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KĀİME Skip to content Osmanlı maliyesinde kâğıt para için kullanılan tabir.
Sözlükte “ayakta duran, bir şeyin yerine geçen” anlamındaki kāim in müennes şekli olan kāime (çoğulu kāvâim ) piyasada sikkeyi temsilen tedavül ettiği için bu adla anılmıştır. Aynı zamanda Osmanlı diplomatiğinde genellikle büyük makamdan küçük makama gönderilen, “geniş ve uzun kâğıtlara yazılan resmî belge” anlamında da kullanılmıştır. Belgelerde “esham kavâimi, evrâk-ı nakdiyye, kavâim-i nakdiyye, kavâim-i nakdiyye-i mu‘tebere, varaka-i nakdiyye, nakid kâğıdı, kavâim-i mu‘tebere, kāime-i nakdiyye” gibi çeşitli adlarla da geçer. Osmanlı maliyesinde öteden beri uygulanagelen esham sisteminin (bk. ESHAM ) geliştirilmesiyle ortaya çıkmış olup eshamdan farkı beratsız kullanılmasıdır. Tanzimat döneminin başlarında maliyeye gelir bulma konusu tartışılırken böyle bir yöntemin uygulanması teklifi daha sonra şeyhülislâm olan Ârif Hikmet Bey’den gelmiş ve kabul edilmiştir.
Kāimeler, paraya olan âcil ihtiyaç yüzünden kalıplarının çıkarılması ve basılması beklenmeksizin el yazısı olarak piyasaya sürüldü. Toplam 160.000 lira (32.000 kese) tutarındaki ilk kāimeler Maliye Nâzırı Saib Paşa zamanında muhtemelen Haziran 1840’ta çıkarıldı. Büyük ebatlı ve nakit para hükmünde olan kāimelerin tedavül süresi sekiz yıldı. Ayrıca senede % 12,5 faiz getirisi vardı. Faiz verilmesinden amaç bunları piyasada tedavül eden eshamdan daha cazip hale getirmekti. Faizler iki taksitte ödenmekteydi. Kāimelerin karşılığı yoktu, ancak ödenecek faizlerine İstanbul gümrüğü malından karşılık gösterildi. Halk böyle bir uygulamaya alışık olmadığı için kāimeler piyasada olumlu karşılanmadı. Öte yandan el yazısı kāimeler hemen kalpazanların dikkatini çekti. Kāimeler başlangıçta bütün ülkede kullanıldı; fakat sahte kāimeyi kontrol ve tesbit etmek kolay değildi. Buna halkın tepkisi de eklenince bir süre sonra taşrada tedavülü yasaklandı. Kalpazanlığı önlemek için 1841 yılbaşından itibaren iki yıl içinde el yazısı kāimeler matbularıyla değiştirildi. Taklit edilmemeleri için 1844 ve 1847’de farklı şekillerde yeniden bastırıldı.
Kāimenin faizi 1843’te % 12,5’ten % 10’a, ardından da % 6’ya düşürüldü. 1851’de ise 100.000 liralık (20.000 kese) faizli kāime piyasadan çekilerek yerine 20 kuruşluk faizsiz kāime çıkarıldı. Bu husus, kāimenin gerçek anlamda bir alışveriş aracı olarak kullanılması açısından önemlidir. Daha sonra faizsiz kāime uygulaması biraz daha yaygınlaştırıldı. Hükümet, Mart 1854’te Kırım Savaşı giderlerini karşılamak için sadece savaşın geçtiği bölgelerde geçerli olmak ve savaş sonunda tedavülden kaldırılmak üzere geçici olarak 10 ve 20 kuruşluk faizsiz ordu kāimeleri hazırladı. Toplam 856.250 liralık (171.250 kese) çıkarılan ordu kāimeleri 1857’de piyasadan çekildi. Savaş normal kāime emisyonunu da çoğalttı. Nitekim 1856’da piyasadaki faizli kāime miktarı 1.720.000 liraya (344.000 kese) ulaştı. Devlet kāimeyi çok defa kamuoyundan gizli olarak piyasaya sürmekteydi.
Kāimenin kaldırılması için yapılan ilk ciddi girişim 1848’de “iâne-i umûmiyye” adıyla halkın zorunlu yardımına başvurulmasıdır. Ülke genelinde toplanan 1,5 milyon liranın ancak dörtte biri bu amaç için harcandı. Geri kalanı ülkede çıkan karışıklıkların bastırılmasına sarfedildi. 1858’de Dent, Palmer ve Ortakları Şirketi’nden % 6 faizli 5 milyon sterlinlik bir istikraz yapıldı. Sözleşmede paranın kāimenin kaldırılmasında kullanılması şartı vardı. 1859’da tekrar İstanbul halkının yardımına başvuruldu. Bütün bu girişimler toplanan paraların 1860 Şam olaylarında harcanması üzerine başarısız kaldı. Hükümet, bu olaylardan sonra Fransız Mirés ile fâhiş fiyatla 16 milyon sterlinlik bir borç anlaşması imzaladı. Daha sonra bazı Galata bankerlerine bir banka kurdurup kāimeyi bu vasıta ile ortadan kaldırmayı düşündü.
Hükümet, bütün bu teşebbüsler sonuçsuz kalınca 1862 Mart sonundan itibaren geçerli olmak ve durumu siyasî açıdan nazik olan Cidde ve Yemen gibi yerlerin dışında bütün ülkede tedavül etmek üzere 12,5 milyon liralık (2,5 milyon kese) kāime çıkarma kararı aldı. Karar yürürlüğe konulduğu sırada 13 Aralık 1861’de İstanbul’da kāimenin fiyatı olağan üstü düştü ve piyasada geçmez oldu. Esnaf ve tüccar panik içerisinde iş yerlerini kapadı, ellerinde parası olanlar birkaç günlük ekmek aldı. Camilere toplanan halka dükkânlarını açarak ticarete başlamaları telkin edildi, sarrafların faaliyetleri durduruldu. Ayrıca memur maaşlarının ödenmesi mart ayına kadar ertelendi. Bu arada malî konularda tek yetkili olarak sadrazamlığa getirilen Fuad Paşa’nın çalışmaları sonucunda İngiltere’den alınan borç ile kāimenin kaldırılması kararlaştırıldı. Kāime değerinin % 40’ı nakit, geri kalanı da % 6 faizli eshâm-ı cedîde olarak ödenecekti. Bir süre sonra hazinede nakit sıkıntısı ortaya çıkınca paranın bir kısmı sterlin ve frank olarak ödendi. 1862 Eylülü başında kāimenin tamamen tedavülden kaldırıldığı resmen ilân edildi.
İkinci kāime uygulamasına Balkanlar’daki karışıklıklar ve yaklaşan 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı’nda orduyu finanse etmek için başvuruldu. 1863 imtiyaz sözleşmesiyle Osmanlı ülkesinde kāime çıkarma yetki ve tekeli Bank-i Osmânî-yi Şâhâne’ye devredildiğinden bankanın onayı çıkarılan kāimelerden % 1 komisyon ve tazminat verilerek alınabildi. 2 milyon liralığı hemen, geri kalanı da gerektiğinde çıkarılmak üzere toplam 3 milyon liralık kāime emisyonuna karar verildi. Birinci uygulamanın aksine takım ve seri numarası konulan kāimeler önce cephede, 28 Ağustos 1876’da da İstanbul’da piyasaya sürüldü. Faizsiz olan bu kāimeler Hicaz, Yemen, Trablusgarp, Basra ve Bağdat gibi siyasî açıdan hassas yerlerin dışında ülkenin her yerinde tedavül edecekti. Çıkarılanların ihtiyacı karşılamaması üzerine ihtiyaten elde tutulan 1 milyon liralık kāime de piyasaya sürüldü. Hükümet, bir süre sonra 7 milyon liralık daha kāime çıkarma kararını kamuoyuna ilân edince kāimenin değeri İstanbul’da % 60 oranında düştü. Yeni kāimelerin 2,4 milyon liralığı bankerlere olan borçlara, geri kalanı da kısa bir sürede askerî giderlerle Avrupa’dan getirtilen mühimmata harcandı. Hükümetin 27 Ağustos 1877 tarihli kararına istinaden bütçe açıklarının bir kısmını kapamak ve âcil giderlere harcanmak üzere 6 milyon liralık daha kāime çıkarılınca piyasadaki toplam kāime miktarı ikinci uygulamanın en üst sınırı olan 16 milyon liraya ulaştı.
Çıkarılmasına dair olan kararnâmede, kāimenin yavaş yavaş tedavülden kaldırılması için başta Ereğli madenleri olmak üzere bazı gelirler karşılık gösterilmişti. Bu gelirleri kurulacak bir komisyon toplayacaktı. Komisyon 1 Nisan 1878’de çalışmalarına başladı ve toplanan kāimeler meydanlarda yakıldı. Kāimenin kaldırılması amacıyla oluşturulan fona gelir sağlamak için ekmek, tütün, rakı ve şarap gibi bazı ürünlere zam yapıldı. Ayrıca yardım kampanyaları düzenlendi. Devletin 1879 yılı gelirlerinin toplamının neredeyse kāime kadar, yani 18,5 milyon lira olması kāimeyi kaldırmak isteyen devletin içinde bulunduğu çaresizliğinin derecesini gösterir. Bu arada hükümetin Mart 1879’da yayımladığı, devletin gelirlerini 1 altın 4 kāime paritesi üzerinden tahsil edeceği yolundaki kararnâmesi piyasada şok etkisi yaptı. Kāimenin değeri hızla düştü ve 1 altın 13 kāimeye satılır oldu. Spekülatörlerin de etkisiyle İstanbul’da ekmekçilerin dışında hiçbir esnaf alışverişlerde kāimeyi kabul etmemeye başladı. II. Abdülhamid, saraydaki ihtiyaç fazlası altın ve gümüş kap kacağı Meskûkât İdaresi’ne göndererek elde edilen parayı kāimenin kaldırılmasına tahsis etti. Ayrıca sarayda kendi başkanlığında bir komisyon-ı âlî kurarak yardım kampanyası başlattı. Bu şekilde 9 Mayıs 1880’e kadar piyasadan yaklaşık 10,5 milyon liralık kāime çekildi. Bu meblağın 1,4 milyon lirası yardım kampanyasından sağlandı. 1883’te bile piyasada kāimeye tesadüf edilmesi geri alma işleminin ne kadar uzun sürdüğünü gösterir.
Osmanlı Devleti üçüncü kāime uygulamasına I. Dünya Savaşı’nı finanse etmek için başvurdu. Hükümet, savaşın başında Almanya’dan alınacak borç karşılığında 15 milyon liralık banknot çıkarıp kendisine vermesini Osmanlı Bankası’na teklif ettiyse de banka buna yanaşmadı. Müttefiki olan Almanya ise savaşın başından beri hükümeti kâğıt para çıkarması için teşvik ediyordu. Câvid Bey güçlü bir malî kurumun yardımı olmaksızın kâğıt para çıkarılmasına şiddetle karşıydı. Bu düşünceyle emisyon bankası görevinin geçici olarak Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye’ye devrini önerdi. Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye kāimenin karşılığının altın olarak temin edilmesi şartıyla teklifi kabul etti.
27 Mart 1915’te Almanya ile 150 milyon franklık bir borç anlaşması yapıldı. Para, nakit olarak getirilmesindeki güçlükler göz önüne alınarak Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye’nin Almanya şubesine devredildi. Bu para karşılığında çıkarılan 6.519.139 liralık kāime 10 Temmuz 1915’ten itibaren piyasaya sürüldü. Kāimelerin tedavülü zorunluydu.
Savaş masrafları yüzünden kāimeler kısa sürede harcandı. Ülkenin içinde bulunduğu olağan üstü şartlardan dolayı bütçenin olağan gelirleri de toplanamadığından hükümet tekrar emisyona başvurdu; yeni emisyona Alman hazine tahvilleri karşılık gösterildi. Bununla 5.212.400 liralık ikinci tertip kāimeler, ardından 4 Ocak 1916 tarihli kanuna istinaden toplam 8.387.600 liralık üçüncü tertip kāimeler piyasaya sürüldü. Ancak savaşın finansmanı hükümeti yeni ve çok daha büyük bir emisyona zorladı. Toplamı 74.399.600 lira olan dördüncü tertip kāimeler de 13 Eylül 1916’dan itibaren tedavüle çıkarıldı. Hükümet, 17 Şubat 1917’de Almanya’dan 42,5 milyon liralık bir avans daha alarak bununla kāime çıkarılmasına karar verdi. Toplamı 31.999.999 lira olan beşinci tertip kāimeler 10 Nisan 1917’den itibaren piyasaya sürüldü. Bunların da altı ayda harcanması üzerine 4 Ekim 1917’de Almanya hazine tahvilleri karşılık gösterilerek toplam 32 milyon liralık kāime çıkarıldı. Yedinci ve son tertip kāimeler, 1918 bütçesinde mevcut açığın kapatılması için 28 Mart 1918 tarihli Muvâzene-i Umûmiyye Kanunu’na göre çıkarıldı. Karşılığı olmayan ve Düyûn-ı Umûmiyye’nin güvencesinde çıkarılan bu kāimelerin ancak 2.499.925 liralığı piyasaya sürülebildi.
Osmanlı Devleti, böylece yedi tertipte toplam 161.018.663 liralık kāime çıkardı. Bunların bir kısmı piyasadan çekilerek imha edildiyse de 153.748.563 liralık kāime kendi parasını çıkarıncaya kadar Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nde tedavüle devam etti. İngiltere’de basılan Cumhuriyet dönemi ilk kâğıt paraları 5 Aralık 1927’de piyasaya sürüldü. Osmanlı kāimeleri bu tarihten itibaren altı ay içinde piyasadan çekildi.
Ekonomik ve siyasî açıdan zorda olduğu dönemlerde başvurduğu kāime emisyonunu Osmanlı Devleti bir tedavül aracı olarak değil iç borç ve malî tedbir olarak düşünüyordu. Galata bankerleri ikinci kāime uygulamasında altın çağlarını yaşadılar. Birinci uygulamada kāimeler numarasız olduğu için hükümet sıkıştıkça piyasaya gizlice para sürdü. Bunu önlemek ve piyasaya güven vermek için iki ve üçüncü uygulamalarda kāimeler numaralandırıldı. Bir ve üçüncü uygulamalarda ikinciye kıyasla daha az değer kaybeden kāimeler piyasada bozuk para sıkıntısına yol açtı. Alışverişlerde bozuk paranın tercih edilmesi kāimenin değerini düşüren bir etken oldu. Hükümetin bozuk para darlığını aşamaması halkı pratik çözümlere yöneltti ve bazı resmî kurumlar, esnaf teşkilâtları, dinî müesseseler ve şirketler bozuk para yerine geçen marka ve biletleri piyasaya sürdüler.
Kāime tedavülünün sebep olduğu olumsuzluklardan biri de enflasyondu. Bu yüzden pek çok şirket ve kuruluş kapandı. Kāime, üç uygulamada da altın ve gümüş sikkeyi piyasadan uzaklaştırıp tek fiyat belirleyici olamadı. Eşya fiyatları ve ücretler kāimeyle farklı, sikke üzerinden farklıydı. Kāime bunun dışında devletin ödemeler dengesinde de açık vermesine sebep oldu. Çünkü tahsilâtını kāime, dış borç ödemelerini ise altın üzerinden yapan devlet kāime değer kaybedince sürekli açık verdi. Öte yandan her üç uygulamada da büyük ölçekte kāime kalpazanlığı ortaya çıktı. Devlet, yurt içinde ve yurt dışında bastırılıp piyasaya sürülen sahte kāimelere karşı etkili önlemler alamadı. Kāime tedavülünün yol açtığı telâfisi en zor kayıp halkın devlete olan güveninin yok olmasıydı. Devletin kāime hususunda verdiği taahhütleri yerine getirememesi ve birinci kāime uygulamasının son derece müessif bir olayla neticelenmesi halkın zihninde devlete karşı oluşan şüpheyi sürekli canlı tuttu. Daha sonraki uygulamalar da bu şüphe ve güvensizliği pekiştirdi.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 212-215 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.