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KAFSA Skip to content Tunus’un güneybatısında Cerîd bölgesinde tarihî bir şehir.
Kafsa’nın (Gafsa, Latince Capsa) Bânîş vadisine hâkim, stratejik öneme sahip bir tepe üzerinde Libyalı veya Fenikeli Herkül tarafından kurulduğu ve bir surla çevrildiği kaydedilir. Şehrin surlarını, Libya ve Tunus seferi esnasında Kafsa’ya kadar gelen Mısır Firavunu Taharque veya Nemrud’un gulâmı Şantiyan’ın inşa ettirdiği de rivayet edilir. İsmini Kafsa’dan alan ve milâttan önce 10.000’li yıllara tarihlenen Capsien medeniyeti geniş bir şekilde yayılmış ve bölgedeki diğer medeniyetleri etkilemiştir. Daha sonraki asırlarda Numidya Krallığı’nın müstahkem merkezlerinden biri olan Kafsa milâttan önce 117’de Roma hâkimiyetine girdi ve savaşlar yüzünden tahribata mâruz kaldığından yeniden imar ve tahkim edildi. 439 yılında İspanya’dan gelen Vandallar’ın eline geçince Byzacena’nın iki bölgesinden birinin merkezi haline getirildi. Ancak halkın desteğini elde edemeyen Vandallar’ın hâkimiyeti kısa sürdü, şehir 477’de bölge halkı Berberîler’in hâkimiyetine geçti ve Berberî Krallığı’nın başşehri oldu. 534’te Kafsa’yı işgal eden Bizans İmparatoru I. Iustinianos’un kumandanı Belisarios şehri Byzacena eyaletinin idarî ve askerî merkezi olarak kullandı. Bu dönemde surlar yenilendi, burçlarında günümüze ulaşan bölümler ve şehrin ortasında bir hisar inşa edildi. Şehir bu imar faaliyetlerinin ardından yaklaşık 540’ta Capsa-Iustiniana adını aldı.
Kafsa ilk olarak 27 (647) yılında müslümanlar tarafından fethedilmek istendiyse de ancak 49 (669) yılında Ukbe b. Nâfi‘ tarafından ele geçirilebildi. Şehrin kalıcı fethini ise Hassân b. Nu‘mân el-Gassânî gerçekleştirdi (79/698). Hassân, Kafsa’yı İfrîkıye’nin üç bölgesinden birinin merkezi haline getirdi. Emevîler’in son yıllarında bölgede isyanlar çıkarmaya başlayan ve bazı merkezleri ele geçiren Hâricîler, Abbâsîler zamanında 175’te (791-92) şehre hâkim oldular. Kafsa ve civarındaki merkezleri Hâricîler’den kurtaran Herseme b. A‘yen, Kafsa’yı tekrar bölgenin merkezi yaptı (179/795). Ağlebîler döneminde 224 (839) yılında Kastilya (Cerîd) bölgesinde çıkan ve kısa sürede bastırılan isyan dışında istikrarlı bir dönem geçiren Kafsa her bakımdan gelişti. Ayrıca bölgedeki cihad faaliyetinde ribât olarak kullanılan askerî ve ilmî bir merkez durumuna geldi. Günümüze ulaşan câmi-i kebîr bu dönemde inşa edildi. Ya‘kūbî şehrin 284 (897) yılındaki durumunu tasvir ederken taşyapı surla tahkim edilmiş, içinde zengin su kaynakları bulunan, yolları taş döşemeli, çevresindeki çok sayıda binalarla mâmur ve meyveleri bol bir şehir diye tanıtır (el-Büldân , s. 188).
296’da (909) Fâtımîler’in eline geçen Kafsa’da ilk yıllarda şiddetli mezhep çatışmaları yaşandı; Mâlikî fakihleriyle devletin desteklediği Şiî fakihleri arasında mücadele baş gösterdi. Ayrıca bölgede Hâricî isyanları meydana geldi. Ancak Kafsa, Hâricî isyanlarına rağmen gelişmeye devam etti; bilhassa batıda Biskire ve Mesîle, güneyde Sahrâ ötesi ve Nijer arasındaki ticarette önemli rol oynadı. Kayrevan’ı ziyaret eden İbn Havkal, Ebû Yezîd en-Nükhârî isyanı dolayısıyla sıkıntılara mâruz kalmakla birlikte istikrarın hâkim olduğu Kafsa’nın hurma, zeytin ve üzüm bağlarıyla çevrili, kuzey tarafından Semûde’ye, güneyden Cerîd arazilerine doğru köşklerle kuşatılmış, suru ve içinde akan nehriyle güzel bir şehir olduğunu kaydeder (Ṣûretü’l-arż , I, 94).
Kafsa, Fâtımîler’in Mısır’a intikalinin ardından Zîrîler’in egemenliğine bırakıldı. Benî Hilâl Arapları’nın bölgeyi işgali ve Zîrîler’in yıkılışı esnasında şehrin civarında göçebe Esbec kabilesi yerleşti. Zîrîler’in Kafsa Valisi Abdullah b. Muhammed b. Rend bu kabilenin desteğiyle bağımsızlığını ilân ederek başşehri Kafsa olan Berberî Benî Rend hânedanını kurdu. Tûzer ve Kosantîne şehirlerini de egemenliği altına alıp bölgede istikrarı sağladı ve gücünü arttırdı. Kafsa bir asırdan fazla Benî Rend’in elinde kaldı (İbn Haldûn, VI, 220). Şehirde önceki dönemlere ait önemli tarihî eserlerin bulunduğunu ve bunların yeni yapılmış gibi mükemmel göründüğünü belirten Bekrî şehir içindeki Banîs nehrinin ve kollarının çevredeki bahçeleri ve tarlaları suladığını, Kayrevan bölgesinin en fazla fıstık üretilen merkezi olan Kafsa’nın bütün İfrîkıye bölgesinin yanı sıra Mısır, Endülüs ve Sicilmâse’ye fıstık ihraç ettiğini belirtir. Ayrıca hurmalarıyla ve diğer meyveleriyle de ün kazanan şehrin çevresinde Kusûru Kafsa diye bilinen 200’den fazla mâlikânenin yer aldığını, Feccü’l-Hımâr yolu üzerindeki Medînetü Turrâk kasrında cami ve çarşının bulunduğunu, Kafsa’nın yıllık vergi miktarının 50.000 dinara ulaştığını söyler (el-Mesâlik , II, 706-707). Onu teyit eden Şerîf el-İdrîsî, Kafsa’da ticarî faaliyetin canlı olduğu çarşıların yer aldığını, halkının Berberîleştiğini ve büyük bir kısmının Afrika Latincesi konuştuğunu ilâve eder (Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ , I, 277-279).
554’te (1159) Muvahhidler’in kurucusu Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî, Kafsa’yı egemenliği altına alınca Rend hânedanı mensuplarını Bicâye’ye sürdü. Ancak 575 (1180) yılında valiye karşı harekete geçen şehir eşrafının daveti üzerine Kafsa’ya gelen Benî Rend’e mensup Ali b. Abdülazîz yönetimi eline geçirdi. Muvahhid Hükümdarı Ebû Yûsuf el-Mansûr, Kafsa üzerine giderek şehri kuşatma altına aldı. Şehir dışındaki meyvelikleri tahrip etmeye başlayınca isyancılar teslim oldu (576/1180). Kafsa’nın idaresine hükümdarın kardeşi Ebû Ali getirildi ve yanında kalabalık askerî birlik bırakıldı. Bu sırada Muvahhid ordusunda bulunan İbn Tufeyl, Kafsa’nın alınışı hakkında bir kaside yazdı, ülkenin her yanına gönderilen fetihnâmelere bu kaside de eklendi (İbnü’l-Hatîb, II, 479-480).
Kafsa çok geçmeden Murâbıtlar’ı yeniden kurmaya çalışan Ali b. Gāniye’nin eline geçti. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî tarafından gönderilen Şerefeddin Karakuş ve Zeyneddin Boz-aba’nın emrindeki Oğuzlar’dan oluşan bir askerî birliğin de katıldığı ordusuyla Kafsa yöresindeki Umre’de Muvahhidler’i bozguna uğrattı (583/1187); Kafsa dahil İfrîkıye’nin (Tunus) tamamını aldı. Ancak Muvahhidler’den Ebû Yûsuf el-Mansûr, üç ay sonra 583 Receb’i ortalarında (Eylül 1187) Kafsa’yı kuşattı. Üç ay süren şiddetli kuşatmanın ardından Boz-aba ve Murâbıtlar tarafından savunulan şehir teslim oldu. Ebû Yûsuf el-Mansûr, kahramanlıklarına hayranlık duyduğu Oğuzlar’a hiçbir zarar vermeyeceğini ve onları hizmetine alacağını söyledi. Sözünde duran Ebû Yûsuf, Boz-aba ve Karakuş’u Oğuzlar’a kumandan tayin edip hizmetine aldı. Fakat şehir halkının teslim olması askerlerin pek çoğunun öldürülmesini engelleyemedi. Ayrıca şehrin surları yıktırıldı.
586’da (1190) Kafsa’yı Abdülkerîm er-Rakrâkī adlı bir âsi ele geçirdi; isyan bir yıl sonra bastırıldıysa da karışıklıklar 601 (1205) yılına kadar sürdü. Yaşanan bu sıkıntılar yüzünden önemli tahribata uğrayan ve bu arada yıkılan surları yeniden inşa edilen Kafsa, Muvahhidler’den sonra Hafsî hâkimiyetine girdi. Hafsîler’in ilk döneminde şehirde bir gelişme yaşanmakla birlikte halkın pek çoğunun çeşitli sıkıntılar yüzünden şehirden ayrılmış olması sebebiyle eski canlılığını kazanamadı. VII. (XIII.) yüzyıl başlarında yazıldığı anlaşılan el-İstibṣâr adlı eserin müellifi, Kafsa hakkında geniş bilgiler verir. Şehrin daha önceki döneminden bahsederken şehirde dokumacılık, dericilik, bakır işlemeciliği, seramik ve cam üretiminin geliştiğini, Bânîş vadisi topraklarında üstün bir sulama tekniğinin uygulandığını, şehrin zengin halkının hayır ehli olduğunu, şehirde aşure gününe büyük önem verildiğini ve bayram gibi kutlandığını ifade eder. Ancak önceleri çevresindeki 200 kasrıyla bölgenin en büyük şehri olan Kafsa’nın göçebe Arap kabilelerinin gelişinin ardından ıssız bir harabeye döndüğünü belirtir (I, 150-154). Yâkūt da Kafsa’yı küçük bir belde diye tanıtır (Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 382-383).
Kafsa, Hafsîler zamanında isyanlara sahne oldu. Araplar’dan destek alarak isyan eden, Kafsa’nın içinde bulunduğu bütün Güney Tunus’u ele geçiren ve halife ilân edilen İbn Ebû Umâre (681/1282), I. Ebû Hafs Ömer tarafından bölgeden çıkarılıncaya kadar şehri elinde tuttu. 1338’de Ebû Bekir İbn Yemlûl’ün isyanına da şahit olan Kafsa, Ebü’l-Hasan’ın İfrîkıye’yi istilâsının ardından kısa bir müddet Merînî hâkimiyetinde kaldı. 777 (1375-76), 802 (1400) ve 839 (1435) yıllarında kısa sürelerle isyancıların elinde kaldı ve önemli tahribata uğradı. 1435’te Kafsa’ya gelen Hafsî Sultanı IV. Muhammed el-Müntasır, isyancılara karşı kendisini destekleyen şehir halkını mükâfatlandırmak için bir cami yaptırdı. Şehri ziyaret eden kardeşi Sultan Ebû Amr Osman zamanında siyasî ve iktisadî açıdan önem kazanan Kafsa’da darphâne kuruldu ve para basıldı. Ancak bu iki sultan döneminde yeni bir ikbal devrine girildiyse de Kafsa’da kısa süre sonra tekrar çöküş başladı ve Osmanlılar’ın gelişine kadar bu çöküş devam etti. Hasan el-Vezzân, Kafsa’nın bazı camiler dışındaki binalarının mütevazi, oldukça geniş caddelerinin ise Napoli ve Floransa’daki gibi siyah taşla döşendiğini söyler. Medenî olan halkının ağır vergiler yüzünden fakir düştüğünü, şehrin çevresinde sayılamayacak kadar hurma, zeytin, portakal gibi meyve ağaçlarının bulunduğunu, şehirde zeytinyağı üretimi, kumaş dokuma ve çömlekçiliğin geliştiğini zikreder (Vaṣfü İfrîḳıyye , II, 143-145).
964’te (1557) Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman zamanında Trablusgarp Beylerbeyi Turgut Reis tarafından zaptedilen Kafsa’ya askerî birliğin yanı sıra vergi işleri için bazı Osmanlı aileleri yerleştirildi. Tunus’ta beylerbeyilik ve emîrü’l-evtânlık yapan Murâdîler’den Ali b. Murâd döneminde Murad Kâhyâ, Sîdî Bû Ya‘kūb Türbesi’ni yaptırdı (1095/1684). Tunus’u 231 yıl idare eden Türk asıllı Hüseynîler devrinde şehir hânedandan bir kāid tarafından yönetildi. Hüseyin Paşa diğer şehirlerde olduğu gibi Kafsa’da da cami ve medreseler yaptırdı. Bölgeye düzenlediği gezi sırasında (1843-1848) Kafsa’ya da uğrayan ve şehir nüfusunun 4000’i geçmediğini söyleyen Fransa’nın Sûse konsolosu M. Pellissier hurma, zeytin, üzüm bağlarının içinde yer aldığı vadi ve oradaki çiftçilik hayatı hakkında geniş bilgi verir, büyük kısmı yıkılmış surunu ve Türk askerinin kışla olarak kullandığı hisarını (kasba) tanıtır (Muhammed Ali Belhavle, s. 172). XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında vergilerin artması sebebiyle yaşanan sıkıntıların isyanlara dönüşmesi yüzünden ortaya çıkan ekonomik çöküş durdurulamadı. Türk hâkimiyeti döneminde de çok fazla değişikliğe uğramayan şehir Fransızlar tarafından işgal edildiğinde fakir bir kasabadan ibaretti (İA , VI, 67).
Kafsa’yı şiddetli çatışmaların ardından ele geçiren Fransa işgal kuvvetleri (11 Kasım 1881) direniş hareketine katılanlardan bazılarını idam ettiler. Sömürge döneminde 1886’da şehrin 40 km. batısındaki zengin fosfat yataklarının keşfi Kafsa’nın ekonomik gelişmesini beraberinde getirdi. Üretilen fosfatın nakledilmesi için Kafsa demir yoluyla liman şehri Sefâkus’a bağlandı. Şehirde Fransız ve İtalyan yerleşimcilere ait semtler oluştu. Öte yandan Kafsa, 1956 yılına kadar süren sömürge döneminde Tunus bağımsızlık hareketlerinin önemli merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. 1922’de kalabalıkların katıldığı bağımsızlık gösterileri yapıldı. 4 Mart 1937 tarihinde sömürge güçleri Kafsa’da çok sayıda madenciyi öldürdü. Giderek büyüyen ve artan nüfusuyla Tunus’un önemli şehirlerinden biri olan Kafsa, II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında 1942-1943 yıllarında birkaç defa Nazi Almanyası’nın bombardımanına mâruz kaldı ve bir kısmı tahribata uğradı.
Günümüzde Kafsa, Güneybatı Tunus’un önemli şehirlerinden biri ve aynı adı taşıyan idarî birimin (valilik) merkezidir. Doğu ve batı istikametinde genişleyen şehrin nüfusu 100.000’e ulaşmıştır (2004). Yılda 7,5 milyon tondan fazla üretilen fosfat madeni büyük önem taşır. Geleneksel dokuma sanatlarının yanı sıra turizm de gelişmektedir. Şehrin eteğindeki vahada binlerce hurma, kayısı ve incir ağacı bulunmaktadır. Roma döneminden kalma iki büyük havuz, Bizans dönemine ait sur üzerine Hafsî Sultanı IV. Muhammed el-Müntasır tarafından 1434 yılında inşa ettirilen ve bazı bölümleri II. Dünya Savaşı sırasında tahribe mâruz kalan burç, Bizans hisarı kalıntıları üzerine yapılan kasba ve câmi-i kebîr önemli ziyaret alanlarıdır. Kafsa’da bir havaalanı ve 2004’te açılan bir üniversite bulunmaktadır. Şehirde yetişen ve Kafsî nisbesini taşıyan meşhur şahsiyetlerin başında Hâris b. Esed, Hamdîs el-Lahmî, Mâlik b. Îsâ, fakih, sûfî şair Sîdî Yûsuf b. Ya‘kūb, bölgenin önde gelen mutasavvıflarından Ebû Ya‘kūb Yûsuf b. Ahmed et-Tîfâşî, onun oğlu meşhur tabip, Kafsa kadısı Ahmed b. Yûsuf et-Tîfâşî, Kafsa’da bir süre kadılık görevi yapan ünlü fakih İbn Râşid, Ebû Yahyâ İbn Akībe, Ebü’l-Hasan Ali b. Asîle, Sîdî Mansûr ed-Dâlî sayılabilir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ya‘kūbî, el-Büldân (nşr. M. Emîn Dannâvî), Beyrut 2002, s. 188; İbn Havkal, Ṣûretü’l-arż , I, 94; Bekrî, el-Mesâlik , II, 706-707, 836; Şerîf el-İdrîsî, Nüzhetü’l-müştâḳ , Beyrut 1409/1989, I, 276-279; el-İstibṣâr fî ʿacâʾibi’l-emṣâr (nşr. Sa‘d Zağlûl Abdülhamîd), Dârülbeyzâ 1985, s. 150-154; Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 382-383; İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , IV, 371; XI, 244, 467, 521-522; Abdülvâhid el-Merrâküşî, el-Muʿcib fî telḫîṣi aḫbâri’l-Maġrib (nşr. Selâhaddin el-Hevvârî), Beyrut 2006, s. 185, 199-200; İbnü’l-Hatîb, el-İḥâṭa , II, 479-480; İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber (nşr. Halîl Şehhâde), Beyrut 1421/2001, VI, 220-221, 323, 328, 502-503, 562-565; Himyerî, er-Ravżü’l-miʿṭâr , s. 477-479; Hasan el-Vezzân, Vaṣfü İfrîḳıyye , II, 143-145; Ramazan Şeşen, Salâhaddîn Devrinde Eyyûbîler Devleti , İstanbul 1983, s. 57-58; M. Ali Belhavle, Müdünü Tûnisiyye: Ḳafṣa ḳadîmen ve ḥadîs̱en , Tunus 1990, s. 1-83, 172; Ebü’l-Kāsım M. Kirrû, Dirâsât ʿan târîḫi Ḳafṣa ve aʿlâmihâ , Tunus 1993; G. Yver, “Kafsa”, İA , VI, 66-67; M. Talbi, “Ḳafṣa”, EI2 (Fr.), IV, 433-435.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2016 yılında İstanbul’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 2. basım) EK-1. cildinde, 705-707 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.