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İZZET PAŞA, Ahmed Skip to content (1864-1937)
Osmanlı sadrazamı.
Manastır’a bağlı Görice sancağının Naslic kasabasında doğdu. Babası, Arnavutluk’un tanınmış ailelerinden birine mensup olan Naslic âyanı Timur Bey’in oğlu eski mutasarrıflardan Haydar Bey’dir. Ahmed İzzet Kuleli Askerî Lisesi’ni (1881), Harp Okulu’nu (1884) ve Erkân-ı Harbiyye’yi (1887) bitirdikten sonra kurmay yüzbaşı olarak orduya katıldı. 1889’da kolağası oldu, iki yıl sonra staj için Almanya’ya gönderildi. Buradaki başarısından dolayı Alman imparatorunun teveccühünü kazandı. Yurda dönmesinin (1894) ardından İstanbul, Suriye, Filistin ve Sofya’da çeşitli görevlerde bulundu. 1897 Osmanlı-Yunan harbi sırasında Dömeke ve Çatalca muharebeleri planlarının hazırlanmasında büyük emeği geçti. Başarılı hizmetlerine rağmen II. Abdülhamid’in iltifatına mazhar olamadı. Hatta padişaha jurnal edildi, sorgulamasında suçsuzluğu anlaşılarak serbest bırakıldığı halde bir müddet sonra Şam’da görev verilerek İstanbul’dan uzaklaştırıldı. 1901’de Suriye’ye yaptığı seyahat sırasında kendisini gören ve henüz yarbay rütbesinde kalmasına üzülen Alman İmparatoru II. Wilhelm’in padişah nezdindeki teşebbüsü neticesinde terfi ettirildi ve nişanlarla ödüllendirildi. Lübnan’da ve Hicaz’da önemli hizmetlerde bulundu. Yemen isyanını bastırmakla görevlendirildi (Ocak 1904). Üç buçuk yıl Yemen’de kaldı; Mart 1905’te mirlivâlığa ve 1907’de ferikliğe yükseltildi.
II. Meşrutiyet’in ilânından sonra İstanbul’a çağrılan İzzet Paşa, Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliğine tayin edildi (1 Ağustos 1908). Fakat Mahmud Şevket ve Goltz paşalarla aralarındaki görüş ayrılığı yüzünden Şubat 1911’de tekrar Yemen’e gönderildi. Yemen isyanını bastırdı. İmam Yahyâ ve Şeyh İdrîsî ile yaptığı anlaşma sayesinde Yemen I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Osmanlı Devleti’ne sadık kaldı. Faydalı hizmetlerinden dolayı Erkân-ı Harbiyye-i Umûmiyye reisliği görevine ilâveten Meclis-i A‘yân üyeliğine getirildi. Balkan Harbi sonlarına doğru İstanbul’a döndü ve Trakya ordusunda görev aldı. Mahmud Şevket Paşa’nın öldürülmesinin ardından kurulan kabinede Harbiye nâzırı oldu. Balkan Harbi’nden sonra birinci ferikliğe terfi ettiği gibi kaydıhayatla yâver-i ekremlik rütbesi ve birinci Osmânî nişanıyla taltif edildi. Yarbay Enver Bey’in (Paşa) Harbiye Nezâreti’ne getirilmek istenmesine karşı çıkarak görevinden istifa etti. Arnavutlar ülkelerinin krallık tacını Ahmed İzzet Paşa’ya sundular. Fakat İzzet Paşa, hem Arnavutluk’a hem de memleketine bir kötülük getirebilir endişesiyle bunu kabul etmedi.
I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında İkinci Ordu ve umum Kafkas orduları grup kumandanlığına getirilen Ahmed İzzet Paşa Rus ordularının ilerlemesini durdurdu. Ruslar’ın savaştan çekilmesi üzerine Talat Paşa ile birlikte Brest-Litowsk ve Bükreş konferanslarına askerî delege olarak katıldı. İttihat ve Terakkî kabinesi istifa edince (4 Ekim 1918) hükümeti kurma görevini alan Ahmed Tevfik Paşa’nın bütün gayretlerine rağmen hükümeti kuramayacağını bildirmesi üzerine sadâret mührü İzzet Paşa’ya verildi (14 Ekim 1918). İzzet Paşa, padişahın Damad Ferid Paşa’yı Mondros Mütarekesi’ni imzalayacak heyete başkan yapmak istemesine sert tepki gösterdi. Yirmi beş günlük sadâreti sırasında Mondros Mütarekesi imzalandı (30 Ekim 1918). Önemli mevkilere ordunun en seçkin kumandanlarını tayin etti. Talat, Enver ve Cemal paşaların ülkeden kaçmaları üzerine ağır ithamlara mâruz kaldı. Bir taraftan Damad Ferid Paşa ile Meclis-i A‘yân reisi Ahmed Rızâ Bey’in aleyhte çalışmaları, bir taraftan da padişahın kabinede bulunan İttihatçı nâzırlardan Câvid, Ali Fethi, Hayri ve Rauf beylerin uzaklaştırılmasını ısrarla istemesi üzerine Sultan Vahdeddin’i Kānûn-ı Esâsî’yi çiğnemekle suçlayarak 8 Kasım 1918’de kabinesiyle birlikte istifa etti.
Ahmed İzzet Paşa, 19 Mayıs 1919’da Damad Ferid Paşa’nın ikinci kabinesinde Vükelâ Meclisi’ne memur edilerek sandalyesiz nâzır oldu. Ancak Kuvâ-yi Milliye’ye karşı baskıların giderek artmasına, Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve arkadaşlarının tutuklanma kararına karşı çıkarak istifa etti. Ahmed Tevfik Paşa’nın üçüncü kabinesinde 22 Ekim 1920’de Dahiliye Nezâreti’ne getirildi. Tevfik Paşa hükümeti, Ankara ile İstanbul arasındaki anlaşmazlıkları halletmek üzere iki nâzırın Anadolu’ya gönderilmesini kararlaştırınca bu görev Ahmed İzzet Paşa’nın başkanlık edeceği bir heyete verildi. Aralarında Bahriye Nâzırı Sâlih Paşa’nın da bulunduğu İstanbul heyeti, 5 Aralık 1920’de Bilecik’te Mustafa Kemal Paşa ve arkadaşlarıyla görüştü. Heyet ertesi günü arzuları hilâfına Ankara’ya götürüldü. Birinci İnönü zaferi sırasında Ankara’da bulunan Ahmed İzzet Paşa bu galibiyet dolayısıyla karargâha gelerek umumi sevince katıldı. Üç buçuk aylık zoraki misafirlikten sonra kabineden istifa edeceklerine dair yazılı teminat alınarak Ankara’dan ayrılmalarına izin verildi. İzzet Paşa, 19 Mart 1921’de İstanbul’a gelip Ankara’da vermiş olduğu söze uyarak görevinden istifa etti. Ancak İstanbul’a dönüşünden dört ay kadar sonra Tevfik Paşa kabinesinde yeniden görev alması istendi. Durumdan Ankara’yı haberdar etmesine rağmen herhangi bir cevap alamayınca 13 Haziran 1921’de Hariciye Nezâreti görevini kabul etti. Sâlih Paşa da tekrar Bahriye Nezâreti’ne getirildi. Her iki nâzırın Tevfik Paşa kabinesinde yeniden görev alması Ankara’yı memnun etmedi. Hariciye Nezâreti’ne geçer geçmez Millî Mücadele’ye büyük zararları olan, daha sonra Yüzellilikler listesine konulan İstanbul Polis Müdürü Tahsin Bey’i görevinden azlederek yerine İstanbul merkez kumandanı ve aynı zamanda Millî Müdafaa Teşkilâtı Merkez Heyeti başkanı olan kardeşi Miralay Esat Bey’i getirdi.
Hariciye nâzırı olduğu sırada karşı propagandalarla Millî Hareket’in bir vatanseverlik gereği olduğunu göstermeye çalıştı. Bunda da büyük başarı sağladı. Millî Mücadele’nin başından sonuna kadar Anadolu’nun yanında yer aldı. İstanbul ile Ankara’nın uzlaştırılmasına çalıştı. 22 Mart 1922’de yapılan Paris Konferansı’nda Ankara hükümetinin görüşleri doğrultusunda Millî Hareket’i savundu. Türkiye’nin istiklâl ve mevcudiyeti temin edildiği takdirde Ankara’nın barışa razı olacağını ve Anadolu ile İstanbul arasındaki anlaşmazlığı da barışın çözebileceğini söyledi. Hariciye Nezâreti’ne geçtikten sonra da Mustafa Kemal Paşa kumandasındaki kuvvetlere silâh yardımında bulunmaya devam etti. Anadolu’ya yapılan silâh sevkiyatı tamamen onun bilgisi dahilinde olmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra Anadolu’nun işine yarayacak her türlü siyasî bilginin Ankara’ya ulaştırılmasını sağladı. Öte yandan çok sayıda subay ve önemli şahsiyet onun döneminde Anadolu’ya gönderildi. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda esir düşen çok sayıda Türk askerinin vatana geri getirilmesini temin etti. Millî hâkimiyet kavramını bağımsızlığın elde edilmesinden sonra ele alınacak bir hükümet tarzı olarak gören Ahmed İzzet Paşa, Millî Mücadele’nin aynı zamanda esaret altında bulunan sultan-halifeyi kurtarmak için yapıldığına bütün samimiyetiyle inanmıştı. Fakat Ankara’nın gerçek hedefini anladıktan sonra da Anadolu’yu desteklemeye devam etti.
Sadrazam Tevfik Paşa başkanlığındaki son Osmanlı hükümetinin 4 Kasım 1922’de istifa etmesi üzerine İzzet Paşa da görevinden ayrıldı. 25 Ekim 1923’te emekliye sevkedildi. Cumhuriyet döneminde kendisine herhangi bir resmî görev verilmedi. Emeklilik hayatı geçim sıkıntısı içinde geçti. Uzun zaman sonra İstanbul Elektrik Şirketi İdare Meclisi üyeliğine tayin edilerek kendisine bir miktar maaş bağlandı. 1934’te Furgaç soyadını aldı. 31 Mart 1937’de İstanbul’da ölen Ahmed İzzet Paşa’nın cenazesi devlet töreniyle kaldırılarak Karacaahmet Şehitliği’nde kardeşi General Esat Furgaç’ın yanına defnedildi.
Ahmed İzzet Paşa askerlik, felsefe, edebiyat, tarih, fen bilimleri gibi pek çok sahada bilgi sahibiydi. Almanca, Fransızca, Arapça ve Farsça biliyordu. Kibar, mert ve erdem sahibi bir kişi olup herkes tarafından seviliyordu. “Harb-i Umûmînin Vukū ve Ziyâında Mes’uller ve Mes’ûliyetler” adını taşıyan hâtıratı ilk defa Alman gazeteci ve yazarı Karl Klinghard tarafından Almanca’ya çevrilerek 1927 yılında basılmış, ardından İstanbul’da Akşam gazetesinde bir kısmı tefrika edilmiştir. Daha sonra ise tamamı yayımlanmıştır (bk. bibl.). Ayrıca Osmanlı-Yunan Seferi: Askerî Konferanslar Serisi (İstanbul 1325), ed-Dîn ve’l-ʿilm (Kahire 1948 [Arapça]) adlı eserleri bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, BEO , Hariciye, nr. 351986, 352410, 353872; Harbiye, nr. 294226, 345681, 346882, 349793.
Genelkurmay Başkanlığı (ATASE) Arşivi, A-1/4, klasör nr. 1369, dosya nr. 462-2-91, Fih. 1/2, 1/5, 1/15; A-1/4336, klasör nr. 1436, dosya nr. 69-209, Fih. 1-3, 24, 46, 52, 68, 69; A-1/4336, klasör nr. 1412, dosya nr. 5A-95, Fih. 1, 15, 16; A-4/6514, klasör nr. 3183, dosya nr. 21, Fih. 1-7; A-4/121, klasör nr. 328, dosya nr. H-10-61, Fih. 1-4, 21, 22, 50; A-1/15, klasör nr. 122, dosya nr. 1/29, Fih. 1, 2/1-8-11.
K. Klinghardt, Die Denkwürdigkeiten des Marschalls Ahmet Izzet Pascha , Leipzig 1927, s. 9-19, 200, 232; ayrıca bk. tür.yer.
Ahmet İzzet Paşa, Feryadım (haz. Süheyl İzzet Furgaç – Yüksel Kanar), I-II, İstanbul 1992-93.
Halide Edip Adıvar, The Turkish Ordeal , London 1928, s. 234-238.
İbnülemin, Son Sadrıazamlar , IV, 1973-2027.
Ali Fuad Erden, Paris’ten Tih Sahrasına , İstanbul 1949, s. 22-24.
Hüsamettin Ertürk, İki Devrin Perde Arkası (nşr. Samih Nafiz Tansu), İstanbul 1969, s. 212-217, 241, 242, 482, 483, 503.
Kâzım Karabekir, İstiklâl Harbimiz , İstanbul 1969, s. 974, 980, 984.
Gazi Mustafa Kemal, Nutuk (haz. Birol Emil – Melin Has-Er), İstanbul 1975, II, 84-89, 105-106, 199-201, 247-248.
Hüsnü Himmetoğlu, Kurtuluş Savaşı’nda İstanbul ve Yardımcıları , İstanbul 1975, II, 154-175, 183-186, 206, 207, 272, 273, 409.
Alptekin Müderrisoğlu, Kurtuluş Savaşının Mâlî Kaynakları , İstanbul 1981, s. 39.
Metin Ayışığı, Mareşal Ahmet İzzet Paşa (Askerî ve Siyasî Hayatı) , İstanbul 1997.
Tevhîd-i Efkâr , sy. 3291-3292, İstanbul 3-4 Mart 1338; sy. 3328, 9 Nisan 1338.
Vakit , sy. 350, İstanbul 14 Teşrînievvel 1334.
İkdam , sy. 8286, İstanbul 6 Mart 1336.
“Furgaç, Ahmet İzzet”, TA , XVII, 68.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 23. cildinde, 563-564 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.