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İŞTİP Skip to content Bugün Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nde Štip adıyla anılan eski bir Osmanlı şehri.
Otinja nehriyle Vardar’ın kolu olan Bregalnitsa’nın birleştiği yerde kurulmuştur. Üsküp’ün 70 km. güneydoğusunda ve Köprülü’nün (Titov Veles, Veles) 23 km. doğusunda yer alır. Ortaçağ’larda Sırp Prensliği’nin en önemli şehirlerinden biri iken Osmanlı döneminde geniş verimli toprakları ve yoğun Türk nüfusuyla İslâmî hayatın etkili olduğu bir kaza merkezi özelliği kazanmıştır.
Eski bir yerleşme merkezi olan İştip’in tarihi milâttan önce III. yüzyıla kadar iner. Bu sıralarda Astibo adıyla anılan şehir Peonlar’ın İliriya (Illyrian) kolunun merkeziydi. Yunanlılar ve daha sonra Bizanslılar buraya Stipeon ismini verdiler. VI. yüzyılda Makedonya’ya yerleşmek amacıyla gelen Slavlar, şehri bugünkü adıyla anmaya başladılar. İştip IX-X. yüzyıllarda I. Bulgar İmparatorluğu’nun bir parçası idi; 1018’de Bizanslılar’ca geri alındı. XIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında bir ara II. Bulgar İmparatorluğu’na bağlandıysa da 1330’da Sırp Kralı Stephan Dečanski burasını Sırp Devleti’ne katıncaya kadar Bizans’ın elinde kaldı. Kralın 1355’te ölümünün ardından 1395’e kadar Dejanović kardeşlerin prensliğinin bir parçası oldu. Sırp idarecileri kaleyi yeniden imar edip şehirde birkaç kilise inşa ettiler. Bunlardan 1334 tarihli Archangel, 1350 tarihli Saint John ve 1388 tarihli Kutsal Saviour (Sveti Spas) kiliseleri bugüne kadar korunarak varlıklarını sürdürmüşlerdir. 1371’den itibaren son hükümdar Konstantin Dejanović’in ölümüne kadar İştip Osmanlılar’a tâbi bir prenslikti. Romenler’e karşı Yıldırım Bayezid tarafında savaşan Konstantin’in 1395’te Rovine’de savaş meydanında ölümünden sonra şehir ve arazisi doğrudan Osmanlı idaresine alındı. Burası Ilıca-Köstendil sancağının kaza merkezi oldu ve Tanzimat dönemindeki düzenlemeye kadar da bu durumunu korudu.
İştip’in fethinden bahseden tek Osmanlı kaynağı, Pirlepe (Prilep) ve Manastır’ın 784’te (1382) I. Murad zamanında Rumeli Beylerbeyi Timurtaş Paşa tarafından alınması dolayısıyla buranın da adını zikreden Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’nin Tâcü’t-tevârîh ’idir (I, 99). Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm ve Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Kosova (1314) gibi muahhar kaynaklar, kabul edilmesi mümkün olmayan bu tarihi fetih yılı gibi vermektedir. XVI. yüzyıla ait tahrir ve mühimme defterlerindeki bazı kayıtlar, İştip’teki Fethiye Camii’ni Sultan I. Murad’ın evkafı olarak zikretmektedir. 1047 (1637-38) tarihli bir vazife defteri İştip kasabasındaki Sultan Murad Camii’nden bahsetmekte ve görevlilerine İştip kasabası cizyesinden ödeme yapıldığını belirtmektedir. Bu cami, vaktiyle İştip Kalesi’ndeki bugün Fitija ismini taşıyan Archangel Kilisesi idi. Diğer taraftan Dejanović prenslerinin 1395’te hâkimiyetleri sona erinceye kadar İştip’e sahip oldukları bilinmektedir. 1388 gibi geç bir tarihte Voyvoda Dimitar, İştip’te Sveti Spas adıyla bir kilise yaptırdı ve Kocane yakınında Banja köyünü ona mülk olarak tahsis etti. Prens Konstantin’in günümüze kadar ulaşan temliknâmesi bu muameleyi teyit etmektedir. Osmanlı idaresinin burada kesin biçimde tesisinden muhtemelen on yıl kadar önce kaleye bir Osmanlı birliği yerleştirilmiş ve bu birlik eski kiliseyi kendi camileri olarak kullanmış olmalıdır.
1395’ten sonra büyük bir Türk cemaati kasabaya yerleştirildi; bunlar kale duvarları dışında iki nehir vadisinde ikamet ederek kasabanın genişlemesini sağladılar. Yörük cemaatleri, kısmen XV. yüzyılda ve daha sonra Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın saltanatı başlarında birçok yeni küçük köy tesis edildiğinde kasabanın batısındaki bozkır alana yerleştiler.
Köstendil sancağının bugüne intikal eden en eski tahrir defteri 1519 yılına aittir. 1550 ve 1573 yıllarına ait tahrir defterleriyle birlikte, Türk yerleşimi ve şehir hıristiyanlarından bazı ihtidâlar sonucu ortaya çıkan tablo aşağıdaki şekilde verilebilir:
Tarih 1519 1550 1573 Müslüman hâne 201 259 449 Hıristiyan hâne 323 271 264 Yahudi hâne 15 41 23 Toplam hâne 539 571 734 Müslüman oranı % 37 % 45 % 61
XVI. yüzyılın başlarından itibaren şehrin kesin şekilde müslüman karakterini kazanmaya başlaması, Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde Rumeli subaşısı olan Hüsâmeddin Paşa’nın cami, kervansaray ve zâviye inşa ettirdiği tarihlere tekabül etmektedir. Bu cami günümüzde halen ayakta olup Makedonya’daki en âbidevî Osmanlı eseri konumundadır (bk. HÜSÂMEDDİN PAŞA CAMİİ ). 1531 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’ndeki bilgiler caminin o tarihte açık olduğunu göstermektedir (BA, TD , nr. 167, s. 202). 1573 tarihli Tahrir Defteri ’nde (TK, TD , nr. 85, vr. 249a ) daha önceki tahrirde olmayan Hüsâmeddin Paşa Camii mahallesi (Mahalle-i Câmi-i Şerîf-i Hüsâmeddin Paşa) kaydedilmekte, ardından “Mahalle-i Zâviye-i Merhûm Hüsâmeddin Paşa” şeklinde devam edilmektedir. Hüsâm[eddin] az bilinmekte ve Sicill-i Osmânî ’de de zikredilmemektedir. Bu zatın, kendi kasabasında İslâmî hayatı geliştirmek isteyen İştipli bir müslüman olması muhtemeldir. Bir süre sonra sağlam taştan inşa edilen ve bugün hâlâ ayakta olan İştip Bedesteni şehrin o dönemlerdeki iktisadî gelişmesinin bir göstergesidir. İştip’teki diğer önemli vakıf kurucuları bir cami, kervansaray ve hamam inşa ettiren Kadı Nûreddin ile bir medrese, bir kervansaray ve küçük bir kütüphane tesis eden onun oğlu ve halefi Mevlânâ İştibîzâde Mehmed’dir (BA, TD , nr. 167, s. 202). Bu vakıfların hiçbiri günümüze ulaşmamıştır.
Evliya Çelebi, İştip’in XVII. yüzyıldaki (1072/1661-62) durumunu tasvir etmiş, şehirde 2240 hânenin, yirmi dört cami ve mescidi olan yirmi dört mahallenin, iki hamam, bir medrese, yedi han ve yedi tekkenin bulunduğunu belirtmiştir. 1689 savaşında Avusturya ordularının kısa bir müddet İştip’i işgal ettikleri, geri çekilmeden önce şehri yakıp yıktıkları bilinmektedir. Bu olaydan sonra şehir uzun süre kendini toparlayamadı. Ancak XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarından XIX. yüzyıl ortalarına kadar bir sanat ve ticaret merkezi olarak yeniden süratli bir gelişme kaydetti. Bu dönemin başlarında şehir nüfusunun 4000’e ulaştığı söylenmektedir. Osmanlı topraklarında da araştırmalar yapan Avusturyalı jeolog Ami Boué 1836’da nüfusun 15-20.000 civarında olduğunu belirtir. 1873’te Selânik’ten Kosova’ya Vardar vadisi üzerinden demiryolu hattı döşendiğinde eski Üsküp-İştip-Serez-Selânik yolu önemini kaybetmiş ve şehrin ticareti bu sebeple çok gerilemişti. Kısa bir süre varlığını devam ettirebilen Prizren vilâyetine ait 1874 tarihli salnâmede yer alan bilgilere göre İştip’te dokuz cami, yedi tekke ve 250 dükkân bulunuyordu. Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm ’da verilen bilgiler şehrin XIX. yüzyılın sonundaki durumunu yansıtmaktadır. Buna göre İştip’te on üç cami, iki kilise, bir sinagog, üç medrese, bir rüşdiye, üç ibtidâiye, iki hıristiyan mektebi, 900 dükkân ve mağaza bulunmaktadır. Bregalnitsa üzerine Mehmed Kâhya Bey tarafından muhteşem bir taş köprü inşa edilmişti. Şehrin nüfusunun ekseriyeti Türkçe konuşan hıristiyanlardan ibaretti ve bunların çoğu Bulgar’dı. Schultze-Jena 1912’den biraz önce şehrin nüfusunu 20.900 olarak vermektedir.
1912 Ekimi sonunda Osmanlılar Kumanova Savaşı’nda mağlûp olunca Sırp ordusu şehri işgal etti. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda İştip Bulgarlar tarafından ele geçirildi; fakat hemen ardından daha sonra Yugoslavya’yı oluşturacak olan Sırp Krallığı’na dahil edildi. Bu arada müslüman nüfusun hemen hemen tamamı şehri terketti ve 1918-1941 yılları arasında zorla Sırplaştırma politikası sonunda Bulgarca, Makedonca konuşan binlerce hıristiyan Bulgaristan’a sürüldü. 1918’den kısa bir süre sonra şehirde sadece 11.200 kişi kalmıştı, 1931’de nüfusu hâlâ 12.000’in altında idi. 1941-1945 yıllarında şehir tekrar Bulgarlar tarafından işgal edildi. 1945’ten sonra burası yeniden Štip adıyla anılmaya başlandı ve Yugoslavya Federasyonu’na bağlı, Makedonya Cumhuriyeti’nin bir parçası oldu. Bazı modern sanayi tesisleri kuruldu, ayakta kalabilen hıristiyan ve müslüman eserleri restore edildi. 1961’de şehrin nüfusu 18.650’ye ulaştı. XX. yüzyılın sonlarında şehrin nüfusu Osmanlı dönemindeki nüfusu aştı (yaklaşık 30.000), fakat bunların tamamı Slav Makedonyalılar’dan oluşmaktadır. Batı İştip’teki Türk köylerinin halkı 1953’te Türkiye’ye göç etti. Terkedilen köyler ve çoğunluğu Halvetiyye tarikatına ait olan tekkeler harabeye döndü. Burası yine de günümüzde Slav-Makedonya’da önemli Türk cemaatine sahip yegâne bölgedir. Türkler, Ofçabolu Yörükleri olup İştip’in batısında kırk köyden oluşan bir grup halinde yaşamaktadır. XX. yüzyıl başlarında İştip’in köy nüfusunun % 60’ı müslümandı.
XVI-XVIII. yüzyıllarda İştip ve Karatova Ortodoks piskoposluğunun merkezi durumunda olan ve bu piskoposluğa ait 1830’da Osmanlı-Bizans üslûbunda yeniden inşa edilmiş muhteşem katedrali bugün hâlâ muhafaza eden İştip ayrıca birçok Osmanlı müellifi ve sûfî şeyhinin de memleketiydi. Bu durum şehrin bir İslâm kültür merkezi olarak önemini göstermektedir. Evliya Çelebi, Şeyh Muhyiddin Rûmî ve İştipli Emîr Sultan’ın (ö. 1015/1606) adlarını zikretmektedir. Şeyh Muhyiddin’in (Meydan Baba) türbesi Hüsâmeddin Paşa Camii yanında bugün hâlâ mevcut olup şehirde kalan çok küçük müslüman cemaat tarafından ziyaret edilmektedir. Aynı şekilde, daha sonra İstanbul’da Sünbüliyye Tekkesi şeyhi olan Adlî Hasan Efendi (ö. 1026/1617) ve sûfî şair Sâlih Rifat Efendi de (ö. 1326/1908) bu şehirden çıkan önemli simalardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MAD , nr. 170.
BA, TD , nr. 167, s. 202; nr. 267.
TK, TD , nr. 85.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , İstanbul 1279, I, 99.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , VI, 118.
Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Prizren (1291).
Salnâme-i Vilâyet-i Kosova (1314).
V. Kančov, Makedonija: Etnografija i statistika , Sofia 1900, tür.yer.
J. Ivanov, Severna Makedonija (ed. D. J. Biserov), Sofia 1906, tür.yer.
L. Schultze-Jena, Makedonien, Landschafts- und Kulturbilder , Jena 1927, tür.yer.
N. Nikolovski v.dğr., The Cultural Monuments of the People Republic of Macedonia , Skopje 1961, tür.yer.
G. Palikruševa, “Derviškiot red Halveti vo Makedonije”, Zbornik na Štipskiot Naroden Muzej , I, Štip 1958-59, s. 105-119.
Krum Tomovski, “Bezistenot vo Štip”, a.e. , II (1961), s. 101-125.
Jovan Trifunoski, “Les Villages dépeuplé du basin inferieur de Bregalnica”, a.e. , III (1962).
M. Sokoloski, “Štip i Štipski vo tekot na XVI vek”, Istorija , X/2, Skopje 1974, s. 124-152.
M. Kiel, “Some Little-known Monuments of Ottoman-Turkish Architecture in the Makedonian Province, Stip, Kumanovo, Prilep, Strumitsa”, Güneydoğu Avrupa Araştırmaları Dergisi , IV-V, İstanbul 1975-76, s. 153-178.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , II, 973-974.
Bistra Cvetkova, “Is h tib”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 121-122.
Enciklopedija Jugoslavije , Zagreb 1971, VIII, 267.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 440-442 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.