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İSTİHLÂF Skip to content Kişinin üstlendiği dinî-hukukî bir görevde yerine başkasını geçirmesi anlamında terim.
Sözlükte istihlâf “yerine birini geçirmek, halef bırakmak” demektir. Bu anlamla ilişkili olarak imamın namaz içerisinde bir mazeret sebebiyle imamlığı başkasına bırakmasına veya hâkimin yargı görevini yerine getirmek üzere bir nâib tayin etmesine istihlâf denildiği gibi devlet başkanının kendisinden sonra yerine bir başka kişiyi bırakması da ahd veya istihlâf terimiyle ifade edilmiştir. Kelime Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de sözlük anlamında, fakat bir topluluğun kendilerinden öncekilerin yerine getirilip yeryüzünde söz sahibi kılınması mânasını içerdiğinden terim anlamına da kapı aralar tarzda (el-En‘âm 6/133; el-A‘râf 7/129; en-Nûr 24/55), hadislerde ise hem sözlük hem terim mânasında (Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫlf” md.) geçmektedir. Yerini başkasına bırakan kimseye müstahlif , bırakılana da müstahlef denir. Bu ikinci kişi için kadılık söz konusu olduğunda daha çok nâib , devlet başkanlığı söz konusu olduğunda halîfe kelimeleri kullanılmıştır.
Namazda İstihlâf. Namaz kıldırırken imamın bir mazeret sebebiyle devam edememesi durumunda cemaatten birini yerine geçirmesi ve başlanmış olan namazın bu kişi tarafından tamamlanması fakihlerin çoğunluğunca kural olarak câiz görülür ve bu cevaz cemaatin namazının korunması amacıyla açıklanır. Ancak hangi sebeplerle istihlâfa başvurulacağı, ne gibi şartların gerektiği konusunda mezhepler arasında farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır. Hanefîler, namazda kusan veya burnu kanayan kimsenin abdest alıp kaldığı yerden devam etmesini öğütleyen hadisi (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 137) ve Hz. Ömer’in, namaz kılarken yaralandığında arkasında bulunan Abdurrahman b. Avf’ı yerine imamlığa geçirmesini delil göstererek namazda istihlâfın câiz olduğunu ileri sürerler. Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’deki hâkim görüş de bu yöndedir. Ancak bu iki mezhepte istihlâfın câiz olmadığı yönünde ikinci bir görüş vardır ve bu görüş imamın namazının bozulması halinde cemaatin namazının da bozulacağı, dolayısıyla istihlâf yoluyla namaza devam etmenin mümkün olmayacağı esasına dayanır. Bu durumda namaz baştan itibaren yeniden kılınır. Mâlikîler ise vakit namazlarında istihlâfın mendup, cuma namazında vâcip olduğunu söyler ve bu konuda, son rahatsızlığında Hz. Peygamber’in yerine namazı kıldıran Hz. Ebû Bekir’in Resûlullah’ın kendisini iyi hissedip cemaate katıldığını anlayınca yerini ona bırakmasını örnek gösterirler (İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 142).
İstihlâfı kabul eden fakihler, istihlâfı gerekli kılan mazeretlere ve istihlâf yapılacak kimseye dair belirli şartlar ileri sürmüşlerdir. Hanefîler genel olarak, yarıda kalan namazın kaldığı yerden devamına imkân veren ve kaçınılması mümkün olmayan mazeretlerin istihlâfı da mümkün kıldığı görüşündedir. Abdestin bozulması ve namazın rükünlerinden birini yapamayacak duruma düşmek bir istihlâf sebebidir. Mâlikîler bunun yanında, mala veya cana yönelik bir zararın gelmesi halinde de imamın namazı terkedip yerine bir başkasını geçirebileceğini söylerler. Şâfiîler, her türlü mazeret durumunda ve hatta belli bir mazeret olmaksızın imamın yerine başkasını geçirebileceği görüşündedir. Hanbelîler’e göre ise imamın abdestinin bozulması halinde istihlâf câiz olmaz ve cemaatin namazı da bozulmuş olur. Öte yandan istihlâf edilecek kimsenin imam olma özelliklerini taşıması gerekmektedir; dolayısıyla çocuğun, okuma bilmeyenin (ümmî), erkeklerden oluşan bir cemaate kadının istihlâf edilmesi câiz görülmez. Yine imamın istihlâf yapmadan yahut yerine birisi geçmeden önce camiyi veya musallâyı terketmemesi, yani cemaati imamsız bırakmaması da gerekmektedir. Hanefîler’e göre istihlâf mümkün olmazsa cemaat yarıda kalan namazı kendi başına tamamlayamaz; hepsinin namazı bozulmuş olur. Mâlikîler ve Hanbelîler’de ise cuma namazı gibi mutlaka cemaatle kılınması gereken namazlar dışında cemaat namazı tek başına tamamlayabilir.
Kural olarak istihlâf namaza devam edemeyecek durumda olan imam tarafından yapılır. Böyle bir durumda kalan imam cemaatten uygun gördüğü birini mihraba geçirir ve kendisi burnunu tutarak geriye çekilir. Bu hareket, burun kanaması gibi bir mazeret yüzünden namazı terketmek zorunda kalındığını anlatmak içindir. Bu esnada konuşmaz, ancak kaç rek‘at kaldığını işaretle bildirebilir. Bunun mümkün olmadığı veya yapılmadığı durumlarda imamın cemaatten biri tarafından belirlenmesi yahut şartlarını haiz bir kimsenin kendiliğinden imâmete geçmesi ve namazı tamamlaması da mümkündür. Ayrıca hatibin hutbeye devam edememesi, hutbeyi tamamlayıp namaz kıldıramaması durumlarında da istihlâf söz konusudur. Ancak mezhepler arasında, cuma hutbesinde veya namazında istihlâfın hangi durumlarda ve ne şekilde olacağı konusunda farklı görüşler bulunmaktadır.
Yargı Görevinde İstihlâf. Yargı görevini bizzat yapamaması durumunda hâkim, belli bir hukukî ihtilâfta karar vermek veya genel olarak yargıçlık yapmak üzere yerine birini bırakabilir. Devlet başkanı hâkim tayin ederken ona vekil bırakma yetkisini tanımışsa hâkimin istihlâf yoluyla yerine birini görevlendirebileceğinde tereddüt yoktur; ancak böyle bir yetki tanınmadan hâkimin istihlâf yetkisine sahip olup olmayacağı tartışmalıdır. Hanefîler’le bazı Mâlikî ve Hanbelî hukukçularına göre açıkça yetki verilmemişse hâkim kendi yerine birini görevlendiremez. Fakat bu durumda da bir mazeret sebebiyle görevlendirilen hâkimin kararının görevlendiren kişi tarafından gözden geçirilip onaylanması şartıyla istihlâf mümkün olabilmektedir. Bazı Şâfiî ve Hanbelî hukukçuları, açıkça yasaklanmamışsa sarâhaten izin verilmemiş bile olsa istihlâfın mümkün olduğu görüşündedir. Mâlikîler’deki hâkim görüş de bir mazeret durumunda hâkimin yerine başka birini görevlendirebileceği şeklindedir.
İstihlâf yoluyla görevlendirilen nâib, kendisini tayin eden hâkimin sahip olduğu ve devredebildiği yetki çerçevesinde görev yapar. Açıkça yetki verilmemişse istihlâfa yetkili olan hâkim görevlendirdiği kişiyi görevden alamaz. Bu hâkimin ölümü de tayin ettiği hâkimin görevinin sona ermesini gerektirmez.
Devlet Başkanlığında İstihlâf. İş başındaki devlet başkanının yerine birini bırakması, ya bu kimsenin sağlığında görevi başkasına devretmesi veya ölümünden sonra yerine bir başkasını bırakması şeklinde olur. Hz. Ebû Bekir’in, ölümünün ardından iş başına geçmek üzere yerine Hz. Ömer’i bırakması bu uygulamanın İslâm tarihindeki ilk örneğini oluşturmaktadır (Muhammed Hamîdullah, s. 404-405). Hz. Ömer de yaralanmasından sonra yerine aralarından birini seçmek şartıyla altı kişiyi bırakmıştır. Devlet başkanının bu şekilde belirlenmesine o dönemde itiraz edilmemiş olması sükûtî icmâ ve bunun ardından uygulanan bir yönetim geleneği oluşturmuştur. Nitekim Emevî ve Abbâsî halifelerinin hemen tamamına yakını iş başındaki halife tarafından istihlâf edilmiştir. Sonraki İslâm devletlerinde de hükümdarların en yaygın belirlenme şekillerinden biri olan istihlâf, böylece teoride hiç kabul edilmemiş olmasına rağmen devlet başkanlığının verasetle intikalinin hukukîleşmesine zemin hazırlamıştır. Bazı örneklerde arka arkaya devlet başkanı / halife olmak üzere iki kişinin istihlâf edildiği de görülmektedir.
Bu şekilde istihlâf edilen kimsenin devlet başkanında aranan niteliklere sahip olması gerekmektedir. Ancak bu teorik şartın uygulamaya ne ölçüde yansıdığı ayrı bir inceleme konusudur. İlk iki örnekte halifeler, yerlerine kendi akrabalarından birini istihlâf etmemelerine rağmen sonraki uygulamalar daima aynı soydan birinin halef bırakılması şeklinde olmuştur. Abbâsî Halifesi Me’mûn’un, yerine Ehl-i beyt’ten Ali er-Rızâ’yı bırakması bu uygulamanın bir istisnasını oluşturmaktaysa da bu istihlâf Abbâsî ailesi arasında büyük tartışmalara yol açmış, esasen Ali er-Rızâ’nın âni ölümü de teşebbüsü yarıda bırakmıştır. İstihlâfın saltanat usulünün en uygun vasıtası haline dönüşmesi ve veliaht için alınan biatın şeklî bir merasimden öte bir anlam taşımaması, bu usulün tek başına halife / devlet başkanı olmak için yeterli olup olmadığı meselesini gündeme getirmiştir. Eski hukukçuların bir kısmı ve çağdaş hukukçuların çoğu istihlâfın tek başına yeterli sayılmadığı, devlet başkanını belirleme yetkisinin esas itibariyle İslâm toplumunda olduğu, bu sebeple istihlâfı takiben ehlü’l-hal ve’l-akdin onayının da (biat) gerekli olduğunu söyler. Buna göre istihlâf, başlı başına bir halef bırakma işlemi değil en azından teoride bir anlamda devlet başkanlığı makamına aday gösterme olmaktadır. Bir kısım hukukçulara göre ise halife oğlu, babası gibi bir yakınını yerine geçirmemişse onun tek başına istihlâfı göreve başlamak için yeterlidir ve alınan biatın bağlılık biatı olmaktan öte bir anlamı yoktur.
İstihlâfın geçerli olabilmesi için sadece mevcut halifenin değil halife olarak belirlenen kimsenin de rızâsı gerekir. Öte yandan istihlâf işleminin devlet başkanını bağlayıcı olup olmadığı tartışılmıştır. Bazı hukukçular istihlâf işleminin İslâm toplumu adına yapıldığını, devlet başkanı başkan olma özelliklerini kaybetmediği sürece bağlayıcı olduğunu ve geri alınamayacağını (Mâverdî, s. 12), bir kısmı ise bunu vasiyete benzeterek devlet başkanının iş başında kaldığı sürece yerine geçecek kimseyi değiştirebileceğini söyler (Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, s. 25).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫlf” md.
İbn Mâce, “İḳāmetü’ṣ-ṣalât”, 137, 142.
el-İmâme ve’s-siyâse , I, 23-31.
Bâkıllânî, et-Temhîd (Ebû Rîde) , s. 201-202.
Bağdâdî, Uṣûlü’d-dîn , s. 274-286.
Mâverdî, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye , s. 11-14.
Ebû Ya‘lâ el-Ferrâ, el-Aḥkâmü’s-sulṭâniyye (nşr. M. Hâmid el-Fıkī), Kahire 1357/1938, s. 25-27.
Nûreddin es-Sâbûnî, el-Bidâye fî uṣûli’d-dîn (nşr. Bekir Topaloğlu), Dımaşk 1399/1979, s. 56-61.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , II, 551-564.
İbn Âbidîn, Reddü’l-muḥtâr (Kahire) , I, 599-606; V, 391-393.
Abdülhay el-Kettânî, et-Terâtîbü’l-idâriyye , I, 64-66.
Zâfir el-Kāsımî, Niẓâmü’l-ḥükm fi’ş-şerîʿa ve’t-târîḫi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1394/1974, s. 166-212.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 404-405.
Vehbe ez-Zühaylî, el-Fıḳhü’l-İslâmî ve edilletüh , Dımaşk 1404/1984, II, 250-258.
Abdülaziz Bayındır, İslâm Muhakeme Hukuku , İstanbul 1986, s. 91-92.
Abdürrezzâk es-Senhûrî, Fıḳhü’l-ḫilâfe ve teṭavvürühâ , Kahire 1989, s. 149-163.
“İstiḫlâf”, Mv.Fİ , VI, 118-172.
“İstiḫlâf”, Mv.F , III, 251-262.
M. Akif Aydın, “Anayasa”, DİA , III, 156-158.
Cengiz Kallek, “Biat”, a.e. , VI, 122.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 337-339 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.