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İSTİKLÂL MARŞI Skip to content Mehmed Âkif Ersoy’un Büyük Millet Meclisi tarafından 1921’de resmî millî marş olarak kabul edilen şiiri.
1/2 Müellif: M. ORHAN OKAY Bölüme Git
Osmanlılar’da, Batılılaşma hareketiyle beraber Fransızca’daki “hymne national” karşılığı bir millî marş ihtiyacı II. Mahmud döneminden beri zaman zama…
2/2 Müellif: NURİ ÖZCAN Bölüme Git
MÛSİKİ. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin 12 Mart 1921 tarihli toplantısında Mehmed Âkif’in (Ersoy) yazdığı İstiklâl Marşı’nın millî marş olarak kabulü…
Osmanlılar’da, Batılılaşma hareketiyle beraber Fransızca’daki “hymne national” karşılığı bir millî marş ihtiyacı II. Mahmud döneminden beri zaman zaman hissedilmiştir. Özellikle Avrupa devlet temsilcileriyle yapılan törenlerde gündeme gelen bu ihtiyacın, resmî bir statüsü olmaksızın değişik padişahlar zamanında birbirinden farklı güfte ve bestelerin okunmasıyla giderildiği bilinmektedir. Böylece bestesini Donizetti Paşa’nın yaptığı Mahmûdiye ve Mecidiye, Yesârîzâde Necib Ahmed Paşa ’nın Hamidiye, Guatelli Paşa’nın Marş-ı Sultânî besteleri millî marş gibi söylenmiştir. II. Meşrutiyet’ten sonra bazı Batılı sanatkârların bestelerinin benimsenmesi veya Batılı kompozitörlere bir millî marş hazırlatılması gibi teşebbüsler olmuşsa da bunlar gerçekleşmemiştir.
Millî Mücadele ’nin başlarında Mehmed Âkif’in “Ordunun Duası” adlı manzumesinin Ali Rifat Çağatay tarafından yapılan bestesi, Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğince bütün askerî birliklere okunmak üzere tamim edilmiştir. I. Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin ilk günlerinde kurulan hey’et-i irşâdiyyelerin, gezileri sırasında edindikleri izlenimler doğrultusunda Erkân-ı Harbiyye reis vekili Miralay İsmet Bey’e (İnönü ) bir istiklâl marşına olan ihtiyacı belirtmeleri, meseleyi ilk defa resmî olarak gündeme getirmiştir. İsmet Bey’in meseleyi İcra Vekilleri Heyeti’nde ortaya koymasından sonra konu Maarif Vekâleti’ne havale edilmiş ve Maarif Vekâleti tarafından millî marş güftesi için bir yarışma açılmıştır. Maarif Vekili Rıza Nur ’un imzasını taşıyan 18 Eylül 1920 tarihli bir tamimle millî marşın şartları valiliklere duyurulmuş, tamim bir süre sonra Hâkimiyet-i Milliye gazetesinde de yayımlanmıştır (7 Teşrînisâni 1337/1920).
Yarışma için belirlenen başvuru süresinin son günü olan 21 Kânunuevvel 1920 tarihinde gönderilen şiirlerin sayısı 724’tür. Ancak bunların arasında millî marş güftesi olmaya lâyık bir şiir bulunamadığından o tarihte Maarif vekili olan Hamdullah Suphi (Tanrıöver) , Karesi (Balıkesir) mebusu Hasan Basri ’ye (Çantay) böyle bir şiiri Mehmed Âkif’ten beklediğini söyleyerek onun yazması için aracı olmasını ister. Hasan Basri’nin, Mehmed Âkif’in marş için hükümetçe konan 500 lira mükâfatı kabul etmediğinden yarışmaya katılmadığını belirtmesi üzerine Hamdullah Suphi bu şartın Âkif Bey için kaldırılabileceğini ifade eder. Bunun üzerine Mehmed Âkif bir süreden beri üzerinde çalışmakta olduğu eserini tamamlar ve Maarif Vekâleti’ne gönderir. Bu arada İstiklâl Marşı, “Kahraman Ordumuza” ithafıyla ilk defa Sebîlürreşâd dergisinde (sy. 468, 17 Şubat 1337/1921), dört gün sonra da Kastamonu’da çıkmakta olan Açıksöz gazetesinde yayımlanır.
İstiklâl Marşı, Maarif Vekâleti’nden gönderilen bir tezkire ile Büyük Millet Meclisi’nin 26 Şubat 1921 tarihli oturumunda gündeme alınır. Meclisin Mustafa Kemal Paşa ’nın başkanlığında yapılan 1 Mart 1921 tarihli oturumunda Hasan Basri Bey’in takriri üzerine söz alan Hamdullah Suphi, yarışmaya katılan şiirlerden yedisinin vekâletçe istenen şartlara uygun görüldüğünü, ancak kendisinin Mehmed Âkif’in şiirini beğendiğini söyleyerek tamamını okumuş ve her kıtanın arkasından sürekli alkışlar gelmiştir. Meclisin konuyla ilgili üçüncü ve son oturumu 12 Mart 1921’de Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar) başkanlığında yapılmış, meclise sunulan altı takrir arasından Hasan Basri’nin “Mehmed Âkif Bey’in şiirinin tercihan kabulü” teklifi oylanarak büyük çoğunlukla kabul edilmiştir. Artık resmî hale gelen marş Hamdullah Suphi tarafından bir defa daha okunmuş ve bütün mebuslarca ayakta alkışlanmıştır. Hasan Basri Çantay, Mustafa Kemal Paşa’nın marş okunurken sıraların önünde ayakta dinlediğini ve sürekli alkışladığını kaydeder (Âkifnâme , s. 73). Mehmed Âkif 500 lira mükâfatı, fakir müslüman kadın ve çocuklarına iş öğreterek sefaletlerine son vermek amacıyla kurulan Dârülmesâi’ye hediye etmiştir (Nalbantoğlu, s. 140-141).
İstiklâl Marşı için yarışmaya katılan diğer 724 şiir ve şairleri hakkında bilgi yoktur. Yalnız şartlara uygun olduğu belirtilerek bastırılıp mebuslara dağıtılan yedi şiirden altısının metni bazı kaynaklarda verilmiştir (Çantay, s. 73-77; İz, s. 130-133). Bu şiirleri yazanlar arasında Hüseyin Suat (Yalçın) ve Kemaleddin Kâmi de (Kamu) bulunmaktadır. Ayrıca konuyla ilgili araştırmalarda Tunalı Hilmi, Muhittin Baha (Pars), Kâzım Karabekir gibi bazı kişilerin yarışmaya katıldıkları ifade edilmişse de bunlardan yalnız Kâzım Karabekir’in şiiri bilinmektedir.
Yunan ordularının Anadolu içlerine kadar yayıldığı, Sevr Antlaşması ’nın imzalandığı, cephelerden çeşitli haberlerin geldiği, Millî Mücadele ’nin ve meclisin en heyecanlı aylarının yaşandığı bir sırada gündeme gelen İstiklâl Marşı, Mehmed Âkif’in de aynı duyguları yoğun olarak yaşadığı günlerinin mahsulü olmuştur. Onunla ilgili hâtıralarda şairin, İstiklâl Marşı’nın bazı mısralarını henüz yarışmaya katılma kararı vermeden yazdığı, katıldığı günlerde de Tâceddin Dergâhı ’ndaki odasında zaman zaman vecd ve istiğrak haline geldiği ifade edilmektedir. Marşın böyle bir atmosferi yansıtmış olduğu, kendisinin de daha sonra bunu Safahat ’ına almayarak, “O benim değil milletimindir” demesinden ve son günlerinde hasta yatağında, “Allah bu millete bir daha İstiklâl Marşı yazdırmasın” temennisinden de anlaşılmaktadır.
İstiklâl Marşı, gerek nazım tekniği gerekse muhteva bakımından herhangi bir millî marş güftesinin çok ilerisinde Türk edebiyatının en güzel lirik-hamâsî şiirlerindendir. Son kıtası beş mısra olmak üzere dörder mısralık on kıtadan oluşan ve aruzla yazılan şiirin her kıtasının bütün mısraları tam kafiyelidir ve her kıtanın, temayı oluşturan duygu ile uyumlu ton ve vurguların yer aldığı sağlam bir yapısı vardır. İlk iki kıtada bayrağa hitap eden şair onun milletin varlığıyla beraber ebedî istiklâlini müjdeler. Şair üçüncü ve dördüncü kıtalarda Türk milleti adına konuşmakta, ebedî hürriyet aşkı ve imanıyla Batılılar’ın maddî güçlerine direneceğini söylemektedir. Türk askerine hitap eden beşinci ve altıncı kıtalar, üstünde yaşadığımız yerlerin alelâde bir toprak değil vatan olduğunu, onların düşmana çiğnetilmemesi gerektiğini telkin eder. Yedinci ve sekizinci kıtalarda şair sevilen pek çok şey kaybedilse bile vatanın kaybedilmemesini ve ezan seslerinin kesilmemesini niyaz eder. Dokuzuncu kıtada bu duası kabul edildiği takdirde kendi ruhunun da vecd içinde yükseleceğini söyler. Nihayet son kıtada yine bayrağa dönerek ona ve milletine ebediyen çöküş olmayacağını, hürriyetin ve istiklâlin ebediyen onun hakkı olduğu müjdesini tekrar eder. Tam bir bütünlük gösteren şiirde mecaz ve semboller de ifadeyi zenginleştirmiştir.
Milletin iradesine ve Allah’ın müminlere vaad ettiği zaferin er geç gerçekleşeceğine inanan Mehmed Âkif’in şiirindeki özelliklerden biri de millî ve ulvî değerlerle dinî motifleri dengeli bir şekilde kıtalara yerleştirmesidir. Bayrak, hilâl, yıldız, hak, hürriyet, istiklâl, yurt, millet, ırk, vatan, kahramanlık gibi millî kavramlarla iman, şehâdet, helâl, cennet, hudâ, ezan, mâbed, vecd gibi dinî motifler birbiriyle uyum halinde zengin bir belâgatla kullanılmış, böylece Millî Mücadele’yi gerçekleştiren halkın ruhunda mevcut iki önemli kavram İstiklâl Marşı’nın da iki temel temasını oluşturmuştur.
Millî marş olarak kabulünden sonra İstiklâl Marşı’na zaman zaman bazı eleştiriler yöneltilip yerine çağdaş bir marş yazılması gibi teklifler yapılmışsa da bunlar her defasında çoğunluğun tepkisiyle karşılanmıştır. Bu gibi polemiklerin önünü almak için 1982 anayasasının 3. maddesine, “Türkiye Devleti’nin millî marşı ‘İstiklâl Marşı’dır” bendi eklenmiştir.
İstiklâl Marşı’nın çeşitli açılardan yapılmış pek çok açıklama, tahlil ve yorumundan başlıcaları şunlardır: “İstiklâl Marşı Üzerine Bir Tahlil Denemesi” (Nalbantoğlu, s. 186-200); Mehmet Kaplan , “Türk İstiklâl Marşı” (Hisar , sy. 88 [Mayıs 1971], s. 4-6); “İstiklâl Marşı” (Millî Kültür , sy. 9 [Eylül 1977], s. 6-9); Ayhan Songar, “İstiklâl Marşımızın Psikanalizi” (Türk Edebiyatı , sy. 113 [Mart 1983], s. 11-12); Nihad Sâmi Banarlı , “İstiklâl Marşı’nın Mânası” (Kültür Köprüsü , İstanbul 1985, s. 327-358); “İstiklâl Marşı’nın Tahlili” (Türk Edebiyatı , sy. 158 [Aralık 1986], s. 56-58); Ertuğrul Düzdağ, İstiklâl Marşı ve Çanakkale Şehidleri Şiirlerinin Açıklaması (İstanbul 1986, s. 7-10); Beşir Ayvazoğlu, İstiklâl Marşı: Tarihi ve Manası (s. 55-63); Orhan Okay, “İstiklâl Marşımız ve Mehmed Âkif” (Safahat , Ankara 1992, s. 443-446); Rıdvan Canım – Etem Çalık, Mehmed Akif ve İstiklâl Marşı (İstanbul 1995, s. 25-82); Yaşar Çağbayır, İstiklâl Marşı’nın Tahlili (Ankara 1998, s. 291-393); Mahmut Toptaş, Âkif’in Diliyle Açıklamalı İstiklâl Marşı (İstanbul 1999); İsa Kocakaplan, İstiklâl Marşımız ve Mehmet Akif Ersoy (İstanbul 1999, s. 22-48).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TBMM Zabıt Ceridesi , Ankara 1945-54, VIII, 434; IX, 12-14, 85-90.
Eşref Edib [Fergan], Mehmed Âkif: Hayatı, Eserleri , İstanbul 1962, I, 152-165.
Muhiddin Nalbandoğlu, İstiklâl Marşımızın Tarihi , İstanbul 1964.
Hasan Basri Çantay, Âkifnâme , İstanbul 1966, s. 62-77.
Mahmut Goloğlu, Cumhuriyet’e Doğru: 1921-1922 , Ankara 1971, s. 113-121.
Mahir İz, Yılların İzi , İstanbul 1975, s. 128-133.
Beşir Ayvazoğlu, İstiklâl Marşı: Tarihi ve Manası , İstanbul 1986, s. 20-63.
a.mlf., “İstiklâl Marşı”, Altın Kapı , İstanbul 2001, s. 58-70.
M. Emin Erişirgil, İslâmcı Bir Şairin Romanı , Ankara 1986, s. 359-367.
Mehmet Önder, “İstiklâl Marşı Bestesi ile İlgili Belgeler”, Mehmet Âkif İlmî Toplantısı: Bildiriler , Ankara 1989, s. 203-213.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, Mehmed Akif Ersoy: Hayatı ve Eserleri , Ankara 1991, s. 96-99.
D. Mehmet Doğan, Câmideki Şair: Mehmed Âkif , İstanbul 1998, s. 107-120.
M. Ertuğrul Düzdağ, Mehmed Âkif Hakkında Araştırmalar , İstanbul 2000, I, 115-137.
Sebahattin Ağaldağ, “T.B.M.M. Tutanaklarına Göre İstiklâl Marşı’nın Kabulü”, Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi , I/1, Konya 1994, s. 221-232.
Fethi Tevetoğlu, “İstiklâl Marşı”, TA , XX, 400-401.
Mehmet Kaplan, “İstiklâl Marşı”, TDEA , V, 28-32.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 355-356 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır. Bu bölüm en son 11.03.2021 tarihinde güncellenmiştir.
MÛSİKİ. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi ’nin 12 Mart 1921 tarihli toplantısında Mehmed Âkif’in (Ersoy) yazdığı İstiklâl Marşı’nın millî marş olarak kabulünden bir gün sonra meclis ikinci reisi Abdülhak Adnan (Adıvar) imzasıyla bestesi için gereken çalışmaların yapılması Maarif Vekâleti’ne bildirildi. Vekâlet aracılığıyla Hilâliahmer Cemiyeti (Kızılay ) Umum Merkezi’nce 500 lira ödüllü bir beste yarışması açılmasına karar verilerek gerekli duyuru yapıldı. Tanınan sürenin sonunda Maarif Vekâleti’ne elli beş beste ulaştı (Mayıs 1922). Bestekârlar arasında isimleri tesbit edilebilenler şunlardır: Ali Rifat (Çağatay) , Ahmet Yektâ (Madran), İsmail Zühtü, Rauf Yektâ Bey , Mehmet Zâti (Arca), İsmail Kâzım (Uz) , Mehmet Baha (Pars), Mustafa (Sunar), Sadettin (Kaynak) , Giriftzen Âsım Bey , Bedri Zabaç, Necati (Başara), Hüseyin Sadeddin (Arel) , Hasan Basri (Çantay) , Muallim İsmail Hakkı Bey , Abdülkadir (Töre) , Halit Lemi (Atlı) , Ahmet Cemalettin (Çinkılıç), Mehmet Suphi (Ezgi) , Osman Zeki (Üngör).
Bestekârların bu çalışmalarını İstanbul’daki bir kurula havale etmek üzere meclisten izin isteyen Maarif Vekili Mehmet Vehbi (Bolak) , milletçe ıstırap içerisinde bulunulan şu günlerde marştan daha önemli işlerin olduğu şeklinde itirazlarla karşılaştı. Bunun üzerine yapılan müzakerelerin ardından meclis reisinin, eserleri Ankara’daki bir mûsiki heyetine inceletme teklifi olumlu karşılandı. Ancak Ankara’da böyle bir heyet bulunmadığından bestelerin değerlendirilmesi konusu bir süre ertelendi. Bu arada bestelerin Paris Müzik Akademisi’nce seçilmesi fikri ortaya atılmış, Maarif Vekâleti, Telif ve Tercüme Heyeti reisliğine gönderdiği 9 Haziran 1922 tarihli yazısında marş besteleri arasından Paris’e gönderilecek eserlerin seçilmesini istemiş, ancak milletvekilleri tarafından pek hoş karşılanmayan bu karardan da vazgeçilmiştir.
Öte yandan yurdun çeşitli bölgelerinde İstiklâl Marşı’nın değişik besteleri okunmaya başlanmıştı. Edirne ve civarında Ahmet Yektâ’nın, İstanbul’un Rumeli yakasında Mehmet Zâti’nin, Anadolu yakasında Ali Rifat’ın, İzmir ve Eskişehir’de İsmail Zühtü’nün, Balıkesir ve yöresinde Hasan Basri’nin, Ankara ve civarında Osman Zeki’nin bestelerinin okunduğu bilinmektedir. İstiklâl Savaşı’nın zaferle sonuçlanmasının ardından İstiklâl Marşı’nın bestelenmesi meselesi yeniden gündeme geldi. Bunun üzerine Maarif Vekâleti, 12 Şubat 1923 tarihinde İstanbul Maarif Müdürlüğü’ne gönderdiği bir yazıyla, mevcut marş bestelerinin İstanbul’da Mûsiki Encümeni Reisi Ziyâ Paşa’nın başkanlığında kurulacak bir komisyona incelettirilerek uygun bestenin seçilmesini istedi. Komisyon çalışmalarını 12 Temmuz 1923’te tamamladı ve Ali Rifat Çağatay’ın bestesi İstiklâl Marşı olarak kabul edildi. Bu seçime itiraz edildiyse de beste 1930 yılına kadar çalınıp söylendi. Aynı yıl, Maarif Vekâleti tarafından resmî kuruluşlara gönderilen bir tamimle bundan böyle Riyâset-i Cumhur Mûsiki Heyeti şefi Osman Zeki’nin İstiklâl Marşı bestesinin Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin resmî marşı olarak kabul edildiği bildirildi.
Osman Zeki (Üngör) bu marşın bestesine, İzmir’in düşman işgalinden kurtarılışının ardından bir arkadaşının süvarilerin İzmir’e girişini heyecanla anlatmasının verdiği coşku ile başladığını, birkaç gün içerisinde besteyi tamamlayıp Viyana Konservatuvarı direktörüne gönderdiğini ve ondan olumlu cevap aldığını söylemiştir. Armonik düzenlemesi kompozitör Edgar Manas, bando düzenlemesi İhsan Servet Künçer’e ait olan marşın bestelenmesi esnasında Osman Zeki’nin özellikle Edgar Manas’tan yardım gördüğü anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Edgar Manas hâtıralarında, 1922 yılı sonlarında Osman Zeki’nin marşın melodisini kendisine getirerek eser üzerinde yardımcı olmasını istediğini, ancak besteyi incelediğinde prozodi yönünden çok aksaklıklarla karşılaştığını ve bu konuda bir hayli çalıştığını belirtmiştir.
Osman Zeki, İstiklâl Marşı bestesindeki ritmin marş formu esaslarına göre ağır olduğu konusundaki tenkitlere verdiği cevapta, stüdyodaki kaydı esnasında teknisyenlerin marşın süratli olmasından dolayı plağın ancak yarısını doldurduğunu, bu sebeple devamına bir marş daha kaydedilmesinin gerektiğini söylemeleri üzerine bu teklifi kabul etmeyip, “Kayıtta marş biraz ağır çalınırsa plak dolar, daha sonra plak dinlenirken cihaz biraz hızlıya ayarlanarak istenilen ritim elde edilir” dediğini belirtmektedir. Ancak marş plaklarının üzerinde bu konuda herhangi bir uyarı bulunmadığından bu sistem uygulanmamış, böylece plaktaki ağır ritim hâfızalara yerleşerek marş bu şekilde icra edilmiştir.
Cumhuriyet Halk Partisi meclis grubunun 7 Mayıs 1940 tarihinde yapılan oturumunda, İstanbul milletvekili Osman Şevki Uludağ ’ın marşın bestesinin orijinal olmayıp Carmen Silva adlı bir operetten alındığı yolundaki iddiasıyla başlayan eleştirilerin ardından zaman zaman prozodi hataları ve ritminin ağırlığı gibi gerekçeler öne sürülerek marşın değiştirilmesi yönünde polemikler ortaya çıkmışsa da Osman Zeki Üngör’ün bestesi halen Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin millî marşı olarak çalınıp söylenmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Muhiddin Nalbandoğlu, İstiklâl Marşımızın Tarihi , İstanbul 1964.
Vural Sözer, Müzik ve Müzisyenler Ansiklopedisi , İstanbul 1964, s. 194-196.
Etem Üngör, Türk Marşları , Ankara 1965, s. 70-74.
Yaşar Çağbayır, İstiklâl Marşı’nın Tahlili , Ankara 1998, s. 278-287.
Osman Şevki Uludağ, “İstiklâl Marşı Hakkında”, MM , sy. 74 (1954), s. 42, 55, 59.
Mehmet Önder, “İstiklâl Marşı Belgeleri”, Türk Edebiyatı (Mehmed Âkif Anıt Sayısı), sy. 158, İstanbul 1986, s. 34-38.
Mehmet Kaplan, “İstiklâl Marşı”, TDEA , V, 29-30.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 356-358 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.