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İSTİNSAH Skip to content Bir metni kopya etme, sûretini çıkarma.
Arapça nesh kökünden türemiş olan istinsâh “bir kitabın yahut yazılı bir metnin nüshasını çıkarma, onu harfi harfine kopya etme” anlamına gelir. Bu işi yapanlara başlangıçta kâtib veya verrâk denirken sonraları nâsih , nessâh , müstensih gibi adlar verilmiştir. Kelime Kur’an’da, “İşte kitabımız, yüzünüze karşı gerçeği söylüyor; çünkü biz sizin yaptıklarınızı hep istinsah ediyorduk” (el-Câsiye 45/29) şeklinde geçmektedir. Âyet insanların amellerinin yazılması, günlük veya yıllık amellerini yapmaları için meleklerin bunları levh-i mahfûzdan, yani ana kitaptan kopya etmeleri gibi değişik şekillerde yorumlanmıştır. Müfessirleri ikinci yoruma götüren husus istinsahın mutlaka bir asıldan yapılması geleneğidir (Taberî, XXV, 156; XXVIII, 15; İbn Kesîr, III, 53; IV, 402).
İstinsah olayı, yazının icadı ve ona bağlı olarak yazılı metinlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla başlamıştır. Arapça’da kitap kelimesinin “ketb” (yazmak) fiilinden türemesi ve Allah’ın indirdiği ilk sûrede kendini “kalemle öğreten” (el-Alak 96/4) diye tanıtması ve yine “kalem ve yazdıkları” üzerine yemin etmesi (el-Kalem 68/1) bu bakımdan anlamlıdır. Cebrâil’in Hz. Âdem’e yazıyı öğrettiği ve onun da aldığı vahiyleri kendi el yazısı ile yazdığı (suhuf) rivayet edilir. Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr, Hz. Âdem’in balçık üzerine yazdığını ve sonra bu levhaları pişirdiğini, fakat tûfanda kaybolduklarını söyler (İbnü’n-Nedîm, s. 6). Bugün eski Mezopotamya hakkında bilinenlerin birçoğu, okul öğrencilerinin önemli eserleri ders için kil tabletlere kopya etmelerinin ürünüdür ve bu bölgedeki en eski kütüphanelerin de mâbedlere bağlı okullarda kurulduğu görülür. Kazılarda, Sumerce eser (şiir, destan vb.) isimlerinin ardarda sıralandığı kütüphane katalogu oldukları sanılan tabletler bulunmuştur (Kramer, s. 195-198). Kütüphane kurma teşebbüslerinde de çivi yazılı tablet kitapların istinsahı söz konusudur. Asur Kralı Asurbanipal’in (m.ö. 669-629) Ninevâ (Ninova) sarayındaki kütüphanesinde 20.000’den fazla tablet yer alıyordu ve bunlar kralın emriyle mâbedlerde ve evlerde bulunan dinî, ilmî, edebî metinlerin istinsahı yoluyla toplanmıştı. Bu kütüphane için pek çok Sumerce eser tercüme edilmiş ve gün ışığına çıkarılan bu çalışmalar, özellikle iki dilli tabletler Sumerce’nin çözümünü kolaylaştırmıştır (Chiera, s. 98-99). Mısır’da Ptolemaios I. Soter (m.ö. 360-283) tarafından kurulan ve tomar halinde 700.000 eser barındıran ünlü İskenderiye Kütüphanesi’ne kitap temin şekillerinden biri ödünç veya rehin karşılığı alınan kitapların istinsahı idi. İstinsah sırasında meydana gelebilecek bozulmaların göz önünde tutularak kitap sahiplerine yeni nüshaların verilip asıllarının kütüphanede alıkonulduğu bilinmektedir. Özellikle Eski Ahid’in bazı bölümleri Yunanca’ya bu dönemde çevrilmiştir. Romalılar ise yüksek tahsil görmüş müstensihler çalıştırmışlardır; bunlar satır sayısına göre ücret alır, tashih de yaparlardı. Zengin Romalılar bu işle görevlendirdikleri kölelerin bakımını üstlenirlerdi.
Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’te istinsaha işaret eden bazı ifadeler vardır (Robinson, s. 203). Hatta yahudi şeriatıyla ilgili metinlerin istinsahı kâhinlere verilmiş bir emirdir; Tevrat’ta, “… Krallığının tahtı üzerine oturduğun zaman kâhinlerin, Levililer’in önünde olandan bu şeriatın bir nüshasını bir kitaba yazacak ve yanında olacak ve hayatın bütün günlerinde ondan okuyacak …” (Tesniye, XVII/18-19) denilmektedir. Kur’an’da bahsi geçen, Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’teki tahriflerin (en-Nisâ 4/46) bazılarının bu istinsahlar sırasında vuku bulması muhtemeldir (Elmalılı, II, 1362). Hicaz’a yerleşmiş yahudiler ve hıristiyan Araplar arasında Kitâb-ı Mukaddes’in en azından bazı bölümlerini istinsah edenler vardı. Varaka b. Nevfel bunlardan biri olmalıdır; çünkü rivayete göre İbrânîce kitap, bu arada İncil yazıyordu (Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-vaḥy”, 2).
Önceki kitapların tahrifi hakkında uyarılmış olan müslümanlar Kur’an’ı bundan korumak için yazma ve istinsah konusunda çabuk davrandılar. Âyetler indikçe sahâbe tarafından yazılıp ezberlendi. Kur’an âyetleri Hz. Ebû Bekir zamanında bir araya toplanarak mushaf haline getirildi ve “imam mushaf” denilen bu ilk nüsha daha sonra Hz. Ömer’e intikal etti; onun vefatı üzerine de kızı ve Resûl-i Ekrem’in yazı bilen eşlerinden olan Hafsa’ya verildi. Hz. Osman imam mushafı ashaptan Zeyd b. Sâbit, Abdullah b. Zübeyr, Saîd b. Âs ve Abdurrahman b. Hâris’e istinsah ettirip Mekke, Kûfe, Basra, Şam, Yemen ve Bahreyn’e birer nüsha gönderdi. Kur’an’ın bu ilk istinsahıyla ilgili faaliyetler beş yıl kadar sürdü. Mes‘ûdî, Sıffîn’de mızrakların ucunda havaya kaldırılan mushaf sayısının 500 kadar olduğunu rivayet eder (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , II, 390) ki bundan maksadı sayfalar veya muhtelif parçalar dahi olsa bu rivayet, altı yıl gibi kısa bir zamanda Kur’an’ın birçok istinsahının yapıldığını göstermektedir. Makkarî, Kurtuba’da (Córdoba) Hz. Osman zamanına ait bir mushafın varlığını haber verir (Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 605-615). Halen İstanbul’da Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi’nde, Taşkent Müzesi’nde ve Londra’daki India Office’te Hz. Osman zamanında istinsah edilenlerden olduğu sanılan üç mushaf bulunmaktadır. Matbaanın işlerlik kazanmasına kadar İslâm tarihi boyunca Mekke’de Mescid-i Harâm ve Medine’de Mescid-i Nebevî ile Şam’da Emevî, Mısır’da Amr, Ezher, Tunus’ta Kayrevan, Zeytûne, Fas’ta Karaviyyîn, Endülüs’te Kurtuba camileri başta olmak üzere binlerce camide kurulan ve “mektebe” veya “hizânetü’l-mesâhif” denilen kütüphanelerde çok sayıda mushaf ve çeşitli konularda binlerce kitap istinsah edilmiştir. Hz. Peygamber’in, insanın ölümünden sonra kendisi için hayır yazılmasına vesile olan iyilikleri arasında faydalı ilim bırakmayı saymasının da (Müslim, “Vaṣıyye”, 14; Ebû Dâvûd, “Veṣâyâ”, 14) bunu etkilediği görülür. Âlimlerin yazdıkları kitapların birer nüshasını, varlıklı kimselerin de mushafı veya faydalı gördükleri ilmî eserleri istinsah ettirip cami ve medrese kütüphanelerine bağışlamaları gelenek halini almıştır.
İstinsahın hadis öğreniminde de hicrî ilk asırdan itibaren önemli bir yeri bulunmaktadır. Özellikle kıraat ve arz metodunda istinsah edilmiş metin (nüsha) önemliydi. A‘zamî, II. (VIII.) yüzyılın başlarında hadis yazan ve yazdıkları çok defa nüsha olarak anılan 250’den fazla râvi sayar (Studies in Early Hadith Literature , s. 106-182). İlim meclislerinde kāriler tarafından okunan hadisler müstensihler tarafından yazılırdı. Bazı hadis âlimlerinin hızlı yazabilen kâtipleri vardı. Müstensih ve hadis öğrencileri, hocanın hadislerini orijinal metninden ya huzurunda ya ödünç alarak yahut başka bir nüshadan istinsah edebilirler ve istinsahtan sonra da kendi aralarında yardımlaşarak veya hocanın nezaretinde metni düzeltirlerdi (a.g.e. , 190-196). Bir hadis öğrencisinin uyması gereken âdâb arasında kendi yazdığı nüsha ile hocasınınkini mukabele etmesi de sayılır; buna “muâraza” da denir (bk. ARZ ).
İslâm dünyasında istinsahla geçinen insanlar vardı ve bunlardan yazısı güzel olanların kazancı çok iyi idi. Kitap ticaretinin doğup gelişmesini de etkileyen istinsah özellikle IV. (X.) yüzyıla kadar çok önemli bir meslek kabul edilirdi. Büyük lugat ve nahiv âlimi Sükkerî ve meşhur lugatçı Cevherî gibi müstensihlik yapan birçok ilim adamı vardı; ancak bunlar işlerinde gösterdikleri titizlik sebebiyle bir eserden fazla nüsha çıkaramazlardı. İslâm âlimleri, genelde mushafın ve faydalı kitapların istinsahının ecri kadar bu sırada yapılan yanlışların ve faydasız kitapları istinsah etmenin de mânevî sorumluluğu olduğuna inanıyorlardı.
Zamanla birtakım kurallara bağlanan istinsah için aslında icâzet gerekirdi. İcâzeti olmayanlar teamül gereği, genellikle metnin sonunda yer alan istinsah kaydına imza koymazlardı. İstinsah kayıtlarını ana metinden ayırmak için metnin sonu gittikçe kısalan satırlar halinde üçgen şeklinde bitirilir ve bunun ardından istinsah kaydı konurdu; bazan da kayıt bu üçgen içinde yer alırdı. Dikkatli müstensihler, “temme” (tamam oldu, iş bitti) kelimesinden ve dua cümlesinden sonra “el-fakīr, el-hakīr” ibaresiyle kendi adlarını, istinsahın yıl, ay ve gün olarak bitiş tarihini, yapıldığı yeri, esas aldıkları nüshanın ferâğ, ketebe veya istinsah kaydını da belirtirlerdi (ayrıca bk. FERÂĞ KAYDI ).
İstinsah kayıtlarında bazan “temme” yerine “mîm”, “intehâ” (sona erdi) yerine “hâ” ve “âmin” yerine “elif-mîm” kısaltma harflerinin konulduğu görülür. Müstensih adını kısaltarak yazabildiği gibi şöhreti, mezhebi, memleketi, hocası hakkında bilgi de verebilir; eğer istinsah ettiği kitap Kur’an ise bunun kaçıncı istinsahı olduğunu da söylerdi. İstinsah tarihi genellikle hicrîdir. Eskiden daha çok yazıyla belirtilen tarihler son dönemlerde rakamla da verilir olmuştur; yazı ve rakamın beraber kullanıldığı da vâkidir. Rakamlar ekseriya eğri bir çizgiye dönüşen “sene” kelimesinin üstünde veya altında bulunur. Bazan dört rakamlı istinsah yılının yalnız son üç veya iki rakamı yazılarak kısaltılabilir. Bu gibi durumlarda yılın tesbiti müstensihin yaşadığı asır, nüshanın kâğıt, cilt ve tezyinat özellikleri yardımıyla yapılabilir. Bir kısım tarihlerde eserin istinsah edildiği ayın başları, ortaları, sonları anlamına gelen “evâil, evâsıt, evâhir” kelimeleri kullanılmış, bazan da ay ve günü tam olarak verilmiştir. Daha çok arşiv belgelerinde görülen ay ismi kısaltmalarına istinsah kaydında da rastlanır. Bunlardan “mîm” muharrem, “sad” safer, “râ-elif” rebîülevvel, “râ” rebîülâhir, “cîm-elif” cemâziyelevvel, “cîm” cemâziyelâhir, “bâ” receb, “şîn” şâban, “nûn” ramazan, “lâm” şevval, “zâl-elif” zilkade, “zâl” zilhicce aylarına işaret eder. Tarihlerin bazan rakamların ebced hesabından karşılıkları kullanılarak, bazan da çözülmesi zor bilmeceler (lugaz, muamma) tarzında verildiği de görülür. Osmanlı müellifleri arasında bilmece tarzında tarih kaydı düşenlerden biri olan Kemalpaşazâde’nin, “Kim bu tarihi çözerse büyük âlimlerin çoğunun başaramadığı bir işi yapmış olur” diyerek konuya bir yarışma havası getirmek istediği bilinmektedir (Coşan, II [1975], 55 vd.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “nsḫ”, “vrḳ” md.leri.
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Müslim, “Vaṣıyye”, 14.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Veṣâyâ”, 14.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXV, 156; XXVIII, 15.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , Kum 1984, II, 390.
İbnü’n-Nedîm, el-Fihrist (Teceddüd) , s. 6.
Hâkim, el-Müstedrek , II, 492.
Kurtubî, Tefsîr , Beyrut 1401, XVI, 175.
İbnü’l-Hâc el-Abderî, el-Medḫal , Kahire 1401/1981, IV, 83-87.
İbn Kesîr, Tefsîrü’l-Ḳurʾân , Beyrut 1401, III, 53; IV, 402.
Makkarî, Nefḥu’ṭ-ṭîb , I, 605-615.
Mecelle-i Umûr-ı Belediyye , I, 439.
Elmalılı, Hak Dini , II, 1362.
E. Chiera, Kilden Kitaplar (trc. Ali Muzaffer Dinçol), İstanbul 1964, s. 97-99.
Zeki Velidî Togan, Tarihte Usûl , İstanbul 1969, s. 83-96.
D. Robinson, Concordance to the Good News Bible , New York 1976, s. 203.
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M. M. Azami, Studies in Early Hadith Literature , Indianapolis 1978, s. 106-182, 190-196.
Nuray Yıldız, Eskiçağ Kütüphaneleri , İstanbul 1985, s. 14-16, 34, 102.
Ramazan Şeşen v.dğr., Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Mektebeti Köprülü , İstanbul 1406/1986, bk. Giriş, I, 21, 28-31.
M. Makki Sibai, Mosque Libraries , London 1987, s. 42-115.
S. N. Kramer, Tarih Sumer’de Başlar (trc. Muazzez İlmiye Çığ), Ankara 1990, s. 195-198.
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Mücteba Uğur, Ansiklopedik Hadis Terimleri Sözlüğü , Ankara 1992, s. 267.
İsmail Yakıt, Türk-İslâm Kültüründe Ebced Hesabı ve Tarih Düşürme , İstanbul 1992, s. 44, 379-387.
M. Âsım Köksal, Peygamberler Tarihi , Ankara 1992, I, 55.
İsmail Cerrahoğlu, Tefsir Usûlü , Ankara 1995, s. 72-78.
İsmail E. Erünsal, “Yazma Eserlerin Kataloglanmasında Karşılaşılan Güçlükler I: Eser ve Müellif Adının Tesbiti”, Prof. Dr. Hakkı Dursun Yıldız Armağanı , Ankara 1995, s. 236-237.
Muhsin Demirci, Kur’an Tarihi , İstanbul 1997, s. 151-159.
Ahmed Ateş, “Metin Tenkidi Hakkında”, TM , VII-VIII (1942), s. 253-267.
M. Es’ad Coşan, “Bazı Yazmalarda Görülen Bilmeceli Tarih Kayıtları”, AÜ İlâhiyat Fakültesi İslâm İlimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi , sy. 2, Ankara 1975, s. 55-65.
Nihad Mazlum Çetin, “Yazma Eserlerin Tanınması”, İlim ve Sanat , sy. 30, İstanbul 1991, s. 62-63.
M. Uğur Derman, “Hattat”, DİA , XVI, 493, 497.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 369-371 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.