma mimari düzleminde her zaman binaların dış yüzeyinde binayı bir kabuk gibi saran bezeme düzeyinde kalmış fakat saraylardan başlayarak konaklara kadar geleneksel ev tipolojisine sadık kalınmıştır. Buna bağlı olarak ise Osmanlı toplumunun da sadece görüntü itibariyle batılı olduğu fakat özünde Doğulu ve gelenekçi kaldığıdır. This work is a study of the palace and house architecture that’s been changing parallel to urban life in Istanbul in the 19th century and covers the second half of the 19th century and the first few decades of the 20th century. As palaces, it studies Dolmabahçe, Çırağan and Yıldız palaces which were built at the second half of the 19th century and which determined the main direction of the physical evolution of Istanbul, as houses, the konaks belonging to the governing elite of the period or in other words bureaucratic elite which were located especially at districts of Nişantaşı&Yıldız. In the 19 century the period beginning by Tanzimat and called Westernization had not happened by itself and had not been yielded by an independent development. It had been considered as a change occurring in a different social structure and under different conditions yielding a “social model” and it had been tried to be realized in the imperial body. Westernization, i.e. changes in Ottomans first has begun in Istanbul. Ottoman Palace and its bureaucracy have been its designers and carriers Appearing frame of Ottoman Westernization comprised the consumption of western goods and the use of western forms in painting and architecture. Those had expanded to the Ottoman society by means of some definite groups and later had become a part of the social tradition as the Ottoman art, architecture and substantial culture reproduced itself. Westernization brought by itself changes in different scales all along the 19th century in the fields of action the science of architecture comprises; namely from a single building scale to differentiating outer spaces affecting the physical environment, therefore individual and social life. The city of Istanbul reflects this change in the increase of dimensions and scale in urban areas, the changes in style in building groups and different attitudes showed in planning and ornamentation in one single building. Those developments can be observed primarily in palaces and buildings with official use constructed by Ottoman State and residences constructed by elite of bureaucratic elite. The undergoing process of integrating to the world economy by becoming more regional got more intense in the middle of the 19th century and accompanied the notion of a master plan and related regulations which would direct the development of the city of Istanbul There was a need for an organization for the administration of the city for daily services and that would modernize Istanbul. In 1854 Şehremaneti has been established by a published official announcement. Efforts for being contemporary in 19th century and traditional urban politics based upon Islamic law XIhave been put into new forms. The administration of the city, its institutions and organizations were replaced by their adapted European examples. A set of new building style were developed which were suitable for contemporary and Western lifestyle. In Istanbul within the period between the declaration of Tanzimat to the Second Constitutional period the development of the city was directed by the local plans for the big fire areas and areas to be assigned for habitation and by the application of building regulations. Doing this it was aimed to give Istanbul an appearance of a modern city. The desire of Ottoman Sultans and bureaucrats for Westernization and having a modern appearance and making the Empire regain its old glory caused a set improving movements for construction in Istanbul While Ottoman Sultans were trying to make Istanbul a contemporary city they were imitating European sites. A capital with a contemporary face would have symbolized the revival of the Empire. However as the European states were getting richer, the Ottoman economy at this period was almost in bankruptcy. This fact was manifesting itself in the activities of construction which were really narrow. This pretension of the Ottoman political elite for making Istanbul at the same level as the European cities brought only a partial “regularity” to the structure of the city. Therefore the city, while losing its integrity with the Turkish-Islamic identity couldn’t gain even an exemplary appearance in districts where Europeans were the majority of the residents. In the 19 century the evolution in Istanbul was not as a result of a general design. Rather was formed by gathering together pieces of mosaics. The fact that the development of Istanbul in its structure was slow and occurred in a long period accompanied and eclectic attitude. But behind those mosaics under the influence of new technologies it was possible to see the impact of European cities. At the second half of the 19th century within the boundaries of Istanbul the development could be seen in three directions. Those boundaries were from Taksim towards Şişli, from Tophane following the sea shore towards Dolmabahçe, from Dolmabahçe going beyond Beşiktaş hills towards Teşvikiye and Nişantaşı and from Taksim towards Harbiye. There are two related reason to this development. Firstly the fact that some Turks who opened themselves to European values and lifestyle wanted to have the municipality service of the 6th Department. Secondly by the move of the palace from Topkapi to Dolmabahçe in 1856 the majority of the high rank bureaucrats felt an urge to follow the Sultan. This inclination has continued after the construction of Yıldız Palace. Muslim Community with high revenue formed districts around palaces Ottoman Sultans within the frame of Westernization, felt an urge to make their lives contemporary as well. The idea of quitting Topkapi Palace and inhabiting in a new palace and constructing Dolmabahçe Palace originated from this ideal. In this palace which would be a new house of Sultan and new center of the Empire would be the face of the Empire towards the west as well and would be built in the style and conception of European palaces. Dolmabahçe Palace had been realized within this Xllframe of conception. In this way in the Ottoman Empire the era of Civil Architecture has begun..The construction of Dolmabahçe Palace was succeeded by the construction of Çırağan and Yıldız palaces. In the 19th century Istanbul architectural pluralism has become dominant. Apart from the neoclassical, empire, neorenaissance, neogothic, neobaroque styles orientalist and eclectic styles and at the end of the century Art Nouveau were arising as styles. In the 19th century which was observed was the diversity in architectural style and preferences. After the moving of Ottoman Palace to the Bosphorus shores, the region was reshaped by palaces, kiosks and konaks. By examining the architectural movements seen in the area its possible to see what Ottoman Sultans and bureaucrats had developed parallel to westernization movements. In the 19th century palaces and konaks belonging to elite are in a way evidences of the development as well as they have numerous hints about the characteristic of the period. Even palaces and kiosk of this period were built parallel to the movement of modernization they did not broke off the tradition in their plan. If we examine carefully palaces of this period what we have is that the western impact in palaces were not more than ornamentation and that on the scale of plan the tradition still continues. On the plan Dolmabahçe Palace which has the splendor of European palaces we observe that the type of plan applied around to sofas in classical Turkish house were applied for each section separately. In Çırağan Palace in the main building with respect to the plan we see, that there are more bounds to the tradition than the other 1 9th century palaces. Tn palaces following Turkish house architectural tradition the classical Turkish plan with three sofas were applied in big scale within a rectangular area. In the new palace buildings in accordance to the classical Turkish architecture the plan with middle sofa-room were applied. But the main difference between the old and the new palaces is manifested on the front, the interior decoration and the ornamentation. The reason for this is that, the ornamentation in those new palaces were made by importing purely European styles and examples. In the furniture used for the decoration in the palaces of 19th century western influence can easily be felt. Moreover there are documents that those were imported from the West. In the 19th century lifestyle, while some west oriented mentality were claimed there was an effort to make ancient traditions survive. The European lifestyle has been copied superficially and each novelty took place near the ancient incompatibly. During the change process called Westernization to study the manifestations of the physical surrounding and the relationships between what has been manifested and changed concludes that the change in the physical environment is a fact or one of the facts symbolizing the cultural and social change. Tn the 1 9th century the Palace the source of the movement for social changes. The changes which have begun in Ottoman palace influenced the society, the city, the architecture, the street, the house that is the whole life of Ottomans. An oriental society put itself into a big struggle for being a western society. Westernization always remained on architectural scale or on XUlthe outer surface of buildings and the ornaments which are nothing but a shell covering the building meanwhile beginning with palace down to konaks the traditional house typology were preserved. Parallel to this fact it can be stated that Ottoman society has been western in its appearance but remained oriental and traditional in its essence. XIV
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