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İSTİSKĀ Skip to content Yağmur yağması için dua etmek anlamında bir terim.
Sözlükte “su vermek, sulamak, yağmur yağdırmak” anlamındaki saky kökünden türeyen ve “su istemek” mânasına gelen istiskā , terim olarak yağmur yağdırması için Allah’a özel bir şekilde dua etmeyi anlatır. Saky kökünün çeşitli türevleri Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de birçok yerde, istiskā ise iki âyette geçmektedir. Bunlardan birinde Hz. Mûsâ’nın kavminin kendisinden su istediği (el-A‘râf 7/160), diğerinde ise Hz. Mûsâ’nın kavmi için Allah’tan su dilediği (el-Bakara 2/60) ve Allah’ın emriyle asâsını taşa vurması üzerine on iki pınarın fışkırdığı belirtilir. Ayrıca Hz. Hûd ve Nûh’un kavimlerinden, üzerlerine bol yağmur göndermesi ve kendilerine bolluk, bereket ve güç vermesi için Allah’tan bağışlanma dilemelerini istedikleri ifade edilir (Hûd 11/52; Nûh 71/10-12). Hz. İbrâhim’in de çocuklarına ilâhî adlardan birini öğretip onunla istiskāda bulunmalarını ve yardım dilemelerini öğütlediği rivayet edilir (İbn Sa‘d, I, 48).
Yağmur, hemen bütün din ve inanışlarda bereket simgesi ve Tanrı’nın lutfunun bir göstergesi sayıldığı gibi kuraklık da Tanrı’nın cezalandırması olarak görülür. Bu sebeple yağmur yağdırma amaçlı ritüeller oldukça eskilere ve geniş bir coğrafyaya uzanır. İptidaî kültürlerde ve mahallî inanışlarda yağmur yağdırma töreni çoğunlukla hayvan kurban etme ve kanını toprağa dökme, bazılarında da yağmur ses ve görüntüsünün taklidi şeklinde yapılır. Yahudilik’te Tanrı’ya kurak geçen mevsimlerde yağmur yağdırması, bereketli ürün vermesi ve kıtlıktan koruması için muhtelif şekillerde dua edilir. Ahd-i Atîk’te Hz. Süleyman’ın, kuraklığı İsrâiloğulları’nın Rab Yahova’ya karşı suç işlemeleriyle alâkalandırmasından, pişman olup tövbe etmeleri ve yalvarmaları halinde Yahova’nın yağmur yağdıracağından söz edilir (I. Krallar, 8/35-36; ayrıca bk. II. Tarihler, 7/13). Ancak yağmur duasının ritüel şeklinde yahudi geleneğinde yer alması ileri dönemlere rastlar ve onun, “ikinci mâbed” döneminde meydana gelen kuraklık üzerine bir din adamı tarafından Hz. Süleyman’ın duasına atfen icra edildiği (Yoma, 53b ), bir ibadet şekli olarak Mişna ile (Taanith, 1/4-3/9) dinî literatüre girdiği ve uygulanmaya başlandığı anlaşılmaktadır. Esasen yağmur duası, yahudi geleneğinde kuraklık tehlikesi karşısında yapılan bir ibadet olma özelliğini korumakla birlikte periyodik bir ibadet niteliği de taşır. Ortodoks yahudilerde yahudi dinî takviminin kutsal günlerinden olan Sukkot’un (çardaklar bayramı) sekizinci günü sabahı belirli bazı ifadelerin okunması şeklinde icra edilir. Ayrıca bu, Pesah’a (bahar bayramı) kadar ayakta okunan ve “Amidah” olarak isimlendirilen günlük dualara dahil edilir. Diğer yahudi mezheplerinde yağmur duası daha kısa şekliyle de olsa varlığını korumuştur.
İslâm öncesi Arap toplumunda yağmur duası yapıldığı bilinmekte, Hz. Peygamber’in daha çocukken dedesi Abdülmuttalib ile birlikte yağmur duasına çıktığı kaydedilmektedir (İbn Sa‘d, I, 90). Peygamber olduktan sonra Resûlullah’ın yağmur duası yaptığına dair çok sayıda hadis rivayet edilmiştir. Bu rivayetlerde, cuma hutbesi sırasında bir kişinin ayağa kalkıp kuraklıktan şikâyet ederek Resûl-i Ekrem’den yağmur için dua etmesini istemesi üzerine Resûlullah’ın dua ettiği ve minberden daha inmeden (veya camiden çıkmadan) yağmurun başladığı (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 6-8, 21, 24; Müslim, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 8-9), ashapla birlikte yağmur duasına çıktığı ve kıbleye dönerek dua ettiği, ridâsını ters çevirdiği, sonra iki rek‘at namaz kıldığı (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 4; Müslim, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 2, 4), bu namazda kıraati sesli yaptığı (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 16, 17), bazı rivayetlerde namazdan söz edilmediği (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 1; Müslim, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 1), bazılarında ise namazgâhta hutbe okuyup dua ettikten sonra iki rek‘at namaz kıldırdığı (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 1, 2) veya önce namaz kıldırıp sonra hutbe okuduğu (İbn Mâce, “Ṣalât”, 153) belirtilmektedir. Farklı yer ve zamanlarda vuku bulan olaylarla ilgili bu rivayetler bütün olarak değerlendirildiğinde yağmur duasının bazan cami içinde, bazan şehir dışına çıkılarak yapıldığı, halkı tövbe ve duaya davet amacıyla bir hutbe okunduğu ve iki rek‘at namaz kılındığı, bazan da yalnız duayla yetinildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Bazı hadislerde de yıldızlara tevessülle yağmur beklenmesi küfür olarak nitelendirilmiştir (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 28; Müslim, “Cenâʾiz”, 29). Câhiliye devri müşriklerinin istiskā (istimtâr) âdetleri yanında (Câhiz, IV, 466; Nüveyrî, I, 109-110) yağmur duasıyla ilgili olarak çeşitli müslüman toplumlarda görülen ve İslâm öncesi inanç ve geleneklerin izlerini yansıtan bir kısım uygulamalar (İA , V/2, s. 1221-1224; EI2 [İng.] , IV, 270, 271) İslâm inancına aykırı, dua olmaktan çok tılsım ve büyü özelliğine sahip sembol ve motifler taşımaktadır.
Bütün mezhepler Hz. Peygamber’in uygulamasından hareketle istiskāyı sünnet kabul etmiş ve onun herhangi bir namaz kılmadan topluca veya ferdî olarak, cuma namazı veya başka bir namazdan sonra ya da cuma hutbesinde veya şehir dışına çıkılarak istiskā maksadıyla kılınan iki rek‘at namaz ve okunan hutbeden sonra yapılan dua olmak üzere üç şekilde yapılabileceği belirtilmiştir. Ancak Ebû Hanîfe istiskāda duanın asıl olduğunu belirtmiş, bu amaçla cemaatle namaz kılınmasını Resûl-i Ekrem’in her yağmur duasında özel namaz kılmadığı gerekçesiyle ve çoğunluğun görüşüne aykırı olarak sünnet kabul etmemiştir. Bununla birlikte ferdî olarak kılınan namazı mubah görmüştür.
İstiskāda duadan önce namazı sünnet kabul eden mezhepler, söz konusu namazın hutbeden önce mi yoksa sonra mı kılınacağı konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Mâlikî mezhebine, Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed’e, Şâfiî ve Hanbelî mezheplerinde tercih edilen görüşe göre önce namaz kılınır, bir kısım Hanbelî ve Şâfiî fakihlere göre ise önce hutbe okunur. Bazı Hanbelî fakihleri de namazı hutbeden önce veya sonra kılma konusunda imamın muhayyer olduğunu söylemişlerdir.
Sadece istiğfar ve dua ile yapılacak istiskā için herhangi bir vakit tercihi ya da kısıtlaması söz konusu değildir. Fakat duadan önce namaz kılınacaksa bunun kerahet vakitlerinin dışında olması gerekir. Mâlikîler, bu namazın ancak kuşluk ile zeval vakti arasında kılınabileceğini ileri sürerken çoğunluğa göre bunun için belli bir zaman söz konusu değildir. Mâlikîler de dahil çoğunluğa göre istiskā namazı için en faziletli vakit bayram namazının kılındığı zaman dilimidir.
Ezan ve kāmet okunmadan sesli ve iki rek‘at olarak kılınan istiskā namazı Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’e göre bayram namazı, Hanefî ve Mâlikîler’e göre ise iki rek‘atlık diğer namazlar gibidir. Şâfiî ve Mâlikî fakihleriyle Hanefîler’den İmam Muhammed’e göre istiskā hutbesi şartları ve rükünleri bayram hutbesi gibi olan iki hutbedir. Hanbelî fakihleriyle Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf’a göre ise tek hutbedir ve tekbirle başlanır. Hanefî ve Hanbelîler’in aksine Mâlikîler’e ve Şâfiî mezhebinde tercih edilen görüşe göre bayram hutbelerindeki tekbirlerin yerine birinci hutbede dokuz, ikinci hutbede ise yedi defa ”أستغفر الله الذي لا إله إلا هو الحي القيوم وأتوب إليه“ denilir. Hutbenin minbere çıkılmadan yerde okunması tavsiye edilmiş, hatta Mâlikîler minberden okumayı mekruh, yerde okumayı mendup saymışlardır. Bunun yanı sıra Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Mâlikî mezheplerine göre imam hutbesini okurken cemaate döner ve hutbesini bitirdikten sonra kıbleye yönelerek dua eder. Hanbelî mezhebine göre ise imamın hutbe okurken de kıbleye yönelmesi müstehaptır.
Hanefî, Şâfiî ve Mâlikîler, istiskā için şehir dışına çıkılmasının daha uygun olduğunu ileri sürerken Mâlikîler ancak şiddetli ihtiyaç halinde bunu gerekli görürler. Ancak Hanefîler Mekkeliler’in Mescid-i Harâm’da, Kudüslüler’in Mescid-i Aksâ’da, Medineliler’in Mescid-i Nebevî’de istiskā yapmalarının şehir dışına çıkmaktan daha uygun olduğu görüşündedir. İstiskādan önce beden temizliği yapılması, gusletme ve son derece mütevazi giyinme müstehap olup huşûu bozacağı gerekçesiyle süslenilmemesi ve güzel koku sürülmemesi tavsiye edilmiştir. Ayrıca duadan önce halka vaaz ve nasihat edilerek onları nefislerini ıslaha, tövbeye ve günahtan kaçınmaya davet etmek, günahın felâkete, ibadet ve taatin bereket ve rahmete sebep olduğunu (el-A‘râf 7/96) hatırlatmak müstehaptır. Yine bütün mezheplere göre istiskāya çıkmadan önce üç gün oruç tutulması ve imkân ölçüsünde fakirlere sadaka verilmesi duanın kabulü için uygun bir davranıştır.
Dua ederken elleri olabildiğince kaldırmak sünnettir (Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 22; Müslim, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 5). Bu esnada çeşitli dualar yapılabilirse de Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen duaları okumak daha uygundur (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 6-7, 14; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṣalâtü’l-istisḳāʾ”, 3; Nesâî, “İstisḳāʾ”, 9-10). Şâfiî, Hanbelî ve Mâlikîler’e göre hem imamın hem cemaatin, İmam Muhammed’e ve bazı tâbiîn fakihlerine göre yalnız imamın üst elbiselerini tersyüz etmesi müstehaptır. Ebû Hanîfe’ye göre ise bu davranış sünnet değildir. Hz. Peygamber’den nakledilen bu uygulama, içinde bulunulan kuraklık halinin tersine dönmesi arzusunun bir ifadesi olarak yorumlanmıştır.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kâinatın tek yaratıcısının Allah olduğu, gücünün her şeye yettiği, kudretiyle her şeyi kuşattığı birçok âyette ifade edilirken tabiat olaylarına da bu bağlamda temas edilir ve rüzgârları rahmetinin müjdecisi olarak gönderip bulutları sevkettiği ve onlardan su indirdiği (el-A‘râf 7/57; el-Hicr 15/22), uygun bir ölçüde indirdiği bu yağmurla (el-Mü’minûn 23/18; ez-Zuhruf 43/11) ölü topraklara yeniden hayat verdiği (en-Nahl 16/65; el-Ankebût 29/63; er-Rûm 30/24), suyun çekilmesi halinde hiç kimsenin gücünün onu geri getirmeye yetmeyeceği (el-Kehf 18/41; el-Mülk 67/30) belirtilir. Bir âyette de, “O, insanlar umutlarını kestikten sonra yağmuru indiren, rahmetini her tarafa yayandır. O gerçek dosttur ve övülmeye lâyık olandır” (eş-Şûrâ 42/28) buyurulmaktadır. Allah’ın kâinattaki her şeyi belli bir düzen içinde yarattığı, tabiat olaylarının ve insan fiillerinin sebep-sonuç ilişkisi içinde meydana geldiği, yağmurun da belli fizikî şartların oluşmasıyla yağdığı bilinen bir husustur. Yağmur duasıyla da Allah’tan sebep-sonuç ilişkisini yağmur yağmasına yol açacak şekilde yönlendirmesi niyaz edilmektedir. Allah’ın ezelî ilmi çerçevesinde ve yine ezelde duaya bağlı olarak takdir edilen bir şeyin gerçekleşmesi istenmektedir.
Bu bakımdan insanın Allah’tan yağmur yağdırmasını istemesiyle kendisini herhangi bir dert ve hastalıktan kurtarmasını veya bir kaza ve musibetten korumasını istemesi arasında fark yoktur. Bu anlamıyla dua ve tevekkül maddî sebeplere tutunmaya, aklın ve bilimin önerdiği gerekli tedbirleri almaya engel ya da onların alternatifi bir çözüm yolu değil, aksine onlara ilâve olarak metafizik alanda yaşatılan bir bağlılık ve duyarlılık olarak görülmelidir. Bu sebeple İslâmî gelenekte her dua gibi yağmur duası da determinist bir anlayışla maddî bir sebep olarak görülmez; olumlu ya da olumsuz bir sonuç alınması halinde de bu olay, ilâhî irade ve takdir çerçevesinde gerçekleşen ve maddî sebeplerin gerekliliğini dışlamayan bir sonuç olarak görülür. Aslında duada maddî dilek unsuru ikinci derecede olup temel amaç, Allah’ın yüce kudreti ve sonsuz zenginliği karşısında insanın kendi güçsüzlük ve yoksulluğunu ifade etmesi, yaratıcısına yakınlaşma isteğini dile getirmesidir. Dua, kulluk tavrının gösterge ve ürünü olarak insanın manen yücelmesini hedeflediğinden ibadetin özü sayılmış (Tirmizî, “Daʿavât”, 1), “De ki, duanız olmasa rabbim size ne diye değer versin versin?” (el-Furkān 25/77) meâlindeki âyette de buna işaret edilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 381-383 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.