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KÂKÛYÎLER Skip to content 1007-1119 yılları arasında Cibâl (Irâk-ı Acem) ve Yezd’de hüküm süren Deylem asıllı bir hânedan.
Hânedanın kurucusu Alâüddevle Muhammed’in babası Rüstem Düşmenziyâr, Büveyhî ordusunda kumandandı. Büveyhî Emîri Mecdüddevle tarafından kendisine “ispehbed” unvanı verilmiş ve Elburz dağlarında bulunan Şehriyârkûh iktâ edilmişti. Alâüddevle Muhammed b. Rüstem’e kaynaklarda “İbn Kâkûye” veya “Püser-i Kâkû” (dayı oğlu) diye atıfta bulunulmaktadır. Farsça’da “küçük dayı” anlamına gelen kâkûye kelimesi, Büveyhîler’le Kâkûyîler (Kâkeveyhîler) arasındaki akrabalık ilişkisine işaret etmektedir. Alâüddevle’nin babası Rüstem Düşmenziyâr, Büveyhî Emîri Mecdüddevle’nin annesi Seyyide’nin dayısıdır. Bundan dolayı Kâkûyî hânedanının temelleri, Alâüddevle’nin 398’den (1007) önceki bir tarihte Seyyide tarafından İsfahan’a vali olarak tayin edilmesiyle atılmıştır.
Mecdüddevle çocuk yaşta olduğundan idareyi annesi Seyyide eline aldı. Bu durum, Alâüddevle Muhammed’in hâkimiyet sahasını İsfahan’dan kuzeye ve batıya, Annâzîler gibi yarı bağımsız mahallî hânedanların topraklarına doğru genişletmesine yol açtı ve onun Cibâl Büveyhî hânedanını Deylemli askerî liderlere karşı savunma görevini üstlenmesi sonucunu doğurdu.
414’te (1023-24), Burûcird hâkimi Ferhâd b. Merdâvic’in kendisine sığınmasını bahane ederek Hemedan’a yürüyen Alâüddevle Muhammed, Büveyhîler’den Semâüddevle’nin buradaki hâkimiyetine son verdi. Alâüddevle, daha sonraki beş yıl içerisinde batıdaki yeni fethettiği yerleri Cibâl ve Kürtler’i kontrol altında tutmakla meşgul oldu. Abbâsî halifesinden “adudüddin, alâüddevle, fahrülmille, tâcülümme, hüsâmü emîri’l-mü’minîn” lakaplarını almasına rağmen sikkelerinde Büveyhîler’i sözde metbû tanımaya devam etti.
Gazneli Mahmud’un 420’de (1029) Rey’i ele geçirerek Büveyhîler’in buradaki hâkimiyetine son vermesi üzerine Gazneliler’e mukavemet edemeyen Alâüddevle İsfahan’ı boşaltıp Hûzistan’a kaçtı, Fars ve Irak Büveyhî emîrleri Ebû Kâlîcâr ile Celâlüddevle’den yardım istedi. Gazneli Hükümdarı Sultan Mesud, vekili olması şartıyla ve yıllık belirli bir vergi karşılığında Alâüddevle’nin İsfahan’a dönmesine izin verdi. Ancak Sultan Mesud’un Gazne’ye dönmesinden yararlanan Alâüddevle, eski Kâkûyî topraklarına yeniden hâkim olduktan sonra sınırlarını doğuda Yezd’e doğru genişletti. Bu sırada bastırdığı paralarla resmen ve fiilen bağımsızlığını ilân etmiş oldu. Sultan Mesud, 424’te (1033) Alâüddevle’nin vergiye bağlı olarak İsfahan emîri olmasını kabul etti. Alâüddevle ertesi yıl bir defa daha Gazneliler’e karşı isyan etti. Ancak Gazneliler’in Rey nâibi Ebû Sehl el-Hamdûnî’ye yenilerek Fars Büveyhî Emîri Ebû Kâlîcâr’ın hâkimiyetindeki Îzec’e sığındı. Gazneli ordusu İsfahan’a hâkim oldu. Alâüddevle Hûzistan’dan ancak 427’de (1035-36) geri dönebildi. İsfahan’ı tekrar ele geçirmek istediyse de başarılı olamadı ve Safer 428’de (Aralık 1036) Sultan Mesud’a barış teklifinde bulundu. Sultan Mesud, Alâüddevle’nin İsfahan’daki eski mevkiini geri verdi. Irak Oğuzları bir süre sonra Azerbaycan’a gitmek üzere buradan ayrılınca Alaüddevle Rey’i ele geçirdiyse de (Cemâziyelevvel 429 / Şubat 1038) daha sonra şehri terketti. İsfahan’ın etrafını surlarla çevirip kendini emniyete aldı. Alâüddevle Muhammed, Annâzîler’den Dînever şehrini barış yoluyla aldığı seferden dönerken vefat etti (Muharrem 433 / Eylül 1041). Onun eline geçen fırsatları iyi değerlendiren bir hükümdar olduğu rivayet edilir. İmarına önem verdiği İsfahan’da ilim meclisleri düzenlemiş, bu arada hekim ve filozof İbn Sînâ’yı himaye etmiştir. İbn Sînâ Dânişnâme-i ʿAlâʾî adlı eserini Alâüddevle’ye ithaf etmiştir.
Alâüddevle’nin ölümü üzerine İsfahan tahtına büyük oğlu Zahîrüddin Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz geçti. Ortanca oğlu Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb da Nihâvend’de kardeşi Ferâmurz’a bağlı olarak yönetimi eline aldı. Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz ülkesinde birliği sağlamayı başardı. Ancak Selçuklular’ın 433’te (1041-42) Rey’e hâkim olması ve ertesi yıl Tuğrul Bey’in şehre gelerek idareyi eline alması Kâkûyîler için yeni bir dönemin başlangıcı oldu. Ferâmurz ve Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb’ın Selçuklular’la ilişkileri farklı bir seyir takip etti. İbrâhim Yinal 434’te (1042-43) Burûcird ve Hemedan’a saldırınca Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb şehri terketti; ardından İbrâhim Yinal Tuğrul Bey’i karşılamak için Rey’e döndüğünde Hemedan’ı tekrar ele geçirdi. Birkaç ay sonra Tuğrul Bey, İsfahan’da Ferâmurz’u Selçuklular’a tâbi kılarak Hemedan’a hâkim oldu ve Ebû Kâlîcâr’ı Kinkever’de ikamete mecbur etti, Hemedan’ı doğrudan kendi yönetimine aldı. Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb 436’da (1044-45) Kinkever’den Hemedan’a geldi, buradaki Selçuklu valisini uzaklaştırıp Büveyhîler’i metbû tanıdı. Bu duruma kızan Tuğrul Bey İbrâhim Yinal’ı Hemedan’a sevketti. Selçuklular’ın Batı Cibâl’de yeniden ortaya çıkması Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb’ı Annâzîler’le ittifaka zorladı. Fakat Kâkûyî ve Annâzî kuvvetleri Selçuklu askerleri karşısında bir varlık gösteremediler. Selçuklu kuvvetleri Karmîsîn, Hulvân ve Hânikīn’e kadar ilerlediler, daha sonra da Hûzistan sınırındaki Saymere’ye kadar geldiler. Hemedan’ın kesin olarak Selçuklular’a bağlanmasının ardından Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb’ın elindeki Kinkever Kalesi de teslim oldu (439/1047). Ebû Kâlîcâr, böylece topraklarının tamamını kaybettikten sonra Büveyhî hâkimiyetindeki Hûzistan’da sürgün hayatı yaşadı. Selçuklular’a karşı Gazneliler’le iş birliğine teşebbüs ettiyse de başarılı olamadı. Büveyhîler adına idare ettiği Ahvaz’da öldü (443/1051-52).
Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz’un da Selçuklular’a karşı olan politikası sık sık değişti. Kâkûyîler’in varlığı Selçuklular’ın Büveyhî topraklarına doğru genişlemesine engel teşkil ettiğinden Tuğrul Bey, kaypak bir siyaset takip eden Ebû Mansûr’a kesin darbeyi vurmak için İsfahan’ı kuşatma altına aldı. Bir yıl süren kuşatmadan sonra Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz, Muharrem 443’te (Mayıs-Haziran 1051) şehri Selçuklular’a teslim etti. Böylece Kâkûyîler’in Cibâl bölgesinde hâkimiyetleri sona erdi.
Selçuklular’a bağlı mahallî yöneticiler olarak iş başında bulunan Yezd Kâkûyîler’i Selçuklu sarayında itibar gördüler ve Selçuklu ailesiyle akrabalık kurdular. Yezd’in bir ilim ve kültür merkezi olması için çalıştılar; imar faaliyetlerine önem verdiler. Yezd onların döneminde saraylar, camiler, medreseler, kervansaraylar, kütüphaneler, türbeler ve özellikle sulama kanallarıyla donatıldı ve tarihinin en parlak dönemini yaşadı. Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz şehrin çevresinde, dört büyük kumandanın isimlerinin yazılı bulunduğu dört büyük kapısı olan büyük bir sur inşa ettirdi. 455’te (1063) Tuğrul Bey ile beraber Bağdat’a giden Ebû Mansûr Ferâmurz’un ölümünden sonra yerine oğlu Alâüddevle Adudüddin Ali b. Ferâmurz geçti.
Zamanının çoğunu Selçuklu sarayında geçiren Alâüddevle Ali 469’da (1076-77) Çağrı Bey’in kızı, Abbâsî Halifesi Kāim-Biemrillâh’ın dul eşi Hatice Arslan Hatun’la evlendi. Âlim, edip ve şairleri himaye eden Alâüddevle Ali, Berkyaruk ile Tutuş arasında Rey yakınında cereyan eden savaşta hayatını kaybetti (488/1095). Yerine geçen oğlu Alâüddevle Ebû Kâlîcâr Gerşâsb b. Ali, Selçuklu Sultanı Muhammed Tapar’ın yakın maiyeti arasına girdi. Gerşâsb b. Ali, Muhammed Tapar’ın ölümü üzerine tahta geçen oğlu Mahmud’dan da başlangıçta itibar gördü. Fakat Selçuklu sarayındaki iç çekişmelerden korkan Gerşâsb b. Ali’nin Yezd’e çekilip sultanın sarayına seyrek gitmesi kuşkuya sebep oldu. Mahmûd b. Muhammed Tapar sonunda onu Rey’deki Ferrezîn Kalesi’ne hapsetti. Ancak Gerşâsb b. Ali hapisten kaçtı ve Horasan’a giderek Sultan Sencer’in maiyeti arasına katıldı. Sencer’i yeğeni Mahmud’a karşı kışkırttı. 513’te (1119) Sâve’de Sencer ile Mahmud arasında cereyan eden savaşta Sencer’in yanında yer aldı. Gerşâsb b. Ali de âlimleri himaye etti. Şahmerdân b. Ebü’l-Hayr Kitâbü Nüzhetnâme-i ʿAlâʾî ’yi onun adına kaleme almıştır. Gerşâsb b. Ali’nin 513 (1119) yılından sonraki hayatı ve ölüm tarihi hakkında kaynaklarda bilgi yoktur. Ölümü üzerine Alâüddevle Ferâmurz b. Ali onun yerine geçti. Alâüddevle Ferâmurz’u Horasan’da gören Ali b. Zeyd el-Beyhakī kendisini âdil ve âlim bir hükümdar olarak tanıtır; onun Yunan felsefesinde bilgi sahibi olduğunu, Ömer Hayyâm ile Ebü’l-Berekât el-Bağdâdî’nin İbn Sînâ’ya itirazları üzerinde ilmî tartışmalarda bulunduğunu kaydeder. Muhammed b. İbrâhim Kirman Selçukluları’na dair eserinde, Kirman Selçuklu Hükümdarı Arslanşah b. Kirmanşah’ın (1101-1142) saltanatının son yıllarında Ali b. Ferâmurz’un (doğrusu Ferâmurz b. Ali) Kirman sarayına kaçtığını, evlilik yoluyla akrabalık kurmak istediğini ve Arslanşah’ın Yezd’i ona verdiğini kaydetmektedir. Ferâmurz da imar faaliyetlerine önem vermiş, Yezd’de bir su kanalı yaptırmış ve bir köyü imar etmiş, köy bu tarihten sonra Gerd-i Ferâmurz adıyla anılmıştır. Ferâmurz’un Mühcetü’t-tevḥîd adlı bir eser kaleme aldığı rivayet edilir. Beyhakī, Târîḫu ḥükemâʾi’l-İslâm adlı eserinde Mühcetü’t-tevḥîd ’den aldığı bazı hikmetli sözleri nakletmiştir. Kâtib Çelebi de Yezd meliklerinden biri tarafından kaleme alınan Mühcetü’t-tevḥîd (Behcetü’t-tevḥîd) adlı bir eserden bahseder (Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 258; II, 1912). Yezd’in mahallî tarihçilerinin verdiği bilgiye göre Ferâmurz (Muhammed b. Hasan-ı Ca‘ferî, s. 21-22, 23, 30), Selçuklular’la Karahıtaylar arasında cereyan eden Katvân savaşında öldürülmüş, erkek çocuğu olmadığı için Sultan Sencer Yezd’i onun iki kızına iktâ ederek kumandanlarından birini bu kızlara atabeg tayin etmiştir. Önce Rükneddin Sâm, ardından kardeşi İzzeddin Lenger atabeg olmuş, böylece Kâkûyîler’in Yezd’deki varlığı sona ermiş, onların yerini Yezd Atabegleri almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , bk. İndeks.
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Keşfü’ẓ-ẓunûn , I, 258; II, 1912.
Muhammed b. Hasan-ı Ca‘ferî, Târîḫ-i Yezd (nşr. Îrec Efşâr), Tahran 1338, s. 21-23, 30.
C. E. Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World”, CHIr. , V, 37-38, 115, 117-118.
a.mlf., The Medieval History of Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia , London 1977, s. 74-95.
a.mlf., “Kākūyids”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 465-467.
a.mlf., “ʿAlī b. Farāmarz”, EIr. , I, 848-849.
R. Di Borgomale, “Les daynasties locales du Gilan et Du Daylam”, JA , CCXXXVII (1949), s. 313-314.
G. C. Miles, “Notes on Kākwayhid Coins”, American Numismatic Society Museum Notes , XI, New York 1960, s. 231-236.
a.mlf., “Another Kākwayhid Note”, a.e. , XVIII (1972), s. 139-148.
Erdoğan Merçil, “Yezd”, İA , XIII, 404-405.
Sâdık Seccâdî – Seyyid Ali Âl-i Dâvûd, “Âl-i Kâkûye”, DMBİ , II, 107-115.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 219-221 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.