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İSTİTRAT Skip to content Asıl konudan olmayarak münasebeti gelmişken söylenen söz anlamında bedî‘ ilmi terimi.
Sözlükte “kovmak, uzaklaştırmak, sürmek” anlamındaki tard kökünden türeyen istitrâd kelimesi “konu değiştirmek, asıl konudan uzaklaşmak, bir düşünceden başka bir düşünceye geçmek” gibi terim anlamıyla da örtüşen mânalar ifade eder. Bazı belâgat âlimleri, terimin etimolojisiyle kelimenin “atlı savaşçının düşmanına yenilip kaçtığı izlenimini verdikten sonra tekrar dönerek işini bitirmesi” şeklindeki anlamı arasında ilgi kurmuşlardır. Nitekim istitratta da asıl konu devam ederken beklenmedik bir zamanda ve önceden tasarlanmadan bir münasebet düşmesiyle konu dışına çıkıldıktan sonra tekrar eski konuya dönülür. Bir kısım belâgat âlimleri ise “avı kovalamak” mânasındaki mutârede kelimesiyle ilgilendirdikleri istitradı, “bir av peşinde koşuşturan avcının karşısına başka bir av çıkmasıyla onun peşine takılıp kovaladıktan sonra ilk avına dönmesi” temsiliyle açıklamışlardır. Her iki analoji de istitradın terim anlamıyla tam bir uygunluk göstermesinin yanında onunla yakından ilgili görülen ve birçok belâgat âlimi tarafından istitratla karıştırılan hüsn-i tehallus ile alâkasını ve farkını da ortaya koymaktadır. Çünkü her iki türde de bir konu bırakılıp diğerine geçilir, ancak istitratta eski konuya tekrar dönülürken tehallusta yeni konuya devam edilir. Yeni konuya uzun uzadıya devam etmeden sözün istitrat için yetecek derecede kısa kesilmek suretiyle bitirilmesi ve bu durumda eski konuya dönüş yapılmaması istitrat için sakıncalı görülmemiştir. Ayrıca tehallusta okuyucu veya muhatabın beklediği, tasarlanmış olan tedrîcî bir geçiş söz konusudur. İstitratta ise ara konuya geçiş beklenmedik bir şekilde ve iltifat üslûbu tarzında gerçekleşir.
Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî istitradı i‘tirâz ile de (parantez arası cümle) yakından ilgili bulmuş ve aralarındaki farkı, “İ‘tirâzın güzel, çirkin ve vasat derecede olanları varken istitradın hepsi güzeldir” şeklinde açıklamıştır (eṭ-Ṭırâẓü’l-müteżammin , s. 404). İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî ise idmâcı da (asıl konu arasına başka konuyu da sıkıştırmak) bir istitrat türü olarak kabul eder (el-ʿUmde , II, 41). Besyûnî istitradın sözü güzelleştirmek, tek düze devam eden konunun monotonluğunu kırarak okuyucunun dikkatini çekmek, zihnini açmak, söze çeşni katarak ilgi ve merak uyandırmak gibi faydaları olduğunu söyler (ʿİlmü’l-bedîʿ , s. 134).
Bu üslûba ilk defa istitrat adını veren ve onu yorumlayan kişi Ebû Temmâm’dır. Câhiz’e göre istitrat, okuyucuyu sıkıp bıktırmamak ve dinlendirmek için uzun konu arasına bir münasebetle anekdot, fıkra, haber, hikâye vb. şeyler sokmaktır. Onun başta el-Beyân ve’t-tebyîn ’i olmak üzere eserlerinin çoğu yoğun biçimde istitratlarla süslenmiştir. Sa‘leb ile öğrencisi İbnü’l-Mu‘tezz’e göre istitrat, “bir konudan diğerine geçiş yapmak” anlamına gelen tehallus ile (hüsnü’l-hurûc) eş değerdir (Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr , s. 50; el-Bedîʿ , s. 155). Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, verdiği örnekten hareketle istitratta ilk ve asıl konunun geçilen konuya (istitrat) sebep teşkil ettiğini ileri sürer (Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn , s. 448). Başta Hatîb el-Kazvînî olmak üzere birçok belâgat âlimi beklenmedik geçişi esas alarak ilk konunun istitrada sebep, vasıta ve vesile yapılamayacağı görüşündedir. Birçok kimsenin istitratla tehallusu aynı şey olarak gördüğünü söyleyen İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî iki tür arasındaki farka ilk temas eden âlimdir (el-ʿUmde , II, 39). Abbas b. Ali es-San‘ânî, istitradı daha çok lafız güzellikleriyle ilgili olan fesahat türü saymıştır (er-Risâletü’l-ʿascediyye , s. 152). İbn Yahyâ el-Alevî istitradı övgü ve yergiyle sınırlandırmış ve türü bunlar arasında gerçekleşen geçişler şeklinde yorumlamıştır (Nażratü’l-iġrîż , s. 107).
İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, istitradın çoğunlukla şiirde ve özellikle hiciv konusunda olduğundan Kur’an’da örneğinin az bulunduğunu söylemiş ve bir örnekle yetinmiştir: ”أَلَا بُعْدًا لِمَدْيَنَ كَمَا بَعِدَتْ ثَمُودُ“ (Biliniz ki Medyen kavmi Allah’ın rahmetinden uzak oldu; Semûd kavmi uzak olduğu gibi [Hûd 11/95]). Bu âyette ”كَمَا بَعِدَتْ ثَمُودُ“ (Semûd kavmi uzak olduğu gibi) kısmı, ondan önce ve sonra Medyen’den söz edildiği için asıl konu arasına girmiştir. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘dan önce Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî ve Zemahşerî Kur’an’dan daha başka istitrat örnekleri vermişlerdir. Askerî, Fussılet sûresinde (41/39), gökten indirilen yağmur suyu ile bitkilere hayat verilişini ifade etmenin ardından ölü canlara hayat verecek ilâhî kudretten söz edilmeye geçilmesini istitrat olarak görmüş ve ilk konunun geçilen konuya sebep teşkil ettiğini söylemiştir. Zemahşerî, A‘râf sûresinde (7/26-27), Âdemoğulları’na avret yerlerini örtecek elbiselerin verildiği söylendikten sonra örtünmenin takvâdaki yeri ve önemine dikkat çekmek üzere, “Takvâ elbisesi ise ondan daha hayırlıdır” kısmının istitrat üslûbu üzere geldiğini ve bundan sonra da asıl konuya dönülerek Âdemoğulları’na hitaba devam edildiğini belirtir. Müzzemmil sûresinin baş tarafında gece ve gece namazı hükümleriyle ilgili âyetlerin arasında ”إِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا“ (Doğrusu biz sana -taşıması- ağır bir söz vahyedeceğiz [73/5]) kısmı bir istitrattır. Aynı şekilde İsrâ sûresinde geceyle ilgili konunun arasında ”إِنَّ قُرْآنَ الْفَجْرِ كَانَ مَشْهُودًا“ (Bir de sabah namazını, çünkü sabah namazı şahitlidir [17/78-79]) kısmı da istitrattır.
Şerefeddin et-Tîbî’nin de belirttiği gibi ana konu ile istitrat arasında uzak veya yakın bir münasebet bulunur. Yukarıdaki örneklerde bu‘d (Allah’ın rahmetinden uzak olma), ihya (diriltme) ve libâs öğeleri iki konu arasında yakın münasebet oluştururken gece ve gece namazı hükümlerinin arasındaki ”إِنَّا سَنُلْقِي عَلَيْكَ قَوْلًا ثَقِيلًا“ istitradında alâka uzak görünmektedir. A‘râf sûresinde (7/157-158) Hz. Mûsâ ve kavminden söz eden uzun kıssanın arasında, Hz. Muhammed ve ashabına, -hikâye devam ediyormuşçasına konunun değiştiğini sezdirmeden mükemmel bir münasebetle- geçiş yapıldıktan sonra hikâyeye dönülmüş olması, konunun bilinen en güzel örneklerindendir. Lokmân sûresinde (31/13-19), Hz. Lokman’ın oğluna nasihatlerinin arasına Allah’ın insana vasiyetlerinin (31/14-15) bir istitrat olarak girmesi de baba nasihatinin önemini vurgulaması açısından dikkat çekicidir. Konudan konuya, kıssadan kıssaya, üslûptan üslûba geçişin hâkim tarz olduğu Kur’an’da bol miktarda istitrat örneği bulmak mümkündür.
Arap şiirinde hiciv türünde bu üslûbu ilk kullanan şair Semev’el el-Ezdî’dir. Şair, kavminin kahramanlığını övdükten sonra Âmir ve Selûl kabilelerini korkak oldukları iddiasıyla hicvederek istitrat yapmış ve bunun ardından yine kavmini övmeye devam etmiştir: ”وإنّا أناس لا نرى القتل سبّة / إذا ما رأته عامر وسلول // يقرّب حبّ الموت آجالنا / وتكرهه آجالهم فتطول“ (Biz öyle bir milletiz ki öldürülmeyi kötü bir şey olarak görmeyiz, halbuki Âmir ile Selûl onu kötü görürler. Ölüm sevgisi bize ecellerimizi yakın ederken onlar ölümden hoşlanmayıp kaçtıkları için ecelleri uzun olur). Nesîb konusunda istitrat üslûbunu ilk kullanan şairin İmruülkays olduğu kaydedilmektedir (örnek beyit için bk. İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr , s. 132).
Birçok şiir örneğinde istitrat cümlesi şart cümlesi, “lâkinne” ile gelen istidrâk cümlesi, vasıl “in”i (وإن : “-sa bile”) ile başlayan cümle ve çok defa da bir teşbih edatı eşliğinde bir misal cümlesi şeklinde görülür. Hz. Peygamber’in dedesi Abdülmuttalib’in şu mısraında kavminin şerefiyle övündüğü fahriye kısmından sonra teşbih edatıyla (kâf-ı teşbîh) başlayan örnek olarak getirdiği cümle istitrattır: ”لا ينزل المجد إلّا في منازلنا كالنّوم ليس له مأوى سوى المقل“ (Şeref ve soy ancak bizim hânelerimize konuk olur, gözlerden başka barınağı olmayan uyku gibi).
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, şu beyitlerde ilk dizede zühdden söz edilip öyle devam edileceği izlenimi verildikten sonra beklenmedik bir şekilde zühdün tamamen zıddı olan hamriyyâta geçilmesini özel bir istitrat türü olarak kaydeder.
”يا من تشاغل بالطلل أقصر فقد قرب الأجل / واصل غبوقك بالصبوح وعدّ عن وصف الملل“ (Ey eski konak harabelerinin tasviriyle meşgul olan şair, bırak bunları, çünkü hayat kısa. Bıktırıcı tasvirlerden vazgeç de sabah akşam bâde iç).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Tehânevî, Keşşâf , II, 906.
Sa‘leb, Ḳavâʿidü’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ramazan Abdüttevvâb), Kahire 1995, s. 50.
İbnü’l-Mu‘tez, el-Bedîʿ (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Beyrut 1410/1990, s. 155-156.
Hâtimî, Ḥilyetü’l-muḥâḍara (nşr. Ca‘fer el-Kettânî), Bağdad 1979, I, 163.
Ebû Hilâl el-Askerî, Kitâbü’ṣ-Ṣınâʿateyn (nşr. Müfîd M. Kumeyha), Beyrut 1404/1984, s. 448-451.
Bâkıllânî, İʿcâzü’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1370/1951, s. 134-136.
İbn Reşîḳ el-Kayrevânî, el-ʿUmde (nşr. M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd), Kahire 1374/1955, II, 39-41.
Ebû Tâhir el-Bağdâdî, Ḳānûnü’l-belâġa (Muhsin Gayyâz Uceyl), Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 113.
İbn Münkız, el-Bedîʿ fî naḳdi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ahmed Ahmed Bedevî – Hâmid Abdülmecîd), Kahire 1380/1960, s. 75-82.
Abbas b. Ali es-San‘ânî, er-Risâletü’l-ʿascediyye (nşr. Abdülmecîd eş-Şerefî), Libya-Tunus 1396/1976, s. 152.
İbn Mu‘tî, el-Bedîʿ fî ʿilmi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Mustafa es-Sâvî el-Cüveynî), İskenderiye 1996, s. 117-118.
İbn Ebü’l-İsba‘, Taḥrîrü’t-Taḥbîr (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1383/1963, s. 130-132.
a.mlf., Bedîʿu’l-Ḳurʾân (nşr. Hifnî M. Şeref), Kahire 1392/1972, s. 49.
İbn Yahyâ el-Alevî, Nażratü’l-iġrîż fî nuṣreti’l-ḳarîż (nşr. Nühâ Ârif Hasan), Dımaşk 1396/1976, s. 107.
Tîbî, et-Tibyân fî ʿilmi’l-bedîʿ ve’l-beyân (nşr. Hâdî Atıyye Matar el-Hilâlî), Beyrut 1407/1987, s. 387-389.
İbnü’l-Bennâ el-Merrâküşî, er-Ravżü’l-merîʿ fî ṣınâʿati’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Rıdvân b. Şakrûn), Dârülbeyzâ 1985, s. 96.
Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin li-esrâri’l-belâġa (nşr. M. Abdüsselâm Şâhîn), Beyrut 1415/1995, s. 404-406.
İbn Câbir, el-Ḥulletü’s-siyerâ (nşr. Ali Ebû Zeyd), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 97-98.
İbn Hicce, Ḫizânetü’l-edeb , Kahire 1304, s. 44-47.
İbn Ma‘sûm, Envârü’r-rebîʿ fî envâʿi’l-bedîʿ (nşr. Şâkir Hâdî Şükr), Necef 1388/1968, I, 228.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 401-402 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.