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KĀDÎ İYÂZ Skip to content Ebü’l-Fazl İyâz b. Mûsâ b. İyâz el-Yahsubî (ö. 544/1149)
Mâlikî kadısı, hadis, fıkıh ve dil âlimi.
476 yılı Şâban ayı ortalarında (Aralık 1083 sonları) Sebte’de (Ceuta) dünyaya geldi. Doğduğu yere nisbetle Sebtî, muhtemelen vefat ettiği yere nisbetle Merrâküşî diye de anılır. Ceddi Yahsub b. Mâlik, İmam Mâlik’in atalarından Zû Asbah el-Hâris’in kardeşidir. İyâz çeşitli âlimlerden temel dinî eserleri okudu. 507’de (1113-14) hadis bilgisini ilerletmek için Endülüs’e, bir yıl sonra da Mürsiye’ye (Murcia) ve Kurtuba’ya (Córdoba) gitti. Ebû Ali es-Sadefî’den Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim gibi hadis kitaplarını okudu; İbn Rüşd’ün büyük babası İbn Rüşd, Vezir İbn Abdûn el-Fihrî ve Ebû Bekir İbnü’l-Arabî’den faydalandı. el-Ġunye ’de, 100 civarında âlimden ya bizzat istifade ettiğini veya mektuplaşarak icâzet aldığını belirtir. Kādî İyâz 508’de (1114-15) Sebte’ye döndü. Safer 515’te (Mayıs 1121) Sebte kadılığına getirildi. On altı yıl kaldığı bu görevi sırasında Sebte’ye çeşitli alanlarda hizmet ederek şehrin gelişmesini sağladı. Başta oğlu Dâniye (Denia) Kadısı Ebû Abdullah Muhammed olmak üzere Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Muhammed el-Aşîrî, İbnü’l-Kusayr Abdurrahman b. Ahmed el-Gırnâtî, İbn Hayr, İbn Beşküvâl, İbn Zerkūn Muhammed b. Saîd el-Ensârî, İbn Madâ ve İbn Melcûm Abdurrahman b. Îsâ el-Ezdî onun talebeleri arasında yer almıştır.
Kādî İyâz, 531’de (1137) Sebte kadılığından alınarak Gırnata kadılığına tayin edildi. Murâbıt hânedanından Tâşfîn onun tarafsız hükümlerini hazmedemediği için görevine son verdi. O da Gırnata’dan ayrılarak Kurtuba’ya gitti. Murâbıtlar’la Muvahhidler arasında cereyan eden savaşlarda Sebte’nin tehlikeye düştüğünü görünce İbn Tûmert’in mehdîliğini kabul eden Muvahhidler’e karşı Sebte’nin müdafaasını üzerine aldı ve 535’te (1140) Sebte’ye yürüyen Muvahhidler Devleti’nin kurucusu Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’yi geri çekilmek zorunda bıraktı. 539’da (1144) Murâbıt Meliki İbrâhim b. Tâşfîn tarafından tekrar Sebte kadılığına getirildi. Bu sırada Muvahhidler’in güçlendiğini gören Sebteliler onlara itaat edince Kādî İyâz da Abdülmü’min’e bağlılığını bildirdi, ancak bir müddet sonra hemşerilerinin Muvahhidler’e karşı isyan etmesine öncülük etti. Abdülmü’min’in duruma yeniden hâkim olması ve Sebteliler’in ondan af dilemesi üzerine Kādî İyâz’ın Merakeş’te ikamete mecbur edildiği veya Tâdlâ bölgesine kadı olarak görevlendirildiği belirtilmektedir. Ancak Merakeş’e vardığı zaman hastalanarak 9 Cemâziyelâhir 544’te (14 Ekim 1149) vefat etti ve Bâbüîlân’a defnedildi (Kādî İyâz’ın ölüm sebebi hakkında çelişkili rivayetler için bk. Zehebî, XX, 217; İbn Ferhûn, II, 51; Şa‘rânî, I, 15; Beşîr Ali Hamed et-Türâbî, s. 108-113).
Kādî İyâz’ın oğlu Muhammed’den torunu İyâz b. Muhammed ve onun oğlu Muhammed b. İyâz da kadılık yapmıştır. Bid‘at ve hurafeden uzak inancı, zâhidâne yaşayışı, İslâmî konulardaki tâvizsiz tutumu ve talebelerine karşı mütevazi kişiliğiyle tanınan Kādî İyâz zekâsı, etkileyici konuşması, hazırcevaplığı yanında Mağrib hattını güzel yazması gibi özellikleriyle de anılmaktadır. Hocası Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Ali et-Tağlibî, onun ölümüyle Mağrib’de yerini tutacak birini bırakmadan gittiğini belirtmiş, Zehebî de döneminde Sebte’de Kādî İyâz’dan daha çok eser veren bir âlimin bulunmadığını ifade etmiş, kaynaklarda çoğu hadis, usûl-i hadîs ve tarih sahasında olmak üzere kırk civarında eser kaleme aldığı belirtilmiştir. Ayrıca ricâlü’l-hadis, kıraat ve Kur’an ilimleri, fıkıh ve usûl-i fıkıh, kelâm, ensâb, Arap dili ve edebiyatı alanlarında da söz sahibi olduğu belirtilen Kādî İyâz devrinin hadis imamı diye anılmış, Ebû Ali es-Sadefî’nin Ṣaḥîḥ-i Buḫârî ’nin yegâne nüshasından mukabele ettiği nüsha Mağrib’de büyük ölçüde onun vasıtasıyla yayılmıştır. İmam Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ adlı eserinin âlî senedle gelen bir rivayetine ve Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’in tanınmış hocalardan elde ettiği nüshalarına sahip olarak bunları okutmuş, Kur’ân-ı Kerîm sûreleri ve Hz. Peygamber’in methi hakkında kasideler yazmış, kendisinden icâzet isteyenlere manzum olarak icâzet vermiştir. Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. İyâz, babasının özellikle gençlik yıllarında söylediği bir hayli şiiri bulunduğunu, ancak bunları toplamaya özen göstermediğini belirtmiş, babası hakkında İbn Sâre eş-Şenterînî, İbn Bakī, İbn Cûdî Ali b. Abdurrahman gibi şairlerin söylediği şiirlerden 5000 kadar beyti bir araya getirmiştir (et-Taʿrîf , s. 101-104).
Eserleri. 1. eş-Şifâʾ bi-taʿrîfi ḥuḳūḳi (fî şerefi)’l-Muṣṭafâ . Dört bölümden meydana gelen eserde Hz. Peygamber’in yüce kişiliği ve sahip bulunduğu özelliklerle ona karşı saygısız davrananlara uygulanacak ceza konuları ele alınmıştır. Üzerinde pek çok şerh, hâşiye, ihtisar ve ta‘lik çalışması yapılan eserin baskıları arasında Muhammed Emîn Karaali (v.dğr., I-II, Dımaşk 1392/1972-1973) ve Ali Muhammed el-Bicâvî (I-II, Kahire 1977; Beyrut 1984) neşirleri, Şehâbeddin el-Hafâcî’nin Nesîmü’r-riyâż adlı şerhi (Bulak 1257; İstanbul 1267, I-IV; Beyrut 1326/1908, ofset), Hanîf İbrâhim Efendi’nin Hulâsatü’l-vefâ fî şerhi’ş-Şifâ adıyla yapılan tercüme ve şerhi (I-II, İstanbul 1314-1317) zikredilebilir.
2. Tertîbü’l-medârik ve taḳrîbü’l-mesâlik li-maʿrifeti aʿlâmi meẕhebi Mâlik . Mâlikî mezhebine mensup 1600 kadar âlimin biyografisine dair olan eserin birinci cüzü Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî (Rabat 1383/1965), tamamı ise bir fihrist cildiyle birlikte Ahmed Bekîr Mahmûd (I-V [üç cilt], Beyrut 1387-1388/1967-1968) ve Abdülkādir es-Sahrâvî ile Saîd Ahmed A‘râb (I-VIII, Rabat 1403/1982) tarafından yayımlanmıştır.
3. Meşâriḳu’l-envâr ʿalâ ṣıḥâḥi’l-âs̱âr . Buhârî ve Müslim’in el-Câmiʿu’ṣ-ṣaḥîḥ ’leri ile Mâlik’in el-Muvaṭṭaʾ ında geçen garîb kelimeleri açıklamak ve hatalı yazılan kelimeleri düzeltmek maksadıyla alfabetik olarak düzenlenen eser Kādî İyâz’ın hadis ilmindeki otoritesinin bir göstergesi sayılabilir. Her harfin sonunda ayrıca, o harfle ilgili olarak bu üç eserde bulunup okunuşunda güçlük çekilen yer ve şahıs isimleriyle, lakaplar, künyeler ve nisbeler hakkında açıklamalar yapılmış, eserin sonunda anılan üç kitaptaki hadislerin sened ve metinlerinde meydana gelen tashîf ve tahrifler, i‘rab hataları üzerinde durulmuştur. Meşâriḳu’l-envâr ’ın İbn Kurkūl tarafından Meṭâliʿu’l-envâr adıyla ihtisar edildiği (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1715) veya Meṭâliʿu’l-envâr ’ın Meşâriḳu’l-envâr tarzında ve ondan faydalanılarak telif edildiği kaydedilmektedir. Çeşitli baskıları yapılan eseri (I-II, Fas 1328; I-II, Kahire 1332; I-II, Tunus 1333) son olarak Ahmed Yeken el-Bel‘amşî Rabat’ta neşretmiştir (I-II, 1403/1982).
4. el-İlmâʿ ilâ maʿrifeti uṣûli’r-rivâye ve taḳyîdi’s-semâʿ . İbnü’s-Salâh’ın kaynakları arasında yer alan eser Seyyid Ahmed Sakr tarafından yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1389/1970, 1398/1978).
5. İkmâlü’l-Muʿlim bi-fevâʾid (fî şerḥi Ṣaḥîḥ)i Müslim . Mâzerî’nin, Ṣaḥîḥ-i Müslim ’in ilk şerhi olan el-Muʿlim adlı eserindeki bazı eksikliklerin tamamlanması ve bazı hataların düzeltilmesi amacıyla ona zeyil mahiyetinde yazılan eseri Yahyâ İsmâil neşretmiştir (I-IX, Mansûre 1419/1998). Kādî İyâz’ın eksik bıraktığı kısımları Übbî tamamlayarak çalışmasına İkmâlü İkmâli’l-Muʿlim bi-fevâʾidi Müslim adını vermiş (nşr. Muhammed Sâlih Hâşim, I-IX, Beyrut 1415/1994), Muhammed b. Yûsuf es-Senûsî bu eserde gördüğü eksikleri Mükemmilü İkmâli’l-İkmâl adlı eseriyle tamamlamış, Senûsî’nin çalışması İkmâlü İkmâli’l-Muʿlim ’in hâmişinde yayımlanmıştır. Kādî İyâz’ın bu eserinin mukaddimesini, Hüseyin b. Muhammed Şevvât Muḳaddimetü İkmâli’l-Muʿlim bi-fevâʾidi Müslim adıyla neşretmiştir (Huber 1414/1994).
6. Buġyetü’r-râʾid fîmâ fî (limâ tażammenehû) ḥadîs̱i Ümmi Zerʿ mine’l-fevâʾid . Ümmü Zer‘ hadisinde geçen garîb kelimeleri açıklamak amacıyla kaleme alınan eser, İbn Hacer el-Askalânî’ye göre bu konuda yazılanların en genişi ve en derli toplu olanıdır. Selâhaddin b. Ahmed el-İdlîbî, Muhammed Hasan Ecânif ve Muhammed Abdüsselâm eş-Şerkāvî eseri, Rabat’ta bulunan dört nüshasına dayanarak Süyûtî’nin Tefsîru ḥadîs̱i Ümmi Zerʿ i ile birlikte (s. 219-233) yayımlamıştır (Rabat 1395/1975; Kahire 1983; M. Yaşar Kandemir ve Tihâmî Râcî el-Hâşimî’nin eserle ilgili çalışmaları için aş.bk.).
7. el-Ġunye: Fihristü şüyûḫi’l-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż . Kādî İyâz’ın hocalarından 100 kadarının biyografisinin yer aldığı eser, Muhammed b. Abdülkerîm (Tunus 1979) ve Mâhir Züheyr Cerrâr (Beyrut 1402/1982) tarafından neşredilmiştir.
8. el-Ecvibe fîmâ (ʿammâ) nezele fî eyyâmi ḳażâʾih min nevâzili’l-aḥkâm . Müellifin kadılık yaptığı yıllarda sorulan bazı meselelere verdiği cevapları ihtiva etmektedir. Oğlu Muhammed, kendisine yöneltilen soruların cevaplarıyla birlikte eseri Meẕâhibü’l-ḥükkâm fî nevâzili’l-aḥkâm adıyla derlemiştir (nşr. Muhammed b. Şerîfe, Beyrut 1410/1990).
9. el-İʿlâm bi-ḥudûdi ḳavâʿidi’l-İslâm (el-Ḳavâʿid) . Çocuklar için yazılan ve İslâm’ın beş esasını ihtiva eden eseri Muhammed b. Tâvît et-Tancî (Rabat 1384/1964) ve M. Sâdık el-Minşâvî ile Mahmûd Abdurrahman Abdülmün‘im (Kahire 1995) yayımlamıştır. Eserin el-ʿAḳīde adıyla da anıldığını söyleyen Brockelmann, Ebü’l-Abbas Ahmed b. Kāsım el-Kabbâb el-Cüzâmî ve Ebü’l-Fazl el-Ukbânî tarafından yapılan şerhlerinin nüshalarını zikretmiştir (GAL Suppl. , I, 632).
10. el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-müştemile (el-Ḳaṣîdetü’l-ferîdetü’l-ġarrâʾ) ʿalâ esmâʾi süveri’l-Ḳurʾân . Kur’an sûrelerinin adlarının zikredildiği elli beş beyitlik bir kaside olup Ahmed Ömer el-Mahmesânî tarafından neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1318). Muhammed b. Şeneb’in, Brockelmann’a istinaden bu kasidenin Talâk sûresinin 7. âyetinin son beş kelimesi hakkında olduğunu söylemesi (İA , V/2, s. 1236) bir zühul eseri olmalıdır.
Kādî İyâz’ın günümüze geldiği bilinen diğer eserleri de şunlardır: Müşkil hadislerin şerhine dair Minhâcü’l-ʿavârif ilâ rûḥi’l-maʿârif , Risâle ketebehâ ʿinde’l-ḳabri’l-muḳaddes , Mâlikî fıkhının ana kaynaklarıyla ilgili olup el-Müdevvenetü’l-kübrâ ’nın lafızlarının, müşkil taraflarının ve rivayetlerinin açıklandığı et-Tenbîhâtü’l-müstenbiṭa ʿale’l-kütüb (fî şerḥi müşkilât) el-müdevvene ve’l-muḫteliṭa (Brockelmann, GAL Suppl. , I, 632; Sezgin, I, 469). Zamanımıza ulaşıp ulaşmadığı bilinmeyen eserlerinden el-Câmiʿ fi’t-târîḫ (Câmiʿu’t-târîḫ) adlı kitabında, İslâmiyet’in İspanya’ya girdiği tarihi başlangıç alarak Endülüs ve Mağrib hükümdarlarının hayatından, Sebte şehrinden, özellikle Sebte kadı ve fakihlerinden, ayrıca Hüseyniye Devleti tarihinden bahsettiği kaydedilmekte; el-Muʿcem fî şüyûḫi İbn Sükkere ’de Ebû Ali es-Sadefî’nin 200 kadar hocasının biyografisini topladığı belirtilmekte; Ġarîbü’ş-Şihâb ’da Kudâî’nin Şihâbü’l-aḫbâr ’ındaki garîb ve nâdir kelimeleri açıkladığı, Abdülmelik b. Muhammed el-Harkûşî’nin Şerefü’l-Muṣṭafâ ’sını ihtisar ederek eş-Şifâʾ a bir tür hazırlık yaptığı anlaşılmaktadır (diğer eserleri için bk. Kādî İyâz, Tertîbü’l-medârik , neşredenin girişi, s. kâ-kez; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , I, 805).
Kādî İyâz çeşitli yönleriyle bazı çalışmalara da konu olmuştur. Oğlu Muhammed et-Taʿrîf bi’l-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż (bk. bibl.), Ahmed b. Muhammed Makkarî Ezhârü’r-riyâż fî aḫbâri ʿİyâż (I-III, Kahire 1939-1942), Abdullah Kennûn el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż beyne’l-ʿilm ve’l-edeb (Riyad 1983), Abdüsselâm Şakkūr el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż el-Edîb (Tanca 1984), Hasan el-Verâkilî el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż müfessiren (Rabat 1404-1405/1984-1985), Tihâmî Râcî el-Hâşimî el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż el-luġavî min ḫilâli ḥadîs̱i Ümmi Zerʿ et-Taʿrîf bi-Kitâbi’ş-Şifâʾ (Dârülbeyzâ 1985), Ahmed Cemâl el-Ömerî es-Sîretü’n-nebeviyye fî mefhûmi’l-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż (Kahire 1988) ve Beşîr Ali Hamed et-Türâbî el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż ve cühûdühû fî ʿilmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Beyrut 1418/1998) adlı eserleri kaleme almışlardır. Ayrıca M. Yaşar Kandemir al-Kâdî ‘İyâd ve Bugyat arrâ’id fîmâ fî hadîs Umm Zar‘ min al-favâ’id (bk. bibl.), Âkif Köten Kâdî İyâz, Hayatı, Eserleri ve Şerh Metodu (1980, Uludağ Üniversitesi İlâhiyat Fakültesi), Gassân Ahmed Abdurrahman el-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż el-Yaḥṣubî ve menhecühû fi’l-ʿaḳīde (1414/1994, I-II, el-Câmiatü’l-İslâmiyye külliyyetü’d-da‘ve ve usûli’d-dîn) adıyla doktora çalışmaları yapmışlardır. “Devretü’l-Kādî İyâz” adlı ilmî toplantıda (Merakeş 1401/1981) sunulan tebliğlerin bir araya getirildiği Nedvetü’l-İmâm Mâlik: Devretü’l-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż ’da (I-III, Rabat 1404/1983) onun muhtelif yönleri ele alınmıştır. İmam Şâfiî’nin, namazlarda son ka‘dede Hz. Peygamber’e salâtüselâm okunması gerektiğine dair görüşüne Kādî İyâz tarafından yöneltilen eleştiriye Şâfiî âlimlerinden İbnü’l-Haydırî Zehrü’r-riyâż fî reddi mâ şeneʿahü’l-Ḳāḍî ʿİyâż adlı eseriyle cevap vermiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 1520).
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Halima Ferhat, “Famille et société à Sabta d’apres l’ouvrage du Cadi ‘Iyyāḍ Madhāhib al-Ḥukkām (XIIeme siècle)”, Hespéris Tamuda , XXX/2, Rabat 1992, s. 5-15.
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Âkif Köten, “Kadı İyaz, Hayatı, Eserleri ve eş-Şifâ’sının Özellikleri”, UÜ İlâhiyât Fakültesi Dergisi , VII, Bursa 1998, s. 269-278.
Moh. Ben Cheneb, “İyâd”, İA , V/2, s. 1235-1236.
M. Talbī, “ʿIyāḍ b. Mūsā”, EI2 (Fr.) , IV, 302-303.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 116-118 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.