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K‘B el-AHBÂR Skip to content Ebû İshâk Kâ‘b b. Mâti‘ b. Heynû‘ el-Himyerî el-Yemânî (ö. 32/652-53 [?])
Benî İsrâil’e dair rivayetleriyle tanınan tâbiî.
104 yaşında öldüğüne dair rivayete göre milâdî 551 yılı civarında doğduğu söylenebilir. Yemen’de yaşayan Zûruayn (Zülkelâ) soyundan gelmekte olup dedesinin adı Heysû‘ veya Amr olarak da zikredilmiş, geniş ilmi (hibr/habr, çoğulu ahbâr), yaygın olmayan bir rivayete göre ise mürekkeple (hibr) yazı yazması (Fâris eş-Şidyâk, s. 501) sebebiyle Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr (Kâ‘b el-Hibr) diye anılmıştır. Yemen’de yaşadığı, Resûl-i Ekrem zamanında oraya giden Hz. Ali ile görüşerek İslâmiyet’i kabul ettiği (Vâkıdî, el-Meġāzî , III, 1082-1083) veya Hz. Ebû Bekir devrinde müslüman olduğu (Zehebî, Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 52; İbn Hacer, Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , VIII, 438-439) yahut Hz. Ömer döneminde Medine’ye geldiği, halifenin Kudüs’te bulunduğunu öğrenince oraya giderek kendisiyle görüştüğü ve onun huzurunda müslüman olduğu kaydedilmektedir. İbn Sa‘d’ın naklettiği bir rivayete göre, bir yahudi âlimi olan babası Tevrat’ın bir kısmını yazıp kendisine vererek onunla yetinmesini tavsiye etmiş, diğer kitaplarını bir dolaba kilitleyip onları okumaması için kendisinden söz almıştır. Ancak İslâm’ın her tarafa yayılması üzerine babasının sakladığı kitapları okuyan Kâ‘b bunlarda Resûlullah ile ümmetinin özelliklerini görünce İslâmiyet’i kabul etmiş, Abbas da onu himayesine almıştır. Kâ‘b’ın müslüman oluşuyla ilgili olarak bazı garip hikâyeler de uydurulmuştur.
Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr, Hz. Ömer ve Suheyb-i Rûmî gibi sahâbîlerden hadis rivayet etmiş, Resûl-i Ekrem’den mürsel olarak rivayette bulunmuştur. Sahâbîlerden Hz. Ömer, Abdullah b. Ömer, Abdullah b. Abbas, Abdullah b. Zübeyr, Ebû Hüreyre ve Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân kendisinden faydalanmış, Hz. Ömer’in iki âzatlısı Eslem ve Ebû Râfi‘ es-Sâiğ ile Mâlik b. Âmir, Saîd b. Müseyyeb, Atâ b. Yesâr ve Kâ‘b’ın üvey oğulları Tübey el-Himyerî ile Nevf b. Fedâle gibi tâbiîler de ondan rivayette bulunmuştur. Rivayetleri Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ı, Dârimî, Ebû Dâvûd, Tirmizî ve Nesâî’nin es-Sünen ’lerinde yer alan Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’ın ilk zamanlar kıssa anlattığı, ancak devlet başkanı tarafından görevlendirilmeyen kişilerin kıssa anlatmasını yasaklayan hadisi duyunca (Müsned , IV, 233) bundan vazgeçtiği, Muâviye’nin izin vermesi üzerine de bu işe tekrar başladığı belirtilmektedir (İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe , V, 650). Zehebî onun Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’de rivayeti bulunduğuna işaret etmiş (Teẕkiretü’l-ḥuffâẓ , I, 52), ancak İbn Hacer el-Askalânî bunun doğru olmadığını, söz konusu rivayetin metninde Kâ‘b’ın adı geçse de (aş.bk.) Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’a ait bir değerlendirmenin yer aldığı bu rivayetin Kâ‘b’dan gelmediğini belirtmiştir (Tehẕîbü’t-Tehẕîb , VIII, 439).
Zehebî, Kâ‘b’ın elinde Tevrat’ın tahrif edilmemiş bir nüshası bulunduğu için yahudilere ait kitapları ve bu kitaplardaki sahih ve uydurma haberleri iyi tanıdığını söylemekte (Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , III, 490, 494), Ebû Nuaym el-İsfahânî de Kâ‘b’ın babasından kalan ve tahrif edilmemiş olduğu söylenen yegâne Tevrat nüshasından özellikle son peygambere inanmanın gereğine ve onun ümmetinin faziletine dair geniş iktibaslar yapmaktadır (Ḥilye , VI, 18-19, 32-35). Ayrıca Kâ‘b’ın ölümünden bir müddet önce imha ettiği (Zehebî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübelâʾ , III, 493-494) bu nüshaya dayanarak yaptığı Kur’an âyetleriyle ilgili bazı yorumların hadislere uygunluğunu gören sahâbenin onu tasvip ettiğine dair haberler rivayet edilmiştir (Ebû Nuaym, V, 372, 374-375, 377, 379, 384, 387; VI, 3, 27, 30). Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr Humus’a yerleşmiş, Bizanslılar’la yapılan savaşlara katılmış ve 32 (652-53) yılında burada vefat etmiştir. Ölüm tarihinin 34 veya 35 olduğu, Dımaşk’ta ölüp Bâbüssagīr Kabristanı’na defnedildiği de zikredilmiştir (M. Edîb el-Hüsnî, II, 425).
Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’ın güvenilirliği konusu tartışılmıştır. Onun verdiği bilgilere Hz. Ömer’in ilgi gösterdiği, kendisinden öğüt istediği ve tavsiyelerine uyduğu rivayet edilmiş (İbn Ebû Şeybe, VII, 49; Ebû Nuaym, V, 365, 368, 371, 386, 389, 390; VI, 44), ancak bazı şeyleri nakletmekten vazgeçmediği takdirde kendisini Medine’den süreceğini söylediği belirtilmiştir (Ebû Zür‘a ed-Dımaşkī, I, 544; Ebû Nuaym, V, 374-375). İbn Mes‘ûd, rivayetlerinde yer alan gerçek dışı hususlar sebebiyle onu eleştirmiş (Kurtubî, XIV, 357), sahâbe arasında Kâ‘b’ın rivayetlerine karşı olumsuz tutum ortaya koyan başka isimlerin de bulunduğu zikredilmiştir (Müsned , II, 486; Mes‘ûdî, II, 348-349; İbn Hacer, el-İṣâbe , III, 316).
Öte yandan Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’ı İbn Hibbân es̱-S̱iḳāt ’ında kaydetmiş, Nevevî, çok bilgili bir âlim olduğuna dair Ebü’d-Derdâ’nın görüşünü zikrettikten sonra geniş bilgisi ve sika kişiliği üzerinde ittifak bulunduğunu söylemiştir. İbn Asâkir ve Ebû Nuaym gibi müelliflerin, eserlerinde ona genişçe yer vermelerinin de kendisine duydukları güvenle açıklanması mümkündür. Zehebî ve İbn Hacer gibi nisbeten müteahhir sayılan muhaddisler Kâ‘b’ın biyografisini incelerken kendisini cerhedici bir beyanda bulunmamış, Zehebî ayrıca engin bilgisine ve dindar kişiliğine işaret etmiştir. Zayıf ve metrûk râvilerin biyografilerine dair eserlerde kendisine yer verilmemiş olması da Kâ‘b’ın lehinde bir husus olarak değerlendirilebilir.
Kâ‘b, İsrâiliyat’a dair rivayetleri ve bazı sahâbîlerin onun hakkındaki beyanları dikkate alınarak çağdaş bazı müellifler tarafından eleştirilmiştir. M. Reşîd Rızâ, Kâ‘b’ın bu tür rivayetleri İslâm’a soktuğundan söz ederken kulluk tezahürlerinde de samimi olmadığını söyleyecek kadar ileri gitmiş ve onun bu tarafının pek çok hadisçiye gizli kaldığını ileri sürmüş (Tefsîrü’l-Menâr , VIII, 449), Kâ‘b’ı sika kabul eden âlimleri yanılıp aldanmakla suçlamıştır (Remzi Na‘nâa, s. 169-170). Reşîd Rızâ’nın bu yaklaşımını Ahmed Emîn ve Ebû Reyye gibi müellifler daha da ileri götürmüş, bu eleştirilere yapılan karşı eleştirilerle tartışma günümüzde de önemini korumuş ve Kâ‘b’ı bu eleştirilere karşı savunanlar da olmuştur (meselâ bk. M. Hüseyin ez-Zehebî, s. 95-104; M. Acâc el-Hatîb, s. 317-330; Muhammed b. Muhammed Ebû Şehbe, s. 100-105).
Bu değerlendirmeler dikkate alındığında bazı sahâbîlerin kendisinden rivayette bulunduğu, Müslümanlığı kabul edişindeki samimiyetine gölge düşürecek herhangi bir değerlendirme yapmayan bir kişinin, kasıtlı olarak dine yanlış şeyler sokmaya çalışan ve dini tahrip etmek isteyen bir ajan gibi gösterilmesi kabul edilebilir bir husus olarak görünmemektedir. Ashaptan sonraki nesillerde bu tür bir suçlamayı teyit edecek herhangi bir görüş ortaya konmamıştır. Bazı sahâbîlerin onu eleştiren sözlerini veya ona yalan isnad etmelerini bir râvi olarak gerçek dışı şeyler uydurduğu şeklinde anlamak yerine, naklettiği bazı İsrâilî rivayetlerin gerçeklerle bağdaşmayan bilgiler olduğunu ileri sürmeleri anlamında değerlendirmek daha uygundur. Bu durum, onun dinde samimiyetsizliğini değil İsrâiliyat türünden yaptığı rivayetlerin dikkatle irdelenmesi gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Nitekim Buhârî gibi bir hadis otoritesinin Muâviye b. Ebû Süfyân’dan naklettiği ifade (Buhârî, “İʿtiṣâm”, 25), bir taraftan Kâ‘b’ın güvenilir kişiliğine işaret ederken diğer taraftan cerh ve ta‘dîl açısından rivayetlerinin tamamen sorunsuz olmadığını göstermektedir. Buna göre Muâviye, Kâ‘b’ın Ehl-i kitap’tan rivayette bulunanların en güveniliri olduğunu söylemiş, ancak rivayetlerinin, içinde bulunması muhtemel gerçek dışı şeyler açısından incelenmesi gerektiğine dikkat çekmiştir.
Ebü’l-Ferec İbnü’l-Cevzî’nin Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳuds ’ü ile Ziyâeddin el-Makdisî’nin Feżâʾilü Beyti’l-maḳdis ’indeki tarihî bilgilerin, Kisâî’nin Ḳıṣaṣü’l-enbiyâʾ , Sa‘lebî’nin ʿArâʾisü’l-mecâlis ’indeki peygamberlerle ilgili rivayetlerin, Ezrakī’nin Aḫbâru Mekke ’sinde Mekke tarihi, İbnü’l-Esîr’in el-Kâmil ’inde mahlûkatın yaratılması ve peygamberler hakkında verilen bilgilerin, ayrıca Mutahhir b. Tâhir el-Makdisî’nin el-Bedʾ ve’t-târîḫ , İbn Haldûn’un Kitâbü’l-ʿİber ve dîvânü’l-mübtedeʾ ve’l-ḫaber ’indeki bilgilerin bir kısmı Kâ‘b’dan rivayet edilen haberlere dayanmaktadır (M. Ali Ebû Hamde, s. 74-83). Brockelmann, Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr adına uydurulan Ḥadîs̱ü Ẕilkifl ’den (Bulak 1283), Ziriklî de Sîretü’l-İskender adlı iki cilt hacminde bir eserden söz etmektedir. Kitâbü Kâʿbi’l-Aḥbâr adlı eserin de Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr’a nisbet edilen rivayetlerden meydana geldiği görülmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Hacı Mahmud Efendi, nr. 4923). Kâ‘b el-Ahbâr hakkında Israel Wolfensohn Kaʿb al-Aḥbār und seine Stellung im Ḥadīṯ und in der islamischen Legendenliteratur adıyla bir doktora tezi hazırlamış (Frankfurt 1933), Muhammed Ali Ebû Hamde Fi’l-ʿUbûri’l-ḥaḍârî li’l-mektebeti’l-ʿArabiyyeti’l-İslâmiyye: el-Kitâbü’s̱-S̱ânî: Kâʿbü’l-Aḥbâr (Amman 1411/1991) adlı çalışmasında onun hakkındaki görüşleri derlemiş, Moshe Perlmann da Ḳıṣṣatü İslâmi Kâʿb el-Aḥbâr adlı bir risâleyi “A Legendary Story of Kaʿb al-Aḥbār’s Conversion to Islām” (The Joshua Starr Memorial Volume , New York 1953, s. 85-97), aynı konudaki diğer bir rivayeti de “Another Kaʿb al-Aḥbār Story” adıyla yayımlamıştır (The Jewish Quarterly Review , XLV [Philadelphia 1954], s. 48-58).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 1-3 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.