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İZZET MOLLA, Keçecizâde Skip to content (1786-1829)
Divan şiirinin XIX. yüzyıldaki son temsilcilerinden.
İstanbul Samatya’da Canbaziye mahallesinde doğdu. Asıl adı Mehmed İzzet’tir. Konyalı bir aileye mensup olup I. Abdülhamid devri kazaskerlerinden Keçecizâde lakabıyla tanınan Sâlih Efendi’nin oğlu, Tanzimat devrinin ünlü devlet adamlarından Fuad Paşa’nın babasıdır. Dedesi Keçecizâde Mustafa Efendi küçük yaşta Konya’dan İstanbul’a gelip ilmiye mesleğine girmiş, babası Sâlih Efendi de aynı yolu takip etmiştir. İzzet Molla’nın Devhatü’l-mehâmid fî tercemeti’l-vâlid adlı eserinde anlattığına göre, İstanbul’a geldikten sonra Pîrîzâde Mehmed Sâhib Efendi’ye intisap eden dedesi Mustafa Efendi onun oğlu Osman Sâhib Efendi’ye ders vermiş ve yine onun yardımıyla Dâvud Paşa Camii imamının kızıyla evlenmiş, bu evlilikten Sâlih Efendi dünyaya gelmiştir. Sâlih Efendi, sözünü esirgemeyen bir kişi olduğundan zamanla düşmanlarının gazabına uğramış, önce Konya’ya, ardından Gelibolu’ya sürgün edilmiştir. Ömrü çile ve yokluklarla geçen Sâlih Efendi ölümüne yakın bir tarihte (1799) Anadolu, daha sonra Rumeli kazaskerliğine getirilmiş, ancak kısa bir süre sonra vefat etmiştir. İzzet Molla babasının ölümüne, “Sâlih Efendi göçtü olsun cinâna dâhil” mısraını tarih düşürmüştür.
Babasının ölümünde henüz on üç yaşlarında bulunan İzzet Molla, enişteleri Meş‘alecizâde Esad Bey ile Kazasker Moralızâde Hâmid Efendi’nin himayesinde büyüdü ve oldukça güç şartlar altında medrese tahsilini tamamlayıp müderris ruûsu alarak ilmiye mesleğine girdi (1797). Rivayete göre içkiye, eğlence ve sefahate düşkünlüğü yüzünden bir müddet sonra müderrislikten uzaklaştırıldı. Bunun üzerine ümitsizliğe kapılarak intihara teşebbüs ettiyse de bir tesadüf eseri kurtuldu. Hayata dönmesine vesile olan lugat yazan Hançerî Bey vasıtasıyla saray kethüdâsı Hâlet Efendi ile tanıştı. Bu tanışmadan sonra 1809 yılında Şeyhülislâm Sâlihzâde Esad Efendi’nin aracılığıyla Bursa müfettişliğine, ardından rikâb-ı hümâyun kethüdâlığına tayin edildi. Hâlet Efendi ile olan dostluğu sayesinde 1820’de Galata kadılığına getirildi. 1822’de Hâlet Efendi’nin görevinden azledilip katledilmesi üzerine birçoklarının yaptığı gibi saf değiştirip onun aleyhine dönmediği, aksine onu övüp düşmanlarını yerdiği için 27 Şubat 1823’te mansıbı kaldırılmaksızın Keşan’a sürgüne gönderildi.
Sürgünün onuncu ayına doğru Sadrazam Galib Mehmed Paşa’ya sunduğu bir kaside sayesinde 16 Şubat 1824’te affedilerek İstanbul’a döndü. Bir yıl sonra Mekke kadısı pâyesini aldı ve 1826’da İstanbul kadısı pâyesiyle Haremeyn müfettişliğine tayin edildi. Ertesi yıl mahallî idarelerin harcamaları için halktan yapılan tahsilâtı kontrol etmekle görevlendirildi. Mayıs 1828’de, Mora isyanı dolayısıyla Ruslar’a karşı savaş ilân edilip edilmemesinin görüşüldüğü Meclis-i Umûmî’de alınan savaş kararına başlangıçta katılmış görünmekle beraber daha sonra savaşa karşı olduğunu açıklayan bir lâyihayı padişaha sundu. Lâyihası isabetli görülmediği için idamına karar verilmişken Yâsincizâde Abdülvehhâb Efendi’nin araya girmesiyle bağışlanıp 17 Kasım 1828’de Sivas’a sürgüne gönderildi. Dokuz ay kadar sonra henüz kırk üç yaşında iken Sivas’ta vefat etti (Safer 1245 / Ağustos 1829). Zehirletildiği veya bir şekilde katledildiği yolundaki rivayetler, Hazân-ı Âsâr adlı divanında ölüm korkusu ifade eden birtakım beyitlerin varlığı dışında ciddi bir bilgiye dayanmamaktadır. Muhalefet ettiği Rus savaşı vefatından kısa bir süre önce yenilgiyle sonuçlanmış, bundan dolayı İzzet Molla haklı görülerek affedilmişti. Ancak bu hususta çıkan ferman ölümünden sonra Sivas’a ulaşabilmiştir. Naaşı önce Sivas’ta Garipler Mezarlığı’na defnedilmiş, 1919 yılında kemikleri İstanbul’a getirilerek Canbaziye mahallesinde Mustafa Ağa Mescidi’nin avlusunda babasının yanına konulmuştur. Ölümüne Sahaflar Şeyhizâde Esad Efendi, Vak‘anüvis Ahmed Lutfi Efendi ve Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet Bey çeşitli tarihler düşürmüşlerdir.
Çağdaşlarının ifadelerinden keskin bir zekâya sahip olduğu anlaşılan İzzet Molla Mihnet-keşân adlı eserinde kendisini uzun boylu, seyrek sakallı, dünyada benzeri bulunmayan bir kişi olarak tanıtmış, başka manzumelerinde de iri yarı olduğundan söz etmiştir. Merzifonlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın torunlarından İsmâil Mekkî Bey’in kızı Hibetullah Hanım’la evlenen İzzet Molla’nın bu evlilikten Fuad (Paşa), Reşad, Murad ve Sedad adlarında dört çocuğu dünyaya gelmiştir.
M. Fuad Köprülü’nün “klasik nazmın son üstadı” diye nitelendirdiği İzzet Molla derviş ruhlu, olgun ve nüktedan bir şairdir. Gerek divanındaki manzumelerde gerekse mesnevilerinde mahallî renkler ve yerli unsurlar dikkati çekecek derecede çoktur. Esasen onun şiirinin kaynakları arasında Mevlevîlik’le nazîrecilik geleneği başta gelmektedir. Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî ve Şems-i Tebrîzî’ye büyük hayranlık duyan ve ilhamını geniş ölçüde Mevlevîlik’ten alan İzzet Molla bu tarikata koruyucusu Hâlet Efendi’nin delâletiyle girmiş olmalıdır. Hemen bütün gazellerinin makta‘ beyitlerinde Mevlânâ’nın adını zikretmesi, onun birçok manzumesini tahmis etmesi, Şeyh Galib’in Hüsn ü Aşk ’ına nazîre olarak yazdığı Gülşen-i Aşk adlı mesnevisinde Mevlevîliğin temelindeki aşk felsefesini anlatmaya çalışması bu tesirle açıklanabilir. Manzumelerinde başta divan şiirinin klasik şairleri Nef‘î ve Nâbî olmak üzere Seyyid Vehbî, Nedîm ve Şeyh Galib’in etkisi açıkça görülmektedir. Bilhassa Şeyh Galib’e onu taklit, tanzîr ve hatta bir kısım mazmunlarını aynen alıp tekrar edecek kadar bağlıdır. Kasidelerinde Nef‘î yolunu takip etmişse de onun kadar başarılı olamamıştır. Mihnet-keşân ’da İran şairlerinden en çok Nizâmî-i Gencevî, Unsurî, Şevket ve Bîdil’i beğendiğini kendisi söyler.
İzzet Molla’nın asıl başarısı gazellerinde görülür. Bunlarda kafiye ve mazmunlarının orijinalliği, dilinin sadeliği ve sanat gösterme endişesinden uzak kalmasıyla dikkati çeker. Gençlik dönemi şiirlerini bir araya getirdiği Bahâr-ı Efkâr ’daki şen şakrak havaya karşılık olgunluk devresinde yazılan Hazân-ı Âsâr ’daki gazellerinde daha ziyade yaşadığı hayattan gelen kötümser ruh haliyle birlikte genel anlamda bir karamsarlık hâkimdir. Eski geleneğin bütün imkânlarını kullanan İzzet Molla’nın eseri bu gelenek içerisinde şahsî bir şiir kabul edilmemektedir. XVIII. yüzyılda Nedîm’le başlayan mahallîleşme akımına katılmış, fakat onun kadar başarılı olamamıştır.
Divan edebiyatının artık son sözünü söylediği, bir bakıma orijinalitesini kaybettiği çöküş döneminde yaşayan İzzet Molla, özellikle olgunluk çağı şiirlerini ihtiva eden Hazân-ı Âsâr ’daki gazellerinde daha ziyade hikemî tarza kayar. Bu eserinde, “Meşhûrdur ki fısk ile olmaz cihan harâb / Eyler anı müdâhane-i âliman harâb” gibi yıllarca hâfızalarda yaşayan atasözü mahiyetinde birçok beyit bulunmaktadır. Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılması dolayısıyla söylediği, “Koyup kaldırmadan ikide birde / Kazan devrildi söndürdü ocağı” beyti de meşhur olmuştur. Kendisinden sonra gelen şairler arasında bilhassa Ziyâ Paşa üzerinde etkili olan İzzet Molla birçok yönden onun şiirlerinin başlangıcını teşkil eder. Ziyâ Paşa, Harâbât adlı antolojisinin III. cildine İzzet Molla’dan birçok beyit aldığı gibi eserin mukaddimesinde de ondan övgüyle söz etmektedir.
İzzet Molla’nın başka bir yönü de devlet adamlığıdır. 1827’de eyalet defterlerinin tevzii müfettişliğine yükseldiğinde Osmanlı Devleti’nin gelir gider durumuyla içinde bulunduğu içtimaî ve idarî bozuklukları ele alıp tenkit ettiği dikkate değer bir lâyiha kaleme almıştır. Yine aynı şekilde 1828 Osmanlı-Rus savaşına karşı çıkması ve savaşın sonuçlarının da onun fikirlerini doğrulaması, devlet adamlığının ve ileri görüşlülüğünün bir göstergesi kabul edilmiştir. Yahya Kemal “Şem‘î Molla” ve “Bir Tekâpû Sahnesi” adlı hikâyelerinde olayları İzzet Molla’nın ağzından anlatmış ve onun Hâlet Efendi ile olan yakınlığını vurgulamıştır (Siyâsî Hikâyeler , s. 1-15, 96-98).
Eserleri. a) Manzum Eserleri. 1. Dîvân-ı Bahâr-ı Efkâr . İzzet Molla’nın Keşan sürgününden iki yıl sonra Şeyhülislâm Ârif Hikmet Bey’in teşvikiyle tertiplediği ve Mevlânâ’ya ithaf ettiği, gençlik yıllarına ait şiirlerin yer aldığı divan basılmıştır (Bulak 1255). Eser giriş kısmından sonra kasâid, tevârîh, tahmîs ve gazeliyyât başlığı altında dört bölümden meydana gelir.
2. Dîvân-ı Hazân-ı Âsâr . Şairin Sivas sürgünü sırasında yazmış olduğu şiirlerini topladığı elli üç sayfalık küçük bir divandır. Nakşibendî tarikatının kurucusu Bahâeddin Nakşibend’e ithaf edilen eser İzzet Molla’nın ölümünden on iki yıl sonra yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 1257). Divanda devrin padişahı için yazılmış iki kaside, üç mesnevi, dönemin bazı olayları dolayısıyla düşürülmüş otuz beş tarih, kırk üç gazelle müteferrik tahmîs, şarkı, müseddes ve kıtalar mevcuttur.
3. Gülşen-i Aşk . Şeyh Galib’in ünlü mesnevisi Hüsn ü Aşk ’ta olduğu gibi sembolik isimlerle ilâhî aşkın anlatıldığı bu manzum hikâyenin kahramanları arasında İzzet Molla bizzat kendisine de yer vermiştir. “Feilâtün mefâilün feilün” kalıbıyla yazılan eser bir tardiyye ve tarih kıtası dışında 290 beyitlik küçük bir mesnevidir. Tasavvufî gayeye varmak için yaşanılan meşakkatli maceraları, tardiyyesi, sembolik kişi ve mekânlarıyla Hüsn ü Aşk ’a nazîre olarak yazıldığı anlaşılmaktadır. İzzet Molla’nın henüz yirmi yedi yaşındayken kaleme aldığı Gülşen-i Aşk , şairin ölümünden sonra ilki taş basması olmak üzere iki defa basılmıştır (İstanbul 1265, 1293).
4. Mihnet-keşân . İzzet Molla’nın Keşan’a sürgüne gönderilişini, orada çektiği sıkıntıları ve affedilip İstanbul’a geri dönüşünü anlattığı sosyal hiciv türünde bir mesnevidir. “Feûlün feûlün feûlün feûl” kalıbıyla yazılan eserin adı bazı araştırmacılarca “Mihnet-i Keşân” şeklinde de okunmuştur. İzzet Molla eserinde, sadece Keşan’a sürgüne gidişini ve bir yıl boyunca orada çektiklerini anlatmakla kalmamış, bu sırada uğradığı çeşitli yerleri, karşılaştığı ilginç tipleri, zengin bir folklor malzemesini de yazıya geçirmiştir. Ahmed Hamdi Tanpınar, bu mesnevide İzzet Molla’nın Keşan’a giderken arabanın aynasından kendisini seyretmesini psikolojik bir gözlem telakki eder ve Mihnet-keşân ’ı bir örf romanı olarak değerlendirir. Muhtemelen mesnevi kalıbının yeknesaklığını önlemek üzere kaside, gazel, tahmîs, tarih kıtaları ve rubâî gibi değişik nazım şekillerine de yer verilen mesnevide zaman zaman mizahî anlatımdan da faydalanılmıştır. Keşan’da dağınık bir halde kaleme alınan eser, sondaki tarih kıtasından anlaşıldığına göre Âtıfzâde Hüsâmeddin Efendi tarafından 1240 (1824-25) yılında düzenlenmiş, kardeşi Vahîd Efendi eliyle temize çekilmiştir. Diğer eserleri gibi bu da İzzet Molla’nın ölümünden sonra yayımlanabilmiştir (İstanbul 1269).
b) Mensur Eserleri. 1. Devhatü’l-mehâmid fî tercemeti’l-vâlid . 1226 (1811) yılında kaleme alınan eserde İzzet Molla babasının hayat hikâyesini anlatmıştır. Tarihî bir belge niteliğindeki kitapta müellif ailesinin şeceresinden, dedesinin Konya’dan İstanbul’a gelişinden ve babasının tayin edildiği görevlerden bahsetmektedir. Klasik nesrin bütün özelliklerini taşıyan bu küçük eserde müellifin nüktedanlığını gösteren satırlar da mevcuttur. Eser yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.).
2. Şerh-i Elgāz-ı Râgıb Paşa . Koca Râgıb Paşa’nın ”ع“ harfi üzerine söylemiş olduğu 147 lugaz ve bilmeceyi kısaca şerheden on varaklık bir eserdir. Dili secili olan risâle, daha çok Arap asıllı Türk alfabesi üzerinde yapılan söz oyunlarına dayanmaktadır. Eserin tek nüshası İstanbul Üniversitesi Kütüphanesi’nde kayıtlıdır (TY, nr. 3566).
3. Lâyihalar . İzzet Molla’nın doğrudan doğruya devlet yönetimiyle ilgili düşüncelerinin yer aldığı iki önemli lâyihası vardır. Bunların ilki II. Mahmud’un isteği üzerine kaleme alınmış olup eyalet defterlerinin tevzii müfettişliğine tayin edilmesi dolayısıyla Osmanlı eyaletlerinin gelir gider işleriyle ilgili bazı tesbitlerini ve görüşlerini ihtiva eder. On iki bölümden meydana gelen lâyihada sırasıyla Meclis-i Şûrâ’nın tertibi, devlet hizmetinde bulunanlara aylık verilmesi, götürü usulü vergilendirme, ticarette narh uygulama, sefere çıkarken alınan mühimmatın düzenlenmesi, madenlerin ihracı, ticaretin teşviki, tasarruf tedbirlerinin uygulanması, vezirlerin gelirleriyle ilmiye sınıfının tanzimi ve tedrisatın düzenlenmesi konusunda ileri sürülen fikirler yer almaktadır. Lâyihanın nüshaları Türk Tarih Kurumu ile (Yazmalar, IV, nr. 556), İstanbul Üniversitesi (TY, nr. 9670) kütüphanelerinde bulunmaktadır. İkinci lâyiha 1828 yılında Rusya’ya savaş ilânı aleyhinde hazırlanmıştır. Burada İzzet Molla, Osmanlı Devleti’nin Batı karşısındaki durumuyla o günkü şartlar altında savaşa girmenin sakıncalarını anlatmaktadır. Onun Sivas’a sürülmesine sebep olan lâyiha, Âkif ve Mehmed Said Pertev paşaların reddiyeleri ve Tayyarzâde Ahmed Atâ Bey’in mütalaalarıyla birlikte Atâ Bey tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Târih , III, 116-117, 275-294).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fatîn, Tezkire , s. 288.
Atâ Bey, Târih , III, 116-117, 255-294.
Ziyâ Paşa, Mukaddime-i Harâbât , İstanbul 1311, s. 80.
Cevdet, Târih , XII, 58.
Lutfî, Târih , I, 266.
Gibb, HOP , IV, 304-322.
İsmail Hikmet [Ertaylan], Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Bakü 1925, I, 5-14.
Abdurrahman Şeref, Târih Musâhabeleri , İstanbul 1339, s. 39-47.
İbnülemin, Son Asır Türk Şairleri , s. 723-746.
Fevziye Abdullah Tansel, “Keçecizâde İzzet Molla”, Fuad Köprülü Armağanı , İstanbul 1953, s. 131-151.
a.mlf., “İzzet Molla”, İA , V/2, s. 1264-1267.
Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar, XIX. Asır Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , İstanbul 1956, s. 54-60.
Vasfi Mahir Kocatürk, Büyük Türk Edebiyatı Tarihi , Ankara 1964, s. 590-596.
Yahya Kemal, Siyâsî Hikâyeler , İstanbul 1968, s. 1-15, 96-98.
Z. Vesela, “İzzet Molla, Keçecizāde”, DOL , III, 90.
Nihad Sâmi Banarlı, Resimli Türk Edebiyâtı Târihi , İstanbul 1979, II, 774, 835-836.
İsmail Ünver, “İzzet Molla”, Büyük Türk Klâsikleri , İstanbul 1985, VIII, 116-128.
İbrahim Bülbül, Keçecizâde İzzet Molla , Ankara 1989, s. 6-45.
G. Rosen, “Eine Ḳaṣīde von Izzet Mola”, ZDMG , II (1857), s. 312-316.
Said, “Devhatü’l-mehâmid fî tercemeti’l-vâlid”, TOEM , sy. 37 (1332), s. 1-22.
Reşad Fuad [Keçecizâde], “Keçecizâde İzzet Molla”, a.e. , sy. 41 (1332), s. 285-297.
İhsan Sungu, “Mahmud II.nin İzzet Molla ve Asâkir-i Mansûre Hakkında Bir Hattı”, TV , I/3 (1941), s. 162-183.
Ömer Asım Aksoy, “Mihnetkeşan mı, Mihnet-i Keşan mı?”, TDl. , V/51 (1956), s. 148-149.
a.mlf., “Mihnet Tartışması”, a.e. , V/53 (1956), s. 285-287.
Aydın Oy, “Mihnetkeşan’da 150 Yıl Önceki Tekirdağ”, TFA , sy. 302 (1974), s. 7079-7081.
Sadık Kemal Tural, “Mihnet-i Keşân’ın Yenileşme Tarihimizdeki Yeri”, TK , sy. 163 (1976), s. 430-445, 446-451.
Abdülkadir Özcan, “Keçecizade İzzet Molla ve II. Mahmud’a Bir Kasidesi”, TDA , sy. 21 (1982), s. 177-186.
Osman Kavalcı, “Gülşen-i Aşk’ta Sembolik Karakterler”, AÜİFD , sy. 9 (1990), s. 345-353 (aynı makale: TDA , sy. 66 [1990], s. 135-142).
T. Menzel, “ʿIzzet Molla”, EI (İng.), IV, 571.
Fahir İz, “ʿIzzet Molla”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 295-296.
Harun Tolasa, “İzzet Molla, Keçecizâde”, TDEA , V, 46-48.
Necdet Sakaoğlu, “Keçecizadeler”, DBİst.A , IV, 514-516.
İskender Pala, “İzzet Molla (Keçecizade)”, a.e. , IV, 314.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 561-563 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.