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KADIZÂDE-i RÛMÎ Skip to content (ö. 844/1440’tan sonra)
Matematikçi ve astronom.
Ulemâ sınıfından gelen babasının ölümü üzerine dedesi Kadı Mahmud Çelebi tarafından yetiştirildiği için Kadızâde lakabıyla anılmaktadır; bu lakapla tanınmadan önce Mûsâ Paşa veya Mûsâ Çelebi diye biliniyordu. Dinî ve aklî ilimleri dedesinden ve I. Murad döneminin meşhur âlimi Molla Fenârî’den okudu. Ardından dedesinin öğrencilerinden Bedreddin Simâvî ile birlikte Konya’ya giderek Müneccim Feyzullah’tan astronomi dersleri aldı. Anadolu’daki hocalarından biri de Saferşah er-Rûmî’dir. 1400’lü yılların başlarında aile fertlerinin karşı çıkmasına rağmen hocası Molla Fenârî’nin teşvikiyle, Merâga matematik-astronomi okulunun ilmî mirası çerçevesinde canlılığını koruyan Mâverâünnehir ve Horasan bölgesine giderek 814’ten (1411) itibaren Semerkant’ta, dönemin önde gelen âlimlerinden kelâmcı-matematikçi Seyyid Şerîf el-Cürcânî’nin derslerine devam etti. Ancak daha sonra her meseleye matematikçi gözüyle bakması yüzünden hocasıyla anlaşmazlığa düşüp dersini bıraktığı ve onun ünlü eseri Şerḥu’l-Mevaḳıf ’taki çeşitli fikirlerini eleştirdiği bilinmektedir (Taşköprizâde, s. 14-16). Bunun üzerine Cürcânî’nin, “Kadızâde’nin tabiatına riyâziyyât galip gelmiş” dediği rivayet edilir. Bu ifadesiyle onun, var olanın bilgisine ulaşmak için uygulanan tabii ve kelâmî yönteme karşı Kadızâde’nin hendesî çizgideki riyâzî tavrı benimsediğini belirtmek istediği anlaşılmaktadır. Nitekim Kadızâde’nin tabii ve kelâmî çerçevede herhangi bir eser vermemesi de bunu göstermektedir.
Semerkant’ta Uluğ Bey ile tanışan Kadızâde kısa zamanda hükümdarın sevgi ve saygısını kazanarak özel hocası oldu; ardından Uluğ Bey Medresesi’nin başhocalığına ve Cemşîd el-Kâşî’den sonra o dönemde inşa edilen Semerkant Rasathânesi’nin başına getirildi. Derslerine Uluğ Bey ve diğer hocaların da katıldığı Kadızâde ilmî özerkliğe büyük önem verirdi. Uluğ Bey’in kendisinden habersiz olarak bir müderrisi görevden alması yüzünden ders vermeyi bırakmış ve sebebini sorunca da Uluğ Bey’e, “Ben tavsiye üzerine, kural olarak azlin söz konusu olmadığı bir görev üstlendim. Şu ana kadar da müderrisliğin böyle olduğunu sanıyordum. Ancak bu işte de azlin uygulandığını görünce görevi bıraktım” cevabını verdi. Bunun üzerine Uluğ Bey müderrisi görevine iade etti ve bir daha müderris azletmeyeceğine dair söz verdi; Kadızâde de yeniden ders vermeye başladı (a.g.e. , s. 17). Semerkant’taki faaliyetleri hakkında daha fazla bilgi bulunmayan Kadızâde’nin ölüm tarihi de kesin olarak bilinmemekte, fakat çeşitli ansiklopedilerde Abdülhak Adnan Adıvar’dan alındığı anlaşılan 1412 yılına rastlanmaktadır. Ancak onun, talebesi Fethullah eş-Şirvânî’ye verdiği icâzetnâmenin (DİA , XII, 464) 15 Rebîülâhir 844 (13 Eylül 1440) tarihini taşıması bu sırada hayatta olduğunu göstermektedir.
Kendi dönemi ve muhitindeki kelâmî ve tasavvufî yaklaşımları yakından bilen Kadızâde, riyâziyyâta yatkınlığı sebebiyle bu çizginin en iyi temsil edildiğini düşündüğü Mâverâünnehir bölgesine gitmiştir. Uluğ Bey’in kendisine teveccühünde de meşrep yakınlığı önemli rol oynamıştır. Burada yetiştirdiği öğrencilerin Orta Asya İslâm-Türk kültürü ve İran kültür bölgesindeki etkileri henüz tam olarak ortaya konulmuş değildir. Ancak talebelerine Osmanlı ülkesine gitmeleri için telkinde bulunmuş, Ali Kuşçu ve Fethullah eş-Şirvânî onun yönlendirmesiyle Anadolu’ya gelirken Semerkant matematik-astronomi okulunun zengin birikimini de birlikte getirmişlerdir. Böylece Kadızâde, başka bir coğrafyada ilmî faaliyette bulunsa da öğrencileri vasıtasıyla asıl vatanına hizmet etmiş, bu sebeple Taşköprizâde Ahmed Efendi onu Osmanlı ulemâsının ikinci tabakasına yerleştirmiştir. Ayrıca Kadızâde’nin geometriyle ilgili Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs ’i ile astronomiye dair Şerḥu’l-Mülaḫḫaṣ fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe ’si, Osmanlı medreselerinde orta seviyede ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Böylece Osmanlı ilim hayatını hem talebeleri hem eserleriyle zenginleştirip yönlendiren Kadızâde, Osmanlı ilim muhitinde yetişen gerçek anlamda ilk özgün matematikçi ve astronom sayılır.
Kadızâde’nin en önemli astronomi faaliyeti, Semerkant Rasathânesi’ndeki çalışmalara katılması ve Zîc-i Uluġ Bey ’in telif heyetinde yer almasıdır. Bir ekip çalışması olan Zîc ’deki katkısı bütün ayrıntılarıyla tesbit edilmemekle birlikte Cemşîd el-Kâşî’den sonra rasathânenin başına geçerek gözlemlere ve bunlara dayalı matematik astronomi hesaplamalarına bizzat nezaret etmesi Kadızâde’nin bu eserin hazırlanmasında önemli bir rol oynadığını göstermektedir.
Çağmînî’nin eserine yazdığı şerhin mukaddimesinde onun astronomiyle ilgili yaklaşımına karşı çıkan Kadızâde’ye göre fizikî varlıklardan yalnız dünyanın küre olma durumu incelenebilir. Bu konudaki görüşler de müelliften müellife değişir. Ayrıca astronominin nihaî hedefi gök cisimlerinin incelenmesidir; dolayısıyla yeryüzü ile uğraşmak doğru değildir. Onun Şerḥu’l-Mülaḫḫaṣ fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe adlı eserinin mukaddimesindeki, “Zamanımızda hakikate ilişkin ilimlerin öğretildiği mekânlarla tâlime ilişkin mekânlardan özellikle riyâzî olanların kökü kazındı” cümlesinden (Süleymaniye Ktp., Fâtih, nr. 3403, vr. 1b ), daha çok Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin eserlerinin temsil ettiği fizikçi ve matematikçi görüşlerin sentezini oluşturan İbn Heysemci astronomi çizgisinden rahatsızlık duyduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Kadızâde’nin bu tutumu, öğrencisi Ali Kuşçu’nun er-Risâletü’l-fetḥiyye fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe ve Şerḥu’t-Tecrîd adlı kitaplarında İbnü’l-Heysemci çizgiyi ortadan kaldırmaya çalışmasıyla daha da belirgin duruma gelmekte ve bu iki âlimin eserlerinin birbirini tamamladığı görülmektedir. Nitekim bu eserler Osmanlı medreselerinde birlikte okutulmuştur.
Eserleri. A) Matematik. 1. Tuḥfetü’r-reʾîs fî şerḥi Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs . Şemseddin Muhammed b. Eşref es-Semerkandî’nin Eşkâlü’t-teʾsîs adlı eserine yapılmış bir şerh olup 815’te (1412) Uluğ Bey’e ithafen kaleme alınmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2743, 31 varak; müellif nüshası); daha çok Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs adıyla tanınmaktadır. Kadızâde, teorik geometri açısından en önemli çalışması olan bu şerhinde birçok noktada Semerkandî’den farklı bir yaklaşım sergilemiş ve açıklamalarında Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Taḥrîrü’l-uṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-hendese ’si ile Esîrüddin el-Ebherî’nin Iṣlâḥu’l-Öklîdis ’inden faydalanmıştır. Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs ’in Osmanlı matematik tarihi açısından en önemli özelliği, uzun yıllar medreselerde orta seviyeli bir geometri ders kitabı olarak okutulmasıdır (İstanbul 1268, 1274). Dünya kütüphanelerinde 200’ü aşkın yazma nüshası bulunan eser üzerine Kadızâde’nin öğrencisi Tâc Saîdî (Ebü’l-Feth Muhammed b. Saîd Hüseynî), Fasîhuddin Muhammed, Molla Çelebi (Muhammed b. Ali el-Âmidî), Şeyhülislâm Bolulu Mustafa Efendi, Abdülber b. Abdülkādir el-Feyyûmî, Muhammed b. Yâr Muhammed el-Buhârî ve Muhammed b. Hüseyin el-Attâr el-Halebî gibi pek çok matematikçi tarafından hâşiyelerle ta‘likler yazılmış ve bunlar Osmanlı geometri eğitiminde kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca kitabı, Sultan III. Selim’in emriyle 1794 yılında dönemin matematikçilerinden Muğlalı Müftüzâde Abdürrahîm b. Yûsuf Menteşevî açıklamalı olarak Türkçe’ye çevirmiştir (İÜ Ktp., TY, nr. 6838). Semerkandî’nin metniyle beraber yeni bir neşri yapılan Şerḥu Eşkâli’t-teʾsîs (Muhammed Süveysî, Tunus 1984) konuları belirli bir düzene göre sunmadığından pedagojik değildir. Öte yandan bazı teoremlerde müellifle şârih farklı ekolleri öne çıkarmış ve farklı düşünceleri tercih etmiştir. Özellikle bu durum, matematik tarihinde paraleller aksiyomu olarak bilinen “beşinci postula” meselesinde görülür. Müellif İbnü’l-Heysem Ömer Hayyâm, Cevherî, Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî ve Ebherî gibi matematikçilerin bu konuyla ilgili düşüncelerini eleştirir ve ileri sürdükleri fikirlerin yanlış olduğunu iddia eder. Şârih Kadızâde ise kitapta bahsi geçen Tûsî’nin Taḥrîrü’l-uṣûl ’ü ile Ebherî’nin Iṣlâḥu’l-Öklîdis ’ini incelediğini ve Semerkandî’nin aksine bu iki üstadın görüşlerinde yanlışlık göremediğini belirtir. Ayrıca yeri geldiğinde Ebherî’nin beşinci postulaya verdiği ispatı zikreder. Bu özellikleriyle Şerḥu’l-Eşkâl , İslâm medeniyetinde gelişmiş olan farklı geometri anlayışlarını içermektedir. Bunun yanında eser, Muhammed b. Mûsâ el-Hârizmî’nin kurduğu ve haleflerinin geliştirdiği İslâm cebirinin etkisiyle kısmen unutulan Öklid’in geometrik cebirinden de bazı örnekler ihtiva etmektedir ki bu durum, Osmanlılar’da geometrik nicelikle (aded-i muttasıl) cebir ve aritmetik yapma geleneğinin devamlılığını sağlamıştır.
2. Risâle fi’stiḫrâci ceybi derece vâḥide bi-aʿmâlin müʾessese ʿalâ ḳavâʿide ḥisâbiyye ve hendesiyye ʿalâ ṭarîḳati Ġıyâs̱iddîn el-Kâşî . Cemşîd el-Kâşî’nin 1 derecelik yayın sinüsünün hesaplanması için geliştirdiği cebir yöntemi hakkındaki risâlesinin şerhi olup (Kandilli Rasathânesi Ktp., nr. 76, 7 yaprak) Kadızâde’nin matematik sahasında yazdığı en orijinal eser olarak kabul edilir. Kâşî’nin üçüncü dereceden bir denklem haline getirerek çözdüğü bu problemdeki yöntemini Kadızâde genişletip basitleştirmiştir. Tahran’da (1299/1882) taş baskısı yapılan risâle Rusça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (DSB , VIII, 262; Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, s. 343, 382).
3. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Taḥrîri uṣûli’l-hendese . Kâtib Çelebi’nin bildirdiğine göre Tûsî’nin Taḥrîrü’l-uṣûl fî ʿilmi’l-hendese ’sine yazılmış bir hâşiyedir; ancak yedinci makaleye kadar gelebilmiştir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 139).
Sâlih Zeki’nin Kadızâde’ye nisbet ettiği, müellif adı olarak Selâhaddin Mûsâ isminin yer aldığı Risâle fi’l-ḥisâb (Muḫtaṣar fi’l-ḥisâb, er-Risâletü’ṣ-ṣalâḥiyye fi’l-ḳavâʿidi’l-ḥisâbiyye) adlı eser ise (Âsâr-ı Bâkıye , I, 190; Akpınar v.dğr., I, 5) kendisinden önce yaşamış Selâhaddin Mûsâ adlı başka bir matematikçiye ait olmalıdır. Çünkü eserin meçhul şârihi dîbâcede müelliften “merhum” diye söz etmektedir. Ayrıca Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’ndeki nüshasının (Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1992/2) 784 (1382) yılında istinsah edilmiş olması bunun başka bir âlime ait olacağını göstermektedir. Dolayısıyla Sâlih Zeki’nin Selâhaddin Mûsâ adlı müellifin kaleme aldığı matematiğe dair eserleri Kadızâde’ye nisbet etmesi doğru değildir. Ayrıca yine ona nisbet edilen Risâle fi’l-misâḥa adlı çalışmanın da (Akpınar v.dğr., I, 5) durumu kesin değildir.
B) Astronomi. 1. Şerḥu’l-Mülaḫḫaṣ fî ʿilmi’l-heyʾe . Çağmînî’nin el-Mülaḫḫaṣ fi’l-heyʾe ’sinin şerhi olup 814’te (1412) yazılarak Uluğ Bey’e sunulmuştur (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2662; müellif nüshasından istinsah edilmiştir). Kadızâde’nin nazarî astronomi sahasında telif ettiği en önemli çalışmadır. Osmanlı medreselerinde orta seviyeli ders kitabı olarak okutulan eserin zamanımıza 300’ü aşkın nüshası gelmiş, ayrıca çeşitli baskıları yapılmıştır (Hint 1271; Leknev 1290; Delhi 1292, 1313, 1316; İstanbul 1296). Kitap üzerine Sinan Paşa, Muhyiddin Niksârî, Molla Ahaveyn, Abdülalî el-Bircendî, Abdurrahman b. Hasan el-Cebertî ve Fahrîzâde el-Mevsılî’nin yazdıkları başta olmak üzere pek çok hâşiye kaleme alınmıştır. Bunlardan özellikle Bircendî’nin hâşiyesi çok rağbet görmüş ve Osmanlı medreselerinde ders kitabı olarak okutulmuştur. Kadızâde’nin şerhi ayrıca Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in emriyle Hamza b. Hacı b. Süleyman tarafından Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 2592/1, vr. 1b -44b ).
2. Ḥâşiye ʿalâ Taḥrîri’l-Mecisṭî . Nasîrüddîn-i Tûsî’nin Taḥrîrü’l-Mecisṭî adlı eserine Nizâmeddin en-Nîsâbûrî’nin yazdığı Taʿbîrü’t-Taḥrîr adlı şerhin bazı zor yerlerini açıklayan bir hâşiyedir (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1595).
3. Risâle fi’stiḫrâci ḥaṭṭi nıṣfi’n-nehâr ve semti’l-ḳıble . Bir mukaddime, iki bab ve bir hâtimeden oluşan bu küçük çalışma Kadızâde’nin bilinen tek Farsça astronomi eseridir (King, I, 451; II, 1079).
Kadızâde ayrıca, Mevlânâzâde Ahmed b. Mahmûd el-Herevî’nin Ebherî’nin Hidâyetü’l-ḥikme adlı eserine yaptığı şerhe hâşiye yazmıştır (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 2029).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Serkîs, Muʿcem , I, 702; II, 1489.
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Adıvar, Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim (Kazancıgil) , s. 18-20.
Ebü’l-Kāsım Kurbânî, Zindegînâme-i Riyâżîdânân-ı Devre-i İslâmî , Tahran 1365 hş., s. 342-345, 382.
Cevat İzgi, Osmanlı Medreselerinde İlim , İstanbul 1997, I, 275-285, 370-388.
Cemil Akpınar v.dğr., Osmanlı Astronomi Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1997, I, 5-21.
a.mlf., “Fethullah eş-Şirvânî”, DİA , XII, 464.
Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu v.dğr., Osmanlı Matematik Literatürü Tarihi , İstanbul 1999, I, 3-18.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 98-100 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.