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İYİMSERLİK Skip to content Varlığın aslının tamamen iyi olduğunu, kötülüğün ârızî olarak varlığa katıldığını savunan felsefî anlayış; hayatın iyi yanlarını görmeyi telkin eden dünya görüşü için kullanılan felsefe ve ahlâk terimi.
Tanrı, evren, insan ve hayata olumlu bir bakışı ifade etmek üzere kullanılan iyimserlik terimi Tanrı’nın iyi ve âdil olduğu, dolayısıyla iyi olanı yarattığı, bunun sonucu olarak halen var olan âlemin daha iyisi ve daha güzeli düşünülemeyecek kadar mükemmel olduğu fikrini içerir. İyimserliğin karşılığı olarak Osmanlı Türkçesi’nde nikbinlik , modern Arapça’da tefâul , Batı dillerinde ise Latince optimus kelimesinden gelen terimler kullanılır. Varlığın aslının tamamen kötü olduğunu veya kötülüğün iyilikten daha çok bulunduğunu savunan görüşlere ise kötümserlik (bedbinlik , teşâüm , pessimism ) denmektedir.
İptidai dinlerde açık şekilde bir iyilik-kötülük ayırımı yapılmamakla birlikte bu dinlerin kozmos telakkilerinde varlık ve olguların iyi bir öze sahip olduğu kanaati hâkimdir. Buna karşılık Zerdüştîlik ve onun etkisinde gelişen Maniheizm, Mezdekiyye gibi dinlerde hayır-şer düalizminin açıkça hâkim olduğu görülmektedir. Yine Budizm ve Hinduizm’de gnostik felsefeye has bir iyilik-kötülük ayırımı yapılmıştır. Ancak kötümser bir dünya görüşünü benimseyen bu dinlerde yine de iyiliğin kötülüğe üstün olduğu veya olması gerektiği şeklinde özetlenebilecek bir iyimser varlık ve ahlâk öğretisi geliştirilmiştir. Zerdüştîlik’te Ahura Mazda’nın başarısı, Budizm ve Hinduizm’de karma yasası bu iyimser felsefeye dayanır.
Teolojik ve felsefî açıdan iyi ve kötünün varlığı ve bunların birbiriyle ilişkisi, iyimserlik düşüncesinin teolojik dayanağı olan Tanrı’nın âdil oluşu (teodise) fikrinin ahlâkî ve içtimaî hayat üzerindeki rolü gibi problemler Yahudilik’te ağırlıklı bir yere sahiptir. Hemen bütün yahudi literatüründe ilke olarak Tanrı’nın iyi olduğu ve iyi olanı yarattığı, dolayısıyla evrende ve insan hayatında iyiliğin kötülüğe hâkim bulunduğu fikri benimsenmiştir. Buna göre iyilik aslî, kötülük ârızîdir; kötülüğün var olmasının sebebi Tanrı’nın insanları sınamak istemesidir. Aynı iyimser düşünceler, Ahd-i Atîk’i kutsal kitap olarak benimseyen Hıristiyanlık’ta da mevcuttur. Ayrıca Ahd-i Cedîd’de iyi ve kötü kavramları Tanrı’nın izzeti ve rahmeti doktriniyle birleştirilmiş, Rûhulkudüs’ün inâyetiyle iyilik yapan herkesin bu izzet ve rahmete nâil olacağı müjdelenmiştir (Matta, 5/3, 12; 6/4). Hıristiyanlık’ta Âdem’in işlediği aslî günah yüzünden bütün insanlığın kirlendiği ileri sürülmüşse de bu kötümser anlayış mesîh inancıyla aşılmak istenmiş, sonuçta hetorodoks ve gnostik akımlar dışındaki Hıristiyanlık’ta açık bir hayır-şer düalizmi gelişmemiştir.
İlke olarak Tanrı’nın iyi olduğu, yarattıkları içinde kötü gibi görünenlerin de aslında bir iyinin gerçekleşmesine araç kılındığı, dolayısıyla varlık ve olgularda iyiliğin kötülüğe, faydalının zararlıya baskın bulunduğu, Tanrı’nın adaletinin kusursuzluğu gibi kitâbî dinlerdeki hâkim iyimser anlayış İslâm’da da varlığını sürdürmüştür. Kur’an’a göre ay, güneş ve umumiyetle kozmik varlıklar, yeryüzü varlıklarının da yararlandığı iyiliklere vesile olacak şekilde kusursuz bir düzen ve uyum içinde yaratılmıştır (el-En‘âm 6/96; Yûnus 10/5-6; el-Mülk 67/3-5). Göklerde ve yerdeki her şeyin Allah’ı hamd ve tesbih ettiğini belirten âyetler (meselâ bk. el-İsrâ 17/44; et-Tegābün 64/1) dolaylı biçimde hiçbir şeyin anlamsız ve amaçsız yaratılmadığına, bunların Allah’ın ilke olarak iyi olan yasalarını ve iradesini gerçekleştirme yönünde işlediğine işaret eder. Kozmik varlıkların mahiyet, oluşum ve işlevlerine dair çok sayıdaki âyette bu varlıkların hayatın oluşması, gelişmesi ve devamı gibi yüksek amaçlara hizmet etmesi için yaratıldığı, dolayısıyla yaratılışın temelinde amaçlılık (finalite) ve yararlılık ilkesinin bulunduğu bildirilir; bu varlıklardaki insana yönelik faydalar “Allah’ın nimeti” diye anılarak bunların sayılamayacak kadar çok olduğu belirtilir (meselâ bk. er-Ra‘d 13/2-3; İbrâhîm 14/32-34; en-Nahl 16/10-18, 72). Kur’an, varlık ve oluş düzeninde kötülüğün mevcudiyetini kabul etmekle birlikte bunu da iyimser bir yaklaşımla değerlendirir. Buna göre ilke olarak iyilik de kötülük de insanın inanç ve ahlâk bakımından yetkinleşmesine imkân veren bir sınama ve uyarı (fitne, ibtilâ) vesilesidir (el-Bakara 2/155; el-Enfâl 8/17; el-Kehf 18/7; el-Enbiyâ 21/35). Kur’an’ın insana bakışında da iyimser bir yaklaşım hâkimdir. Allah’ın, insanı anılmaya değer bir şey değilken, bir hiç iken varlık sahnesine çıkardığı, basit bir spermadan yaratıp görme, işitme gibi duyularla, bilgi imkânlarıyla donattığı ve nihayet ona izlemesi gereken yolu gösterdiği belirtilerek insanın var olmasına ve gelişmesine iyimser bir nazarla bakıldığı görülür (el-Kıyâme 75/38-39; el-İnsân 76/1-3; el-Alak 96/1-5). Her doğan çocuğun fıtrat üzere doğduğunu belirten hadisle bu fıtratın İslâm olduğuna işaret eden hadisler de (Buhârî, “Cenâʾiz”, 80, “Ḳader”, 3; Müslim, “Ḳader”, 22-24; Dârimî, “İstiʾẕân”, 54) insanın aslı hakkındaki aynı iyimser bakışı dile getirir. Ayrıca Kur’an, beşerî ihtirasları kamçılayan dünyayı yererse de aslî tabiatı itibariyle en güzel oluşuma sahip olan (et-Tîn 95/4), değerli ve üstün bir varlık olarak yaratılan (el-İsrâ 17/70) insanın kötü arzularını dizginlemesi halinde hayatı sade, yaşanmaya değer, mutlu ve başarılı kılabileceğini, kendi kendisiyle ve başkalarıyla barış içinde bir dünya ve toplum düzeni gerçekleştirebileceğini, bu dünyanın ötesinde de mutlu bir hayatı hak edebileceğini bildirir ve bunun yollarını gösterir (en-Nahl 16/96-97; el-Mü’minûn 23/1-11; el-Ankebût 29/69; el-Hucurât 49/11-13).
Teodise ilkesi iyilerin ödüllendirilmesini, kötülerin de cezalandırılmasını gerektirir. Ancak Kur’an’ın bu konuda Allah’ın rahmetine özel bir vurgu yaptığı görülmektedir. Buna göre Allah kendisi üzerine rahmeti yazmış (el-En‘âm 6/12, 54), rahmeti ve bilgisiyle her şeyi kuşatmıştır (el-Mü’min 40/7; krş. el-A‘râf 7/156); O’nun rahmetinden inkârcılar ve sapkınlardan başkası ümit kesmemelidir (Yûsuf 12/87; el-Hicr 15/56). Allah hakkındaki bu iyimser yaklaşımın sonucu olarak Kur’an kötülüklerin ya aynıyla cezalandırılacağını veya bağışlanacağını, iyiliklerin karşılığının ise kat kat fazlasıyla verileceğini bildirir (bk. HASENE ). Aynı iyimser anlayıştan yola çıkarak Hz. Ömer, Ali ve İbn Abbas gibi bazı sahâbîlerle İbn Teymiyye’nin de dahil olduğu bir kısım âlimlerce cehennemin sonluluğu dahi savunulmuştur (bk. AZAP ; CEHENNEM ).
İslâm düşünürleri Kur’an’ın Tanrı, evren ve insan hakkındaki iyimser yaklaşımı yanında aynı yöndeki Grek kaynaklı felsefî kültürden de yararlanarak ontolojik ve ahlâkî planda iyimserliği esas alan bir felsefe geliştirmişlerdir. Bu felsefe, başta kelâmcılar ve mutasavvıflar olmak üzere diğer müslüman düşünür ve âlimler arasında da geniş bir kabul görmüştür. Buna göre her şey, ilâhî bilgideki en mükemmel şekliyle bir nizam ve hayır olarak varlık alanına çıkar (feyz, sudûr). Varlık Tanrı’nın inâyet ve cömertliğinin sonucu olup mutlak ve zorunlu olarak iyidir (İbn Sînâ, s. 415). Gazzâlî, Allah’ın cömertliğini O’nun âdil oluşuyla izah eder. Gazzâlî’ye göre eğer Allah, muktedir olmasına rağmen verilmesi mümkün olanı vermeyerek lutfunu esirgeseydi bu O’nun cömertlik ve adaletine aykırı düşerdi. Şu halde Allah’ın bütün yarattıklarında kusursuz bir adalet vardır; halen mevcut olandan daha güzel, daha tam ve daha mükemmel bir âlemin bulunması mümkün değildir (İḥyâʾ , IV, 258; el-İmlâʾ fî işkâlâti’l-İḥyâʾ , V, 35-36). Gazzâlî’nin bu iyimser düşüncesi sonraları ona isnat edilen, “Leyse fi’l-imkân ebdeu mimmâ kân” (Var olandan daha mükemmeli mümkün değildir) şeklindeki özdeyişle ifade edilmiş, iyimserlik felsefesinin en güzel ifadesi sayılan bu düşünce İslâm dünyasında hâkim bir anlayış halini almıştır.
Mutlak kötülüğün yokluktan (adem) ibaret olduğunu ve bunun fiilen mevcut olmadığını belirten İslâm düşünürleri nisbî ve izâfî de olsa kötülüğün varlığını da kabul etmişlerdir. Ancak dünyada hayrın şerden daha çok bulunduğunu, ayrıca şer kavramının pozitif bir içeriğe sahip olmayıp sadece bir varlığın zatındaki veya niteliklerindeki bir eksiklikten ibaret bulunduğunu savunmuşlardır. Onlar, ahlâkı da varlıkla ilgili bu iyimser felsefeleri çerçevesinde ele alarak kötü fiillerin ve bunların kaynağı olan kötü huyların bazı ruhî yetkinliklerde ortaya çıkan kusurlardan kaynaklandığını belirtirler. Yine yüzeysel bakıldığında insana kötü gibi görünen durumlara, genel varlık düzenindeki birinci amacı doğru kavrayarak bakıldığında bunların da temelde iyi olduğu anlaşılır. Meselâ öfke ve şehvet duygularının yaratılışındaki birinci amaç insanın savunma, üreme, beslenme gibi temel ihtiyaçlarını karşılamasıdır; ancak bunlar aklın kontrolünden çıkarsa kötülüklere sebep olur.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de ve hadislerde sabır, tevekkül, dua gibi kavramlarla müslümanlara hayatın zorlukları ve acıları karşısında dayanma gücü aşılayan, her şeye rağmen geleceğe ümit ve iyimserlikle bakmayı telkin eden genel ifadeler yanında (meselâ bk. el-Bakara 2/153-157; el-Hadîd 57/20-23), bazı sıkıntı ve musibetlerden söz ederek bunları aşma iradesini geliştirmeyi amaçlayan açıklamalar da bulunmaktadır. Meselâ Duhâ ve İnşirâh sûrelerinde Hz. Peygamber’in imkânsızlıkların içinden gelerek çeşitli lutuflara mazhar kılındığı hatırlatıldıktan sonra her güçlüğün yanında mutlaka bir kolaylığın da bulunduğu belirtilmekte (el-İnşirâh 94/5-6), böylece insanların karamsarlık ve çaresizlikten korunması amaçlanmaktadır. Nitekim bütün tefsirlerde yer alan bir hadise göre Resûl-i Ekrem, müslümanlara müjde olarak okuduğu bu âyetleri bir zorluğa karşı iki kolaylık bulunduğu, dolayısıyla bir zorluğun iki kolaylığı yenemeyeceği şeklinde yorumlamıştır (Taberî, XXX, 235-236; Fahreddin er-Râzî, XXXII, 7). Başka âyetlerde de insanların gelecekle ilgili kaygılarını yatıştırmak, en zor durumlarda bile ümitlerini kaybetmemelerini sağlamak üzere Allah’ın günahtan sakınan kişi için güçlüklerden çıkış yolu yaratacağı, işini kolay kılacağı, ona hiç beklemediği yerlerden rızıklar vereceği ve Allah’ın, kendisine dayanıp güvenenlerden yardımını esirgemeyeceği bildirilmektedir (et-Talâk 65/1-4). Allah hakkında hüsnüzanda bulunmayı öğütleyen hadislerin asıl amacı da insanı ümitsizlik ve kötümserlik buhranından korumaktır (meselâ bk. Müsned , II, 297, 304, 359; Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 15, 35; Müslim, “Tevbe”, 1, “Ẕikir”, 3, 19). Nihayet müslümanlar arasında kardeşlik, dayanışma ve paylaşma gibi ilişkilerin güçlendirilmesini emreden âyet ve hadislerin en önemli hedeflerinden biri de yokluk ve acı çeken kişiyi intihara kadar götürmesi ihtimali bulunan yalnızlık, çaresizlik ve tükenmişlik psikolojisine düşmekten korumaktır.
İbnü’r-Râvendî, Ebü’l-Alâ el-Maarrî, Ebû Bekir er-Râzî gibi zaman zaman mülhidlikle suçlanan bazı kötümser düşünür ve şairlere rastlanırsa da başta mutasavvıflar olmak üzere müslüman âlim ve düşünürlerin büyük çoğunluğu, İslâm’ın belirtilen genel dünya görüşü ve hayat anlayışının yanında ontoloji, teoloji ve ahlâk konularındaki iyimser felsefelerin de sonucu olarak doğal âfet, hastalık, ölüm gibi olguları, evrensel planda hüküm süren ilâhî iradenin insana yansıması olarak değerlendirmek ve bu çerçevede hayata iyimser bakmak, sıkıntıları sabır ve metanetle karşılamak, toplumda dayanışma ve paylaşma ruhunu da harekete geçirerek bunların üstesinden gelmek için çaba harcamak gerektiğini düşünmüşlerdir. Ayrıca bilhassa tasavvuf ve ahlâk alanında üzüntüden kurtuluşu ve hayata iyimser bakışı telkin eden geniş bir literatür oluşmuştur (ayrıca bk. HAYIR ; HÜZÜN ; ŞER ).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḫyr” md.
Wensinck, el-Muʿcem , “ḫyr” md.
Müsned , I, 227; II, 297, 304, 359.
Dârimî, “İstiʾẕân”, 54.
Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 15, 35, “Cenâʾiz”, 80, “Ḳader”, 3, “Riḳāḳ”, 31.
Müslim, “Îmân”, 203-208, “Ḳader”, 22-24, “Tevbe”, 1, “Ẕikir”, 3, 19.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , I, 204-205.
Taberî, Câmiʿu’l-beyân , XXX, 235-236.
Fârâbî, Fuṣûlü’l-medenî (nşr. D. M. Dunlop), Cambridge 1961, s. 133-134, 163.
İbn Sînâ, eş-Şifâʾ el-İlâhiyyât (1) , s. 363, 365, 415.
Gazzâlî, İḥyâʾ , IV, 258.
a.mlf., el-İmlâʾ fî işkâlâti’l-İḥyâʾ (İḥyâʾ içinde), V, 35-36.
Sühreverdî, Kitâbü’t-Telvîḥât (Mecmûʿa fi’l-ḥikmeti’l-ilâhiyye içinde, nşr. H. Corbin), İstanbul 1945, s. 78-79, 466-467.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Mefâtîḥu’l-ġayb , Beyrut 1411/1990, XXXII, 7.
İbnü’l-Arabî, el-Fütûḥât , VI, 262-263.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿu fetâvâ , XIV, 20-48; XX, 116-117.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 499-501 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.