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KÂHİN Skip to content Gizli ilimleri bildiğini ve gaipten haber verdiğini ileri süren kişi.
1/2 Müellif: ÖMER FARUK HARMAN Bölüme Git
Kehanet, sezgi veya bir tür ilhamla yahut bazı işaretlerin yorumuyla ileride meydana gelecek olayları önceden görme ya da haber verme, gizli veya esra…
2/2 Müellif: İLYAS ÇELEBİ Bölüme Git
KELÂM. Dilciler genelde kâhini “gelecekten haber veren kişi” olarak tanımlarken Râgıb el-İsfahânî geleceğe ait olaylardan haber verene “arrâf”, geçmiş…
Kehanet, sezgi veya bir tür ilhamla yahut bazı işaretlerin yorumuyla ileride meydana gelecek olayları önceden görme ya da haber verme, gizli veya esrarengiz bilgiyi ortaya çıkarma işi yahut sanatı, kâhin ise bu işi yapan kişidir. Grekçe mantis , Latince vates kelimelerinin Arapça karşılığı olan kâhin in menşei tartışmalıdır. Kelimenin “ayakta durmak” anlamında kwn kökünden, “eğilmek” anlamındaki Akkadça kanu dan veya “bolluk” mânasına gelen Süryânîce kahhen den ya da “bir mâbedin tesisi” anlamındaki k (w )n den geldiği ileri sürülmektedir (DBS , X, 1197; IDB , IV, 877).
Kâhin kelimesi Batı Sâmîleri’nde bir cemaat adına kurban takdimi, ulûhiyyet nezdinde bu cemaati temsil, ulûhiyyetin emirlerinin açıklanması ve arzularının önceden bilinmesi gibi görevler üstlenen kişiyi ifade etmektedir (EI2 [Fr.] , IV, 439). Dolayısıyla kâhin hem kurban takdimi, mâbedin hizmet ve muhafazası görevini hem de ulûhiyyetle cemaatin irtibatını sağlama, ulûhiyyetin planlarını anlama ve arzularını önceden bilme görevlerini kendinde toplamıştır. Bu sebeple İbrânîce’de kohen kelimesi “din adamı” anlamı taşımakta ve bu kavram sadece Yahve inancının din adamları için değil Mısır (Tekvîn, 41/45, 50; 46/20; 47/26), Filisti (I. Samuel, 6/2) ve Baal (II. Krallar, 10/19) kâhinleri için de kullanılmaktadır. İbrânîce kohenin Arapça’daki kâhinle alâkası vardır. Fakat çeşitli sebepler kâhinin diğer görevlerini ön plana çıkarmış, böylece Arapça’da bu kavram “gelecekten haber veren” mânasında kullanılmıştır.
Kehanet vahiyden, falcılıktan, bilimsel ve istatistik öngörüden farklıdır. Falcılığın konusu daha sınırlı, amacı daha belirgindir. Kehanet ise falcılıktan kapsamlıdır ve falda olduğu gibi çeşitli araçlar kullanmanın yanında hiçbir araç kullanmaksızın sadece sezgi gücüne dayanılarak yapılabilmesi yönüyle ondan ayrılmaktadır.
İnsanoğlunun görünmeyen ve bilinmeyeni merak etmesi, geçmişteki bilinmezlerden çok geleceğin kendisine neler hazırladığını bilme arzusu onu birtakım şeyler yapmaya sevketmiş, tarih boyunca bunun için çeşitli yolları denemiştir. İlâhî vahiy ve bilimsel tahminler dışında gelecekten haber vermek ve bilinmeyeni anlamak için insanlar, ya bazı yetenekler vasıtasıyla ve birtakım varlıklarla irtibat kurma yoluyla veya bazı eşya ve davranışların yorumlanmasıyla bilgi edinmeyi denemişlerdir. Bu sebeple kehaneti tabii yahut sezgisel ve sunî ya da bazı şeylerden sonuç çıkarıcı olmak üzere iki kısma ayırmak mümkündür. Tabii kehanet, bazı görünmez varlıklar yardımıyla ya da kişiye özgü bazı yeteneklerle yapılan geleceğe ait tahminde veya yorumda bulunmak şeklinde açıklanabilir. Kâhin çeşitli riyâzet ve meditasyon yollarıyla kendinden geçip trans haline gelmekte, bu esnada gözle görünmeyen varlıklarla irtibat kurup onlardan bilgi aldığını iddia etmektedir. Tabii kehanetin farklı şekilleri arasında bu tür vecd halinde gaipten verilen haberlerle (oracle) rüya tabirleri önemli yer tutmaktadır. Rüya tabiri eski Yunan’da oldukça gelişmişti, “oracle” ise bir kâhinin trans halinde söyledikleridir. Söylenenlerin gerçekte dua edilen ulûhiyyetten geldiğine inanılmaktadır. Bunların bir kısmı anlaşılmaz ifadelerdir ve usta yorumcular gerektirmektedir. Bu kişiler çeşitli dinlerde oldukça etkili uzmanlar sınıfı oluşturmuşlardır. Delfi kehanetleri veya efsanevî Sıbyl’ler’e nisbet edilen sözler bu türdendir.
Sunî veya bazı şeylerden sonuç çıkarıcı kehanetlerin farklı çeşitleri olmakla birlikte bunlar temelde insan, hayvan veya başka canlı varlıkların bazı davranışlarının gözlemlenmesi ve yorumlanmasına ya da cansız maddelerle irtibat kurmaya yahut onları kullanmaya dayanır. Eski Roma’da devlet dininin önemli bir yönünü teşkil eden, kuşların uçuş şekli ve seslerinden anlam çıkarma, Etrüskler’de, Mezopotamya’da ve Roma’da yaygın olan hayvanların iç organlarının veya ateşe atılan çeşitli nesnelerin aldıkları şekillerin yorumuyla yapılan kehanetler bunlardandır (bk. FAL ). İbrânîler, ruh çağırma ve ruhlarla konuşmayı da (necromancie) bir tür kehanet olarak görüyorlardı (I. Samuel, 28/8; İşaya, 8/19).
Kehanet çok eski dönemlerden beri dünyanın her tarafında yaygın olarak bulunuyordu; bugün de her kültür düzeyinde kehanetin çeşitli türleri (astroloji, billûr küre ile fal bakma, el falı, kâğıt falı vb.) belli ölçüde yaşamaktadır. İbrânîler’in temas kurdukları eski Mısır, Çin, Bâbil ve Kalde’nin putperest kavimlerinde kehanet oldukça yaygındı (Tesniye, 18/9-12; I. Samuel, 6/2; İşaya, 19/3; Hezekiel, 21/26-27; Daniel, 2/2; Resullerin İşleri, 16/16). Kehanetle ilgili çeşitli teknikler Mezopotamya menşeli olup Akkadlar döneminde yayılmıştır. Hititler’de de gerek tanrıların isteklerini öğrenip onları memnun etmek gerekse savaş kazanmak için çeşitli kehanet türlerine sıkça başvuruluyordu. Eski Yunan’da mantis adı verilen kâhinlerin yanında kehanet tanrısı Apollon’un Delfi’deki tapınağında da kâhinler bulunuyordu. Eski Roma, Çin, Hindistan ve Japonya’da, İslâm öncesi Türkler’de kehanetin birçok türü mevcuttu.
Geleceği keşfetme ve bilinmezi anlamanın meşrû yolları kabul edilen peygamberî haber, sâdık rüya, Urim ve Thummim yolu dışında yahudiler çeşitli kehanet türlerini uygulamışlar, bunun için yalancı peygamberlere, ücretle iş yapan kâhinlere ve falcılara başvurmuşlardır. Eski Ahid kehanetle ilgili olarak “terafim” (Tekvîn, 31/19, 30; Hâkimler, 17/5, 18/18-26), “hartummim” (Daniel, 1/20; 2/2, 4,10), “hakamim”, “qesem” (miqsam), ayrıca “nahaş”, “keşafim” ve “meonen” gibi tabirler kullanmaktadır (DB , II/II, 1445-1446).
Kehanet putperestlikle çok yakından bağlantılı olduğu için Yahudilik’te yasaklanmış, kâhinlerin öldürülmeleri emredilmiştir (Levililer, 19/26, 31; 20/6, 27; Tesniye, 18/9-12). Kehanette bulunan İsrailli de öldürülecektir. Şeriata göre kâhin sahtekârdır ve ona uyan büyük günah işlemiştir. Peygamber Yeremya sahte peygamberler, falcılar, düşçüler, müneccimler ve afsuncuların dinlenmemesi gerektiğini vurgulamaktadır (Yeremya, 27/9). Peygamberler sadece halk nezdinde değil Yahuda ve İsrail kral saraylarında da kehanete karşı mücadele etmişlerdir. Kitâb-ı Mukaddes sonrası Yahudiliğinde de kehanete iyi gözle bakılmamış, ancak kabalistik ve halk Yahudiliğinde kehanetin bazı türleri kullanılmıştır. Hıristiyanlık’ta da kehanet tasvip edilmemiştir. Gerek Yeni Ahid’de gerekse Yeni Ahid sonrası dönemde kilise kehanete karşı savaş açmış, kilise babaları kehanetin her türüyle mücadele etmişlerdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
H. Lesêtre, “Divination”, DB , II/II, s. 1443-1448.
J. Auneau, “Sacerdoce”, DBS , X, 1170-1254.
R. Abba, “Priests and Levites”, IDB , IV, 877.
G. V. D. Leeuw, La Religion , Paris 1970, s. 371-375.
Belkıs Dinçol, “Hititlerde Fal ve Kehanet”, Arkeoloji ve Sanat , sy. 4-5, İstanbul 1979, s. 6-10.
T. Fahd, “Kāhin”, EI2 (Fr.) , IV, 438-440.
M. R. P. McGuire, “Divination”, New Catholic Encyclopedia , Washington 1967, IV, 913-915.
E. M. Zuesse, “Divination”, ER , IV, 375-381.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 170-171 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
KELÂM. Dilciler genelde kâhini “gelecekten haber veren kişi” olarak tanımlarken Râgıb el-İsfahânî geleceğe ait olaylardan haber verene “arrâf”, geçmişte meydana gelip gizli kalan haberleri ortaya çıkaranlara da kâhin dendiğini belirtir (el-Müfredât , “khn” md.). Hattâbî ise kehanetin fal, ırâfe, remil, ilm-i nücûm vb. gaipten haber verme çeşitlerini içine alan umumi bir terim olduğunu söyler (Meʿâlimü’s-Sünen , IV, 212). Bazı nefislerin özelliğinden dolayı tabii veya cinlerle irtibat kurma, yıldızlarla temasa geçme şeklinde kesbî olduğu söylenen kehanet (İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “khn” md.; Fahreddin er-Râzî, es-Sırrü’l-mektûm , vr. 5a-b ), “beşerî ruhların cin ve şeytan gibi soyut varlıklarla ilişkiye girerek onlardan meydana gelecek olaylar hakkında bilgi edinmesi” şeklinde tarif edilir (Taşköprizâde, I, 364; Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1524). İnsan nefsinin gaybî ve yüksek ruhanî varlıklarla ilişkiye girme özelliği üzerinde duran İbn Haldûn’a göre bu özelliğin en üst düzeyine mazhar kılınan peygamberler vahyi vasıtasız olarak alma imkânına sahiptirler. Fıtratları zayıf olanlar ise kristal kap, hayvan kemiği, kafiyeli sözler, kuş ve hayvan hareketleri gibi hissî veya hayalî vasıtaları kullanıp soyut varlıklarla irtibat kurmaya çalışırlar. Bunlar üstün ruhî yeteneklere sahip olmadıkları için edindikleri bilgiler genellikle eksik ve yanlıştır (Muḳaddime , I, 411-413). İbn Haldûn, nübüvvet ve kehaneti gaybla bağlantı kurma açısından aynı kategori içinde mütalaa ediyorsa da öznelerinin farklı yeteneklere ve bilgi kaynaklarına sahip olmaları sebebiyle ikisini birbirinden ayırır.
İslâm’dan önce kehanet yaygın olup kâhinlerin cin ve şeytanlarla irtibatlı oldukları kabul edilirdi. Câhiliye Arapları’na göre dünyanın idaresinde ruhlar Tanrı’nın ortak ve yardımcıları konumunda olup saadete ulaşma veya felâketlerden korunma onların sayesinde mümkündü (Cevâd Ali, VI, 705-706). Şairler gibi kâhinlerin de göğe çıkıp meleklerin konuşmalarını dinleyen cinlerinin bulunduğuna inanılırdı (bk. KARÎN ). Nitekim Câhiz, Müseylime’nin “reiy” sahibi bir kâhin olduğunu kaydederken (Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , IV, 370) Mâverdî, “beşâirü’n-nübüvve” çerçevesinde Hz. Peygamber’in nübüvvetini haber veren kâhinlere örnekler verir ve Sevâd b. Karîb’i bunlar arasında sayar (Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , s. 103-107). Câhiliye döneminde kâhinlerin fert ve toplum hayatında da önemli bir yeri vardı. İnanışa göre onlar ihtilâfları çözer, rüyaları tabir eder, kayıpları bulur, zina olaylarını belirler, hırsızlık ve adam öldürme gibi cürümleri aydınlatır, hastalıklara şifa bulurlardı. Ayrıca bir kabileye savaş ilân edileceği zaman kâhinlere danışılır, toplumsal ihtilâflarda ve aile anlaşmazlıklarında hakemliklerine başvurulur, gelebilecek her türlü felâketi önceden haber vermeleri istenirdi. Bu sebeple kabilelerin özel şair ve hatipleri yanında kâhinleri de bulunur ve işleri karşılığında “hulvân” denilen bir ücret alırlardı. Kâhinler secili ve kafiyeli ifadelerle kısa ve âhenkli cümleler kullanır; yer, gök, ay, güneş, gece, gündüz üzerine yemin ederek kehanete başlarlardı. Birçok ünlü erkek ve kadın kâhin arasında en eskilerinden biri tek eli, tek gözü ve tek ayağının bulunduğu ve yarım insan şeklinde olduğu söylenen Şık, bir başkası ise kafatası dışında vücudunda kemik bulunmadığına ve kumaş gibi dürülebildiğine inanılan Satîh’ti. Diğer meşhurlar arasında Hanâfîr b. Tev’em el-Himyerî, Sevâd b. Karîb ed-Devsî, Yemen kadın kâhinleri Tureyfe, Sevdâ bint Zühre ve Zerâ bint Zuhayr sayılabilir (Mes‘ûdî, II, 172-193).
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de kâhin kelimesi iki yerde geçmektedir (et-Tûr 52/29; el-Hâkka 69/42). Bunların birincisinde Peygamber’in kâhin veya cinlerin etkisinde kalmadığı, ikincisinde Kur’an’ın herhangi bir kâhinin sözü olmadığı bildirilmekte, dolayısıyla her iki âyette de Resûl-i Ekrem kâhinlikten tenzih edilmektedir. Ancak şeytan ve cinlerden bazılarının önceleri gök âlemine nüfuz etmeye çalışarak meleklerin konuşmalarına kulak verdikleri, daha sonra buna fırsat verilmediği (el-Hicr 15/18; es-Sâffât 37/7-10; el-Cin 72/8-9), insan ve cin şeytanlarının birbirine yaldızlı ve aldatıcı sözler fısıldayıp taraftarlarına telkinde bulundukları (el-En‘âm 6/112, 121) yönündeki âyetlerin ve bazı hadislerde zikredilen kâhinlerin (meselâ bk. Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 6, “Tefsîr”, 15/1; 34/1; İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 13) İslâm öncesi bilgi kaynaklarına işaret ettiği kabul edilir. Hz. Peygamber, kendisine kâhinlerin gaipten haber verme iddiasında bulundukları söylendiği zaman bu tür bilgilerin bir değerinin olmadığını bildirmiş, söylediklerinin bazan doğru çıktığı ifade edilince de bunların cinlerin kulak hırsızlığına dayandırılıp bir doğruya yüz yalanın karıştırılmasıyla ortaya çıktığını belirtmiştir (Buhârî, “Ṭıb”, 46; “Tevḥîd”, 57; Müslim, “Selâm”, 122-123).
Kâhinlerle cin ve şeytanlar arasında bir iletişimin bulunduğunu kabul edenler, bunun Resûl-i Ekrem’in nübüvvetinden sonra devam edip etmediği konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmüşlerdir. Bir kısmına göre cinlerin gökten haber aşırmaları nübüvvet öncesi döneme ait olup daha sonra böyle bir olay gerçekleşmemiştir (Beyhakī, II, 237). İbn Haldûn’un da dahil olduğu bazı âlimler ise nübüvvetle birlikte gökten haber aşırmanın engellendiği ve sadece hayal gücüne dayalı kehanetin devam ettiği, Hz. Peygamber’in vefatından sonra ise cin ve şeytanlar vasıtasıyla haber aşırmanın tekrar başladığı görüşündedir (Muḳaddime , I, 413; Mâverdî, s. 103; ayrıca bk. İSTİRÂK-ı SEM‘ ).
Tevhid ilkesine aykırılığı ve nübüvvete alternatif olma tehlikesi sebebiyle İslâm dininde kehanet şiddetle yasaklanmıştır. Kur’an’da gayb bilgisinin sadece Allah’a ait olduğu (Yûnus 10/20; en-Neml 27/65), cinlerin gaybı bilmeyip (Sebe’ 34/14) yaldızlı sözlerle birbirlerini aldattıkları (el-En‘âm 6/112) haber verilmek suretiyle kâhinlerin bilgi kaynaklarının güvenilir olmadığına işaret edilir. Ebû Hanîfe, vahiy almaksızın insanların kalbinden geçenleri bildiğini ileri süren kişinin büyük günah işlemiş ve cehennemi hak etmiş olacağını söyler (Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 86). Öte yandan hadislerde de kehanet kesinlikle yasaklanmış, bilgi için kâhinlere başvuranın Hz. Peygamber’e indirilen vahiyleri inkâr etmiş olacağı (Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭıb”, 21; İbn Mâce, “Taḥâret”, 122; Tirmizî, “Ṭahâret”, 102), kıldığı namazların kırk gün kabul edilmeyeceği (Müslim, “Selâm”, 125) ve cennete giremeyeceği (Müsned , III, 14) bildirilmiştir. Asr-ı saâdet’te kâhinlere yönelik uygulama da aynı istikamette olmuş, Resûl-i Ekrem, Muâviye b. Hakem es-Sülemî’yi kâhinlere başvurmaktan ve kuşların uçuş şeklinden hükümler çıkarmaktan menetmiş (a.g.e. , III, 443; V, 447-448), ayrıca kehanet karşılığında bedel alınmasını yasaklamıştır (a.g.e. , IV, 118; Buhârî, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 26). Hz. Ebû Bekir de bir seferinde kölesinin kehanet parasıyla alınan bir yiyeceği kendisine yedirdiğini sonradan farkedince bundan derin bir üzüntü duymuştur (Buhârî, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 26). Hz. Ömer, hilâfetinin son yıllarına doğru Mısır valisine gönderdiği bir yazıda büyücülük ve kâhinlik yapanların cezalandırılmasını istemiştir (Muhammed Hamîdullah, s. 509-510).
Kitap ve Sünnet’te büyü, bazı nesne ve olayları uğursuz addetme gibi fal ve bakıcılık da yasaklanmış, kehanetin her çeşidi bâtıl kabul edilerek reddedilmiştir. Buna rağmen İslâm dünyasında kâhinlik tamamen ortadan kaldırılamamış, bu Câhiliye geleneği zaman zaman toplumun değişik kesimlerinde ilgi görmüştür. Günümüzde kâhinlere başvuranların sadece halkla sınırlı kalmayıp bir kısım seçkin insanların bile kâhinlerle ilgilenmesi ve bunlara itibar etmesi, ayrıca çağdaş dünyada kehanetin bazan dinî bir görünüm altında sunulması, konunun ciddiyetini gösterdiği gibi dinin aslî hüviyetini hurafe ve yanlışlardan koruma yükümlülüğünü de arttırmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “khn” md.
İbnü’l-Esîr, en-Nihâye , “khn” md.
Lisânü’l-ʿArab , “khn” md.
Fîrûzâbâdî, el-Ḳāmûsü’l-muḥîṭ , “khn” md.
Müsned , II, 408, 429, 476; III, 14, 443; IV, 118; V, 447-448.
Buhârî, “Bedʾü’l-ḫalḳ”, 6, “Tefsîr”, 15/1, 34/1, 72/1, “Ṭıb”, 46, “Tevḥîd”, 57, “Edeb”, 117, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 26.
Müslim, “Selâm”, 122-123, 125, “Ṣalât”, 149.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Ṭıb”, 21.
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 13, “Ṭahâret”, 133.
Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 72/2, “Ṭahâret”, 102.
Câhiz, Kitâbü’l-Ḥayevân , IV, 370.
Mes‘ûdî, Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb (Abdülhamîd) , II, 172-193.
Hattâbî, Meʿâlimü’s-Sünen (nşr. Abdüsselâm Abdüşşâfî Muhammed), Beyrut 1411/1991, IV, 212.
Mâverdî, Aʿlâmü’n-nübüvve , Bağdad 1319, s. 103-107.
Beyhakī, Delâʾilü’n-nübüvve (nşr. Abdülmu‘tî Kal‘acî), Beyrut 1405/1985, II, 237.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Ḳıṣṣatü’s-siḥr ve’s-seḥare fi’l-Ḳurʾâni’l-Kerîm (nşr. M. İbrâhim Selîm), Kahire 1985, s. 61-67.
a.mlf., es-Sırrü’l-mektûm fî esrâri’n-nücûm , Süleymaniye Ktp., Damad İbrâhim Paşa, nr. 845, vr. 5a-b .
İbn Hacer el-Askalânî, es-Siḥr ve’l-kehâne ve’l-ḥased (nşr. Abdullah el-Haccâc), Kahire, ts. (Mektebetü’t-türâsi’l-İslâmî), s. 31-37.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , I, 411-413.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 364-365.
Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , II, 1524-1525.
Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, el-Uṣûlü’l-münîfe li’l-İmâm Ebî Ḥanîfe , İstanbul 1416/1996, s. 86.
Toufic Fahd, La divination arabe , Strasbourg 1966, s. 92-106.
a.mlf., “Kāhin”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 421.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , Beyrut 1980, VI, 705-706, 756.
Muhammed Hamîdullah, el-Ves̱âʾiḳu’s-siyâsiyye , Beyrut 1403/1983, s. 509-510.
Ömer Süleyman el-Eşkar, Âlemü’s-siḥr ve’ş-şaʿveze , Amman 1997, s. 287-288.
Abdülmün‘im Seyyid Necm, “el-Kehâne ve’l-kühhân”, Ḥavliyyetü Külliyyeti uṣûli’d-dîn , sy. 13, Kahire 1416/1996, s. 11-20.
A. Fischer, “Kâhin”, İA , VI, 71-73.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 171-172 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.