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İSTİBDÂL Skip to content Vakıf mallarının mülk mal ile değiştirilmesi anlamında terim.
Sözlükte “değiştirmek, yerine başka bir şey almak” anlamına gelen istibdâl , vakıf hukukunda bir vakıf malının mülk olan diğer bir mal ile değiştirilmesini ifade eder. İstibdâl sebebiyle vakıf malı mülk, mülk mal ise vakıf haline gelir. Benzer bir terim olan ibdâl ise “yerine başka bir vakıf malı, satın alabilmek için bir vakıf malı satmak” demektir.
İstibdâl, vakıf hukukunun hem nazarî olarak hem tatbikat açısından üzerinde en çok tartışılan konularından biri olup bazı İslâm hukukçuları vakıf mallarının asla değiştirilemeyeceğini ileri sürerken bazıları istibdâlin câiz olduğunu kabul etmişlerdir. İstibdâle izin verenler de bunun şartlarında anlaşamamışlardır. Genel olarak Hanefî hukukçuları belli şartlarla istibdâli câiz görürken diğer mezhepler bu görüşün karşısında yer almışlardır. Mâlikî hukukçuları, zaruret ve ihtiyaç durumunda vakfın yararına olmak şartıyla menkul vakıf mallarının -mescide ait enkazın satılması gibi- değiştirilebileceğini kabul ederken çok nâdir haller dışında gayri menkullerde istibdâli câiz görmemişlerdir. Mescidlerin istibdâlinin câiz olmadığını savunan ve diğer akarları da iki gruba ayıran Mâlikîler az da olsa faydalanılması mümkün olan ev, dükkân vb. akarların mescid, kabristan yapılması ve umumi yolun genişletilmesi gibi zaruret halleri dışında istibdâlinin câiz olmadığını, tamamen faydalanılamaz durumda bulunan akarların ancak hâkim kararıyla istibdâle tâbi tutulabileceğini söylemişlerdir (M. Ebû Zehre, s. 154-155; M. Ubeyd Abdullah el-Kübeysî, II, 34-35). İstibdâli vakıf mallarının zayi edilmesi ve ortadan kaldırılması için bulunmuş bir suistimal yolu olarak niteleyen Şâfiîler işe yaramayan hayvan, mescide ait kırılmış tahta parçaları vb. birkaç mal dışında istibdâlden söz bile etmemişler ve vakıf mallarının asla değiştirilemeyeceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir (Nevevî, XV, 361-362; M. Ubeyd Abdullah el-Kübeysî, II, 39-43). Hanbelî hukukçuları ise bu konuda orta bir yol takip etmişler, hâkimin kararının bulunması şartıyla vakıf mallarının kendilerinden beklenen menfaatlerin ortadan kalkması ve satılarak yerine bir başka mal alınmasının zaruret haline gelmesi durumunda istibdâlin câiz olacağını belirtmişlerdir. Çoğunluk, amacına hizmet edemez duruma geldiğinde mescidin bile satılabileceğini ve bedelinin başka bir mescide harcanabileceğini öne sürmüştür (farklı görüşler için bk. a.g.e. , II, 47-49).
Hanefî hukukçuları, her ne kadar istibdâl konusunda görüş birliği içinde olmasalar da vakıf malları arasında herhangi bir ayırım yapmaksızın istibdâl muamelesini câiz görürler. Müslüman-Türk devletleri tarafından uygulanan Hanefî hukukçularının görüşlerini iki noktada toplamak mümkündür. Birincisi vakıf mallarının istibdâliyle ilgili muhtemel durumlar, ikincisi de bu durumlarda istibdâlin yapılabilmesi için aranan şartlardır.
Hanefî hukukçularına göre vakıf mallarının istibdâliyle ilgili muhtemel durumlar şöylece sıralanabilir: 1. Vakfedenin kendine veya başkasına istibdâl yetkisini şart koşması. Mescidler dışındaki vakıf malları için meşruiyeti tartışılan böyle bir yetki konusunda hem şartın hem vakfın geçersiz olduğunu belirtenler yanında İmam Muhammed şartın geçersiz ve vakfın sahih olduğunu, Ebû Yûsuf ise hem vakfın hem şartın geçerli bulunduğunu savunur. Son görüş fetvaya esas alınmıştır. Bu durumda istibdâl şartının icrası için hâkim kararı ve sultanın fermanı gerekir. 2 . Vakıf mallarının tamamen faydalanılamaz duruma gelmesi. Vakıf mallarından hiç gelir elde edilemiyor veya geliri masrafına yetmiyorsa çoğunluk bu tür vakıf mallarının hâkim kararı ile, Osmanlı uygulamasında ise ayrıca emr-i sultânî ile istibdâlinin câiz olduğu kanaatindedir. 3. Vakıf malı ile intifâ mümkün iken vakfa daha yararlı bir mal ile istibdâlinin istenmesi. Bu durum Hanefî hukukçuları arasında tartışmalıdır. Olumlu yönde bir görüşün menfaatperest kimselerin işine yarayacağını düşünen çoğunluk bu durumda istibdâle cevaz verilemeyeceğini söylemişlerdir. Ebû Yûsuf’un önderlik yaptığı bir grup hukukçu ise hâkimin kararı alınmak şartıyla istibdâlin câiz olduğunu ileri sürmüş ve bu görüş etrafında tartışmalar sürüp gitmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti, emr-i sultânî şartını da ekleyerek tartışmaları ortadan kaldırmak istemişse de ihtilâfların önü tam olarak alınamamıştır. 4. Vakfedenin istibdâli yasaklaması. Böyle bir durumda bazılarına göre istibdâl mümkün değilken Ebû Yûsuf’u takip eden, Osmanlı hukukçularının da fetvaya esas aldığı çoğunluğun görüşüne göre diğer şartların gerçekleşmesi durumunda istibdâl câizdir.
İstibdâl için aranan şartlar şunlardır: 1. Vakıf malının tamamen faydalanılamaz hale gelmesi, yani vakıf için gelir getiremez veya getirdiği gelir giderini karşılayamaz duruma düşmesi. Sadece istibdâl edilecek malın gelir bakımından vakıf malından daha yararlı ve geliri çok olması yeterli değildir. 2. Vakfın tamir edilerek eski haline iadesi için başka gelir kaynağının bulunmaması. 3 . Vakıf malı satılırken satım akdinde gabn-i fâhiş bulunmaması. 4. Vakıf malı, mütevellinin kendi lehinde şahitlikleri câiz olmayan usul ve fürû gibi hısımlara satılmaması. 5. İstibdâl muamelesinin hâkimin kararı ve Osmanlı uygulamasında emr-i sultânî alınarak yapılması. 6. Bedel olarak alınacak akarın yer ve mevkiinin, vakıf akarının yer ve mevkiine eşit değerde veya daha üstün olması. 7. Vakıf mallarının istibdâlinde bedel olarak alınacak mülk malın bazı hukukçulara göre nakit para olmaması. Osmanlı hukukçuları tarafından tercih edilen diğer görüş ise nakit paranın da alınabileceği yönündedir (Ömer Hilmi, md. 419; Ali Haydar, md. 1597).
Hukukçular arasında tartışmalı olan istibdâl konusu uygulamada da çok farklı olaylara sebep olmuştur. Bazı devlet yöneticileri, istibdâlin câiz görülmesiyle ilgili fetvayı bir vesile edinerek vakıf mallarını gaspa yönelmişler, bu suistimal karşısında İslâm hukukçuları harekete geçmişlerdir. XIII. yüzyıl Mısır Hanefî hukukçularından Şemseddin el-Harîrî, Sultan Baybars’a ait bir vakıf malının istibdâline Hanefî kadısı Şemseddin es-Serûcî tarafından fetva verilmesi üzerine istibdâlin asla câiz olmadığını savunan bir risâle kaleme almıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 112b -113b ). Yukarıda belirtilen dört halden sadece birincisinde istibdâli câiz gören bu aşırı tavra karşı Fahreddin İbnü’t-Türkmânî, hâkimin kararı ile ve bilhassa ikinci durumda istibdâli müdafaa ettiği risâlesini yazmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 113b -117a ). Bu tartışmalara katılan Hanefî hukukçusu Necmeddin et-Tarsûsî, birinci ve ikinci durumlarda âdil bir hâkimin karar vermesi şartıyla istibdâlin câiz olduğunu söylemiştir. İbn Kutluboğa zamanında üçüncü hale uygun bir istibdâl olayı meydana gelmiştir. Ancak geliri daha çok olan ve vakfa yararlı bulunduğu belirtilen arazinin çorak bir arazi olduğu ortaya çıkınca İbn Kutluboğa istibdâlin iptaline fetva vermiştir. Birinci ve ikinci durumlarda hâkim kararıyla istibdâlin cevazını savunan İbn Kutluboğa’yı (Risâle fi’l-istibdâl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 122-128) İbn Nüceym desteklemiştir. Nakit para ile istibdâl yapılamayacağını belirten İbn Nüceym’in risâlesi (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 782, vr. 36-45), İslâm âleminde istibdâl aleyhinde bir cereyanın oluşmasına sebep olmuştur.
Bu gelişmelerin etkisinde kalan Molla Hüsrev, şartlı istibdâlin dışında hâkimin kararı olmadan istibdâlin câiz olamayacağını hükme bağlamış (Dürerü’l-ḥükkâm , II,136), Şeyhülislâm Çivizâde Muhyiddin Mehmed Efendi ise Mısır kadılığı sırasında gördüğü suistimallerden dolayı istibdâl lehinde asla fetva vermediğini belirtmiştir. Ebüssuûd Efendi, meseleyi kökünden halletmek için istibdâl kararı verme yetkisini hâkimlerden almış ve emr-i sultânî olmadıkça hâkimlerin istibdâl kararı vermesini 951 (1544) tarihli bir irâde ile yasaklatmıştır. Bu hükme göre şartlara uyulduğu takdirde her üç halde de istibdâl câiz olacaktır (Fetâvâ , Süleymaniye Ktp., İsmihan Sultan, nr. 223, vr. 125b ; İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, İstanbul Kadılığı, nr. 135, s. 7). İstibdâl konusunda Osmanlı uygulamasındaki gelişmeler, Tanzimat’ın son dönemlerine kadar Ebüssuûd’un koyduğu esaslar çerçevesinde olmuştur. Nitekim 1280 Tarihli Evkaf Nizamnâmesi ’ne göre bir vakıf malının mülk olan bir yerle istibdâli istendiğinde istibdâl şartlarına uyulacak, mahkeme ilâm ve mazbatası padişaha arzedilerek irâde-i seniyye alınacaktır. Aksine hareket edenler hapis veya sürgün cezası ile cezalandırılacaktır (bend 40; Düstur , Birinci tertip, II, 156-157). Evkafın kötü durumuna çare arayan Hammâdezâde Halil Hamdi Paşa ise istibdâl hallerinin üçünde de istibdâli câiz gören görüşlere dayanarak vakıflara ait menfaatsiz ve harap arazi ve binaların istibdâlini teklif etmiştir (Evkāf Hakkında Sadârete Takdim Edilen Lâyiha , s. 60-64, 74). O sırada kabul görmeyen bu görüş, 1329 (1911) yılında çıkarılan bir irâde-i seniyye ile hukukî düzenleme haline getirilmiş ve camilerle mescidlerin dışındaki “müstağnâ anh” (faydalanılamaz) vakıfların nakit para ile istibdâl edilerek elde edilen gelirin belli hayır cihetlerine sarfı kabul edilmiştir. Ancak Hanefî mezhebindeki müftâ bih görüşe aykırı olan bu uygulama tenkide uğramıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, DUİT , nr. 56 (İstibdâl Dosyaları).
İstanbul Müftülüğü Şer‘iyye Sicilleri Arşivi, Evkāf-ı Hümâyun, nr. 1/20, İstanbul Kadılığı, nr. 135, s. 7.
Nevevî, el-Mecmûʿ , XV, 361-362.
Şemseddin Muhammed el-Harîrî, Risâle fi’l-istibdâl fi’l-evḳāf min ġayri şarṭ hel yecûz , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 112b -113b .
Fahreddin İbnü’t-Türkmânî, Risâle fi’l-istibdâl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 113b -117a .
İbn Kutluboğa, Risâle fi’l-istibdâl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Reşid Efendi, nr. 1152, vr. 122-128.
Molla Hüsrev, Dürerü’l-ḥükkâm , II, 136.
Zeynüddin İbn Nüceym, Risâle fi’l-istibdâl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 782, vr. 36 vd.
Kınalızâde Ali Efendi, Risâle fî baʿżı aḥkâmi’l-evḳāf , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 785, vr. 2b -21b .
Ebüssuûd Efendi, Fetâvâ , Süleymaniye Ktp., İsmihan Sultan, nr. 223, vr. 125b .
Pîrî Efendi, Fetâvâ , Süleymaniye Ktp., Amcazâde Hüseyin Paşa, nr. 243, vr. 93b .
Şürünbülâlî, Ḥisâmü’l-ḥükkâmi’l-muḥaḳḳıḳīn li-ṣaddi’l-buġāti’l-muʿteddîn ʿan evḳāfi’l-müslimîn , Süleymaniye Ktp., Yenicami, nr. 1198, vr. 95-109.
Abdürrahim Efendi, Fetâvâ , İstanbul 1243, I, 461-462.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , IV, 384-388.
Muhammed Kadri Paşa, Ḳānûnü’l-ʿadl ve’l-inṣâf , Kahire 1893, md. 131-135.
Ömer Hilmi, Ahkâmü’l-evkāf , İstanbul 1307, md. 31, 416-420.
1280 Tarihli Evkaf Nizamnâmesi , bend 40.
Düstur , Birinci tertip, İstanbul 1289, II, 156-157.
Hammâdezâde Halil Hamdi Paşa, Evkāf Hakkında Sadârete Takdim Edilen Lâyiha , İstanbul 1327, s. 60-64, 74.
1329/1911 Tarihli İrâde-i Seniyye, Evkaf Nezâreti İdâre-i Merkeziyyesi Teşkilât ve Vezâifini Hâvî Nizamnâme , İstanbul 1330, s. 7-8.
Ali Haydar, Tertîbü’s-sunûf fî ahkâmi’l-vukūf , İstanbul 1337 r./1340, md. 141, 277, 1542-1598.
Ali Himmet Berki, Vakıflar , İstanbul 1946, s. 217-218.
Bilmen, Kamus , IV, 355-357.
M. Ebû Zehre, Muḥâḍarât fi’l-vaḳf , Kahire 1971, s. 154-178.
M. Ubeyd Abdullah el-Kübeysî, Aḥkâmü’l-vaḳf fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Bağdad 1977, II, 9-56.
Ahmet Akgündüz, İslâm Hukukunda ve Osmanlı Tatbikatında Vakıf Müessesesi , Ankara 1988, s. 290-301.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 319-320 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.