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KÂĞITHANE Skip to content İstanbul’a bağlı ilçe, tarihî bir semt.
Terkos gölünün güneydoğusundaki Karatepe mevkiinden çıkan, Belgrad ormanlarından birçok kol aldıktan sonra Haliç’e dökülen derenin ve bu derenin kıyısında kurulan yerleşme yerinin adı olup Bizans döneminde derenin ismi Barbysos, köyün ismi ise Pissa idi. Osmanlılar zamanındaki adını daha Bizanslılar devrinde burada bulunan kâğıt imalâthanelerinden aldığı belirtilir.
Osmanlılar, Kâğıthane ve civarını Yıldırım Bayezid zamanında tanımışlardır. Bu padişah, ilk İstanbul muhasarasını Kâğıthane ile Galata arasındaki sahada yapmış ve bazı kuvvetlerini Kâğıthane köyü civarına yerleştirmişti. II. Mehmed de fetihle sonuçlanacak olan İstanbul kuşatması sırasında bu bölgeye gelmişti. II. Bayezid devrinde Kâğıthane’de bir barut imalâthanesi yapılmış, bu baruthâne uzun süre faaliyette kalmıştır (BA, MD , nr. 16, s. 375). Yavuz Sultan Selim devrinde yeni ilâvelerle genişletilen (921/1515) Haliç’teki tersane de Galata’dan Kâğıthane deresine kadar uzanıyordu.
Kâğıthane vadisi, esnaf ve sanatkârların zaman zaman toplanıp imal ettikleri malları sergiledikleri bir yer ve mesire mahalli olarak da ünlüdür. Özellikle kuyumcular, müzehhipler ve saraçlar burada toplanırlar ve meslekleriyle ilgili törenleri icra ederlerdi (Evliya Çelebi, I, 483). Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın şehzadeleri için yapılan sünnet törenleri Kâğıthane’deki eğlence ve ziyafetlerle tamamlanmıştı. Yine bu padişah zamanında buradaki tatlı suların İstanbul’a getirilmesi planlanmış ve bunun için su kemerlerinin yapımına başlanmıştır. Kâğıthane Kanûnî’den sonra daha da önem kazanmış ve kısmen iskâna açılmıştır. Bu hükümdarın oğlu Şehzade Mehmed’in dadısı Dâye Hatun 951 (1544) yılında burada bir mescid yaptırmış, bir süre sonra bunun etrafında bir tekke ile hamam ve yirmi kadar dükkândan oluşan 200 hâneli bir yerleşim merkezi oluşmuştur (a.g.e. , I, 484). XVI. yüzyıl sonlarında Kâğıthane’de Mîrâhur Kasrı ile çeşmesi yapılmış, II. Osman zamanında ise Kâğıthane sularının toplanıp su kemerlerine dağıtımının yapıldığı havuz inşa edilmiştir. Kâğıthane, İstanbul halkının bir gezinti yeri olduğu gibi saraya ait atların çayıra çıkıp otladığı, hatta bazı padişahların avlandığı bir yer olarak da önem kazanmıştır (BA, MD , nr. 80, s. 217). IV. Murad zamanında burada Emîrgûne oğlu Yûsuf için Acem tarzında bir kasır ve bahçe yaptırılmıştır. Osmanlı klasik döneminde Kâğıthane yeniçeri ağasının nezâretinde olduğundan bu makamda bulunanlar zaman zaman burayı teftiş ederlerdi.
Kâğıthane asıl gelişmesini, XVIII. yüzyılın ilk yarısında III. Ahmed’in damadı ve sadrazamı Nevşehirli İbrâhim Paşa zamanında göstermiştir. İbrâhim Paşa, 1718 Pasarofça Antlaşması’ndan sonra başlayan barış döneminde İstanbul’un imarına büyük önem verip her tarafta saraylar, kasırlar, bahçeler, çeşmeler, cami, mescid, mektep ve medreseler yaptırırken Kâğıthane semti üzerinde önemle durmuş ve burayı yeniden tanzim ettirmiştir. Burada yapılan köşk ve bahçeler, daha ziyade Paris sefâretinden dönen Yirmisekiz Çelebi Mehmed Efendi’nin oradan getirdiği saray ve bahçe resim ve planlarına göre inşa ettirilmiştir (Shay, s. 300). Bu münasebetle önce Kâğıthane’nin batı tarafında Alibey köyü sırtlarında eski bir mesire yerindeki üç mermer havuz tamir edilerek oluklarla birbirine bağlanmış ve civarı ağaçlandırılmıştır. 1132 (1720) yılında devrin şair ve vak‘anüvisi Râşid Mehmed Efendi tarafından buraya Hüsrevâbâd adı verilmiştir (Târih , V, 305-306). Hüsrevâbâd’ın bazı arazisi yeni köşk, kasır ve bahçeler yapılmak üzere devlet adamları arasında paylaşılmıştır. 1134’te (1722) Kâğıthane deresinin eski mecrası değiştirilerek burada bulunan Humbarahane’den 800 zirâ mesafeye kadar derenin iki tarafı rıhtım yapılmak üzere mermerlerle çevrilmiş ve derenin yeni yatağının kenarında devrin padişahı için bir kasır inşa edilmiştir. Bu kasır, önündeki geniş havuza yukarıdan döktürülen sudan dolayı Çağlayan Kasrı adıyla anılmıştır. Kasrın karşısına iki cepheli bir çeşme yapılmış, ayrıca havuz ejder başlı fıskıyelerle donatılmıştır. Çağlayan Kasrı’ndan Baruthane’ye kadar Kâğıthane deresi sahiline iki taraflı köşkler ve kasırlar inşa edilmiştir. 10 Ağustos 1722 tarihinde tamamlanan Kasr-ı Hümâyun ve civarına Sâdâbâd adı verilmiştir. Daha sonra, Kâğıthane deresinin iki tarafında olup devlet adamlarına dağıtılan arsalara birçok köşk ve kasır inşa edilmiştir (Çelebizâde Âsım, s. 42 vd.). Lâle Devri Kâğıthane’nin en parlak dönemini teşkil eder. Kâğıthane’deki köşk ve bahçelerde icra edilen türlü eğlenceler, elçi kabul törenleri, düğünler, başta Nedîm olmak üzere devrin şairlerinin şiirlerinin ve ünlü bestekârların bestelerinin okunduğu toplantılar 1730 Patrona İsyanı’na kadar sürmüştür. Burada yapılan eğlence ve törenlerin israf derecesine varması, fakir ve işsiz İstanbul halkı ile İbrâhim Paşa’ya rakip kimselerin hasedini çekmiş, diğer bazı sebeplerden dolayı 1730’da Patrona Halil önderliğinde çıkan isyan Kâğıthane’nin ihtişamını sona erdirmiştir. Âsiler, Kâğıthane’deki köşk ve kasırların tamamen yıkılıp yakılmasını isterken yeni padişah I. Mahmud sadece yıkılmasına izin vermek zorunda kalmıştır (Subhî, vr. 11a ). Böylece 100’den fazla kasrın içindeki eşyayı yağmalayan zorbalar daha sonra binaları yıkmışlardır. I. Mahmud, âsilerin bertaraf edilmesinin ardından 1732 yılında Kâğıthane’yi Bostancı Ocağı vakıflarına bağlayarak kısmen korumaya ve 1743’te Sâdâbâd’ı ihya etmeye çalışmışsa da burası hiçbir zaman eski ihtişamına kavuşamamıştır. Daha sonraki padişahlar savaşlar yüzünden Kâğıthane ile pek ilgilenememişler, sadece burada kurulan çadırlarda elçi kabulü ve ziyafet tertibine devam edilmiştir.
Öte yandan III. Mustafa devrinde kurulan ve I. Abdülhamid zamanında yeniden organize edilen Sürat topçularının Kâğıthane çayırında düzenli tâlimlere başlaması, aynı şekilde III. Selim döneminde yine buranın Nizâm-ı Cedîd askerleri için tâlim sahası haline getirilmesi, Kâğıthane’nin askerî amaçlı olarak revaç bulmasına sebep olmuştur. Bunların dışında Kâğıthane boğazı denilen yerde donanmaya ait Şalope teknelerinin kalafatı için yeni gözler yapılmış (Cevdet, VI, 220), aynı zamanda başta Kasr-ı Hümâyun olmak üzere bazı bina ve çeşmelerin tamirine başlanmış, III. Selim bu işlerle bizzat ilgilenmiştir (Ayvansarâyî, I, 300). IV. Mustafa, İspanya sefiriyle Fransa’nın İstanbul elçisini Kâğıthane’ye yaptığı biniş sırasında, aynı şekilde II. Mahmud 1808’de Sened-i İttifak’ı imzalamak üzere gelen âyan temsilcilerini Kâğıthane’deki Çağlayan Kasrı’nda kabul etmiştir (Cevdet, IX, 7-8). 1809 yılından itibaren II. Mahmud’un emriyle Çağlayan Kasrı ve diğer bazı kasırlarla Nevşehirli İbrâhim Paşa’nın yaptırdığı cami yeniden inşa edilmiş, böylece Kâğıthane tekrar eski canlılığına kavuşmaya başlamıştır. Bina Emini Ahmed Efendi’nin nezâreti altında 1814’te ihyası tamamlanan Kasr-ı Hümâyun ve müştemilâtı padişahlara lâyık bir tarzda döşenmiş, aynı yılın nevruzunda II. Mahmud haremiyle birlikte buraya gelerek birkaç gün kalmıştır (Şânîzâde, II, 216-217). Daha sonraki yıllarda da burada çeşitli vesilelerle ziyafet tertibine ve törenler yapılmasına devam edilmiştir. 1835’te Şehzade Abdülaziz burada icra edilen bir törenle Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’e başlamış, ertesi yıl şehzade ile büyük kardeşi Abdülmecid’in sünnet düğünleri yine burada yapılmıştır (Lutfî, V, 45). Padişah olduktan sonra da Kâğıthane’ye olan ilgisini sürdüren Sultan Abdülaziz 1862 yılında buradaki camiyi yıktırarak yenisini yaptırmıştır. 1863’te Mısır seyahatinden dönünce askerlere ve yabancı devlet adamlarına yine Kâğıthane’de bir ziyafet vermiştir. Ertesi yıl Kâğıthane’de bu padişah için özel bir kasır yapılmış ve çeşitli sportif gösterilerle eğlenceler düzenlenmiştir. İleriki yıllarda da Sultan Abdülaziz sık sık Kâğıthane’ye gelmiş, 1867’de buradaki sarayın bahçesini halka açmıştır. II. Abdülhamid, 1893 yılında Kâğıthane çayırına âbidevî bir çeşme yaptırarak buranın imarına katkıda bulunmuştur (Tanışık, I, 343-344). 1914 yılında üç subay tarafından İttifak Çeşmesi adıyla bir çeşme daha inşa edilmiştir (a.g.e. , I, 308).
I. Dünya Savaşı’ndan sonra büyük ihmale uğrayan Kâğıthane yeniden harap olmaya terkedilmiş, buradaki tarihî binalar bakımsızlıktan teker teker ortadan kalkmıştır. Çağlayan Kasrı da, 1940’lı yılların başlarına kadar varlığını koruyabilmiş, daha sonra tamamen ortadan kalkmıştır. Böylece Osmanlı Devleti’nin sanat, edebiyat ve sosyal hayatında bir çığır açmış olan Kâğıthane gecekondularla dolmuş, bir sanayi bölgesi haline gelişi de tarihî dokunun acımasızca tahribine yol açmıştır. Bugün İstanbul’un bir ilçesi durumunda olan Kâğıthane’nin on altı mahallesi vardır. Şişli’ye bağlı bir köy iken hızla gelişmesi 1987’de ilçe haline getirilmesine yol açmıştır. 2000 yılı nüfus sayımının geçici sonuçlarına göre Kâğıthane’nin nüfusu 345.574 idi.
Kâğıthane Osmanlılar dönemindeki tabii güzelliği ve mesire yeri olmasıyla divan edebiyatında sık sık anılmıştır. Özellikle Lâle Devri’ndeki Sâdâbâd eğlenceleri pek çok şairin gazellerine, kıta ve kasidelerine konu olmuş, burada yaşanan renkli hayat, daha sonraki dönemlerde de şair ve yazarların ilgisini çekerek mısralara yansımıştır. Türk edebiyatında Kâğıthane’den bahseden ilk eser Tâcîzâde Câfer Çelebi’nin Hevesnâme ’sidir (yazılışı 898/1493). “Sıfât-ı Kâğıthâne” başlığı ile on dokuz beyitlik bir tasvirin yer aldığı Hevesnâme ’den sonra Latîfî Risâle-i Evsâf-ı İstanbul ’da Kâğıthane’yi, “Güller ile ettiler bezm-i çemende encümen / Câm gül sûsen sürâhî bülbül anda nâyzen” diye anlatır. Nef‘î Kâğıthane’yi kalabalığı, güzelliği ve hûrileriyle cennete benzetir: “Mahşer olmuş sahn-ı Kâğıthâne dünyâ bundadur / Cennete dönmüş güzellerle temâşâ bundadır.” Lâle Devri’nden sonra da Kâğıthane şiirin konusu olmaya devam etmiş, Hâtem, Haşmet, Sünbülzâde Vehbî, Enderunlu Fâzıl (Zenannâme mukaddimesinde) ve Sermed gibi şairler gazel ve kasidelerinde buranın güzelliğinden bahsetmişlerdir. Servet-i Fünûn döneminde Hüseyin Suat Yalçın, Cumhuriyet devrinde de Cevdet Kudret ile İlhan Berk Kâğıthane’yi eskiye özlem duygusuyla anmışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 16, s. 375; nr. 80, s. 217.
Selânikî, Târih (İpşirli) , I, 2, 3, 4.
Peçuylu İbrâhim, Târih , I, 155.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , I, 482-484.
Eremya Çelebi Kömürciyan, İstanbul Tarihi: XVII. Asırda İstanbul (trc. H. D. Andreasyan), İstanbul 1952, s. 34-35.
Silâhdar, Târih , II, 563.
a.mlf., Nusretnâme , II/1, s. 225, 272, 342, 385, 399.
Râşid, Târih , V, 305-306, 443 vd.
M. Mignot, Histoire de l’Empire ottoman depuis son origine jusqu’à de la paix de Belgrade en 1740 , Paris 1773, IV, 254.
İzzî, Târih , İstanbul 1199, vr. 231a -232b .
Çelebizâde Âsım, Târih , İstanbul 1282, tür.yer.
Subhî, Târih , vr. 11a , 38b , 90a , 180b , 194b , 195a -197a .
Ayvansarâyî, Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , I, 41, 252, 299-301.
M. Melling, Voyage pittoresque de Constantinople et des rives du Bosphore , Paris 1819, I, tür.yer.
Vâsıf, Târih (İlgürel) , s. 196.
Şânîzâde, Târih , II, 56-57, 216-217.
Hammer (Atâ Bey) , VI, 109, 355; IX, 167.
Cevdet, Târih , I, 63-64; III, 77-78; IV, 162, 258; V, 199, 286; VI, 11, 38, 42, 220; VIII, 144, 243; IX, 7-8.
Lutfî, Târih , IV, 62, 154; V, 4, 45; X, 89-90, 102, 112; XI, 26-91.
Mehmed Râif, Mir’ât-ı İstanbul , İstanbul 1314, s. 14-16, 571-574.
Mehmed Safâ, Delîlü’l-Âsitâne , İstanbul 1331, s. 60-61, 151-153.
Ahmed Refik [Altınay], Hicrî On Birinci Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1000-1100) , İstanbul 1931, s. 48.
a.mlf., Hicri On İkinci Asırda İstanbul Hayatı (1100-1200) , İstanbul 1930, s. 157.
a.mlf., Lâle Devri (1130-1143) , İstanbul 1932, s. 35 vd., 77, 152.
Mehmed Ziyâ, İstanbul ve Boğaziçi , İstanbul 1336, I, 7; II, 225-226.
M. L. Shay, The Ottoman Empire From 1720-1734 as Revealed in Despatches of Venetian Baili , Urbana 1944, s. 20-22, 300.
Tanışık, İstanbul Çeşmeleri , I, 42, 126-127, 194, 308, 343-344.
Âsaf Hâlet Çelebi, Divan Şiirinde İstanbul , İstanbul 1953, s. 30-31.
Münir Aktepe, Patrona İsyanı 1730 , İstanbul 1958, tür.yer.
a.mlf., “Kâğıdhâne’ye Dâir Bazı Bilgiler”, İsmail Hakkı Uzunçarşılı’ya Armağan , Ankara 1976, s. 335-363.
Hasan Akay, Fatihten Günümüze Şairlerin Gözüyle İstanbul , İstanbul 1997, I, 278, 593, 655.
Muzaffer Erdoğan, “Osmanlı Devrinde İstanbul Bahçeleri”, VD , IV (1958), s. 149-182.
Semavi Eyice, “İstanbul”, İA , V/2, s. 1214/54, 1214/55, 1214/125 vd.
V. G., “Kâğıt”, a.e. , VI, 71.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 166-169 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.