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İSTİMDAD Skip to content Sıkıntılardan kurtulmak için peygamberlerin veya velîlerin ruhaniyetinden yardım istemek anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “tehlikeli durumlarda yardım isteme, imdada çağırma” anlamına gelen istimdâd , tasavvufta “peygamber ve velîlere sığınıp herhangi bir dileğin gerçekleşmesi için onlardan yardım dilemek” mânasında kullanılmıştır. Ağlayarak ve feryat ederek yardım isteme eylemi için istigāse , istiâze ve ilticâ kelimeleri de kullanılmaktadır. Mânevî yardımda bulunma gücüne sahip olduğuna inanılan büyük velîlere gavs denir. Önemli bir tasavvuf kavramı olan himmet in de böyle bir işlevi vardır.
Kur’an’da ve hadislerde müslümanların birbirine yardımcı olmaları teşvik edilmiştir (el-Mâide 5/2; el-Enfâl 8/72, 74; Buhârî, “Meẓâlim”, 3-4; Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 86-88; Tirmizî, “Ḥudûd”, 3). Bu yardım fiil, söz, fikir, bilgi ve dua şeklinde olabilir. Fakat âyetlerde bir peygamberin veya velînin mâneviyatından yardım istenebileceğinden söz edilmediği için bu hususta çeşitli görüşler ileri sürülmüştür. Sûfîler, hayatta olsun veya olmasın bir velînin mâneviyatından yardım dilemenin câiz, hatta gerekli olduğunu söylemişlerdir. Onlara göre çok uzakta bile olsa bir velî kendisinden istimdadda bulunanların yardımına yetişme gücüne sahiptir. Hayatta olan velîlerin mâneviyatından bu şekilde yardım isteme düşüncesinin ilk sûfîlerden itibaren mevcut olduğu bilinmektedir. Ma‘rûf-i Kerhî (ö. 200/816) yeğenine, “İhtiyacın olan bir şeyi Allah’tan talep ettiğin zaman beni aracı kılarak iste” demiş (Ebû Nuaym, VIII, 364), müridi Serî es-Sakatî’ye de benzer bir tavsiyede bulunmuştur. Muhammed b. Ali el-Kettânî velînin Allah’la kulları arasında vasıta sayıldığını belirtmiş, kendisinin gavs olduğunu ima etmişti (Hatîb, III, 75; Şa‘rânî, I, 110). Ölümlerinden sonra da velîlerin ruhaniyetinden istimdadda bulunma çok eski bir gelenektir. Nitekim Ma‘rûf-i Kerhî’nin kabri etkili bir şifa kaynağı olarak kabul edilmiş (Sülemî, s. 85; Kuşeyrî, s. 61), Hâce Abdullah-ı Herevî vasıtasıyla insanların pek çok ihtiyacının görüldüğüne inanıldığından kendisine “pîr-i hâcât” denilmiştir. Tarikat mensupları, özellikle tarikatlarının silsilesinde yer alan şeyhler aracılığıyla Allah’tan kendilerine feyiz ve yardım geldiğine inanmışlardır. Öte yandan ilk sûfîler arasında istimdadın câiz olmadığını söyleyenler de vardır. Bâyezîd-i Bistâmî, insanın insandan imdat istemesini hapisteki bir kişinin yine hapiste bulunan bir kişiden yardım istemesine benzetmiştir (Sülemî, s. 126; İbn Teymiyye, el-İstiġās̱e , I, 474). Bazı sûfîler de ölmüş velîlerden yardım istemenin doğru olmayacağını ifade etmişlerdir. İşrâkıyye ekolüne bağlı filozoflarla onların etkisinde kalan Fahreddin er-Râzî gibi kelâmcılar ise yatırların ruhaniyetinden faydalanmanın mümkün olduğunu söylemişlerdir (el-Meṭâlibü’l-ʿâliye , VII, 275-277; İbn Teymiyye, Ḳāʿide celîle , s. 24).
İstimdadı benimseyenler tarafından ileri sürülen başlıca deliller şunlardır: 1. İstimdad “Allah nezdinde değerli bir kul olan velînin şefaatçi olması” anlamına gelmektedir. Allah’ın kendilerine şefaat etme izni verdiği kullarının bulunduğu ve bunların âhirette şefaat edeceği (el-Bakara 2/255; Tâhâ 20/109), ayrıca O’na yakın olmak amacıyla vesile edinmenin gerektiği Kur’an’la sabit olan bir husustur (el-Mâide 5/35; Mahmûd Şükrî el-Âlûsî, I, 253). Peygamberler gibi ledünnî ilimleri Allah’tan vasıtasız alabilen velîler hayatta olmasalar bile istimdadda bulunan insanlara yardım edebilirler (Hâlid el-Bağdâdî, s. 20-25). 2. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de, Hz. Peygamber’in haklarında istiğfarda bulunduğu kimselerin affedileceği bildirilmiştir (en-Nisâ 4/64); istimdad da buna benzemektedir (Yûsuf Şevkī el-Ûfî, s. 8). 3. Duaların her konuda etkili olduğu âlimlerce kabul edilen bir husustur. Velîlerden yardım istemek onların Allah nezdinde makbul olan dualarını talep etmek demektir. 4. Günahkâr bir kulun doğrudan Allah’a yönelmesi uygun olmadığından ilâhî dostluğu kazanmış bulunan velîlerin aracı kılınması gerekir (Reşîd Rızâ, IV, 119; VIII, 375; XI, 391). Bunların yanında bazı hadislerle, Hz. Ömer’in yağmur duasına çıkarken Hz. Abbas’ı yanına alıp onun yüzü suyu hürmetine Allah’tan yağmur dilemesi de (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 3) delil olarak gösterilmiştir (Zâhid Kevserî, s. 3).
Kelâm âlimleri genellikle sûfîlerin istimdadla ilgili görüşlerine temas etmemiş, fıkıhçıların çoğu ise bunun mekruh olduğunu söylemekle yetinmiştir (Mergīnânî, IV, 96). Bu konuda sûfîleri en çok eleştirenler hadisçilerle Hanbelî fakihleridir. Bunlara göre ileri sürülen deliller sûfîlerce benimsenen anlamda bir istimdadı kanıtlayıcı mahiyet taşımaz. Zira delillerin bir kısmı zayıf, bir kısmı da doğrudan doğruya istimdad konusuyla alâkalı değildir. Nitekim delil olarak zikredilen şefaat âyetleri âhiretle ilgili olup bunlarda hiçbir şekilde istimdada temas edilmemiştir. Bunun yanında Hz. Peygamber’in, haklarında istiğfarda bulunduğu kimselerin ilâhî affa mazhar olacağı belirtilmekteyse de bu âyet münafıklardan bahseden bir grup âyet içinde yer almakta olup konunun istimdadla ilgisi yoktur. Dua ile istimdad farklı şeyler olup duanın istimdadla özdeşleştirilmesi söz konusu değildir. Günahkâr bir kulun tövbe için doğrudan Allah’a yönelmeyip bir velîyi aracı kılmasına gelince, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de yer alan tövbe âyetlerinde herhangi bir aracıdan bahsedilmemekte, aksine doğrudan Allah’tan mağfiret talep edilmesi istenmektedir (bk. M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “tvb”, “ġfr” md.leri). Ayrıca Fâtiha sûresinde de sadece Allah’a ibadet etme ve sadece O’ndan yardım isteme yolu önerilmektedir. Sûfîlerce delil olarak gösterilen bazı rivayetler sahih olmadığı gibi Hz. Abbas’la ilgili olayda da ashap doğrudan Allah’tan yardım dilemiştir.
İstimdadı benimseyenler, ihtiyaç veya sıkıntı içinde bulunan kişinin Hz. Peygamber’den sonra velîden yardım isteyebileceğini ileri sürmüşlerdir. Ancak “Allah’ın dostu” mânasındaki velînin tip olarak değilse de şahıs olarak kim olduğunu belirlemek mümkün değildir. Kur’ân-ı Kerîm müminlerin Allah’a, O’nun da müminlere dost olduğunu ifade etmiş (a.g.e. , “vly” md.), peygamberlerden başka kimseyi tezkiye etmemiş ve kişilerin mânevî güce sahip olduklarını zannedip kendilerini temize çıkarmalarını da yasaklamıştır (en-Necm 53/32).
Kur’an’da ve sahih hadislerde istimdad kelimesi geçmemekle birlikte “medd” kökünden türeyen ve “yardım etmek” anlamına gelen “imdâd” fiil kalıbında kullanılmış ve Allah’ın melek göndermek suretiyle müminlere yardım ettiği haber verilmiştir (Âl-i İmrân 3/123-125). Bu âyetler yardımın Allah’tan isteneceğini açıkça ifade etmektedir. Ayrıca Kur’an’da duanın ancak Allah’a yapılabileceği, Allah’ın duaları işittiği ve onlara icâbet ettiği, darda kalan kişinin bu sırada Allah’tan başkasına yalvarmadığı, insanları her türlü sıkıntı ve felâketten Allah’ın kurtaracağı, Allah’tan başka varlıklara dua etmenin tevhidi ihlâl edeceği bildirilmiştir (el-En‘âm 6/63; el-A‘râf 7/128; Yûnus 10/106; el-Cin 72/20). İnsanların sadece Allah’a sığınıp doğrudan doğruya O’na dua etmeleri gerçek dindarlığın bir gereği, Allah’tan başkasından medet ummaya kalkışmak ise Câhiliye âdeti olarak değerlendirilmiştir (Elmalılı, VIII, 6399).
İstimdad konusunda sûfîlerin görüşünü ağır bir şekilde eleştiren Takıyyüddin İbn Teymiyye pek çok eserinde bu meseleyi ele almış, ayrıca Ḳāʿide celîle fi’t-tevessül ve’l-vesîle ve el-İstiġās̱e adıyla iki risâle kaleme almıştır. Ona göre bir müslümanın Hz. Peygamber’i vesile edinerek Allah’tan kendisini nimet ve rahmete ulaştırmasını veya zarardan korumasını istemesi câizdir (el-İstiġās̱e , I, 474). Bunun yanında bir kişinin takvâ sahibi bir müminden kendisi için duada bulunmasını rica etmesi de mümkündür. Ancak bir müslümanın, yanında bulunmayan veya ölmüş olan kişilere sığınması, onlardan yardım istemesi haramdır. İbn Teymiyye peygamberlerden bile istimdadda bulunmanın tasvip edilemeyeceğini ve, “Bazı işlerinizde kararsızlık içinde bulunursanız ölülerden yardım isteyiniz” şeklindeki sözün hadis olmadığını belirtir (Ḳāʿide celîle , s. 157; Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , I, 15 vd.). İbn Kayyim de hocası İbn Teymiyye’nin görüşlerine katılır (İġās̱etü’l-lehfân , I, 201-228). Muhammed b. Abdülvehhâb bu konuda İbn Teymiyye’yi takip ederek darda kalındığında Allah’tan başkasından yardım istemeyi bir nevi şirk saymıştır (Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 49-50). Yûsuf en-Nebhânî ise Şevâhidü’l-ḥaḳ adlı eserinde İbn Teymiyye’nin görüşlerini eleştirmiştir.
Öte yandan insanları vasıta edinerek (tevessül) Allah’tan yardım istemeyi doğru bulmayan hadisçilerle Hanbelîler ve bunun mekruh olduğunu söyleyen Hanefîler kişinin kendi amel ve ibadetlerini vasıta kılmasını câiz görmüşlerdir. Buna göre bir müminin, “Allahım! Senin rızânı kazanmak amacıyla şu hayırlı işi yaptığım için” veya, “Elimde imkân bulunduğu halde şu günahı işlemediğim için beni sıkıntıdan kurtar” şeklinde dua etmesi câizdir. Nitekim bir mağarada mahsur kalan üç kişinin kurtulmak amacıyla en değerli amellerini Allah katında vesile kıldıkları bildirilmektedir (Buhârî, “Edeb”, 5; Müslim, “Ẕikir”, 100). “Allah katında vesile arayın” (el-Mâide 5/35; el-İsrâ 17/57) meâlindeki âyeti de bu yönde yorumlayanlar olmuştur.
Kişinin doğrudan Allah’tan yardım istemesi, tehlikeli ve sıkıntılı zamanlarda sadece O’na sığınması, İslâm’ın itikad ve ibadet ilkeleri açısından tercih edilecek yegâne davranıştır. Açık ve kesin naslara dayanmayan istimdadın yanlış anlama ve istismara müsait olduğu şüphesizdir. Ancak bazı sûfîlerin ve halktan bazı kesimlerin iyi niyete dayanan böyle bir davranışını küfür (şirk-i hafî) saymak da tevhid inancını benimseyen bir müslüman hakkında isabetsiz verilmiş bir hüküm niteliği taşır (ayrıca bk. TEVESSÜL ).
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