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KAL‘ATÜ BENÎ HAMMÂD Skip to content V. (XI.) yüzyılda Merkezî Mağrib’de Berberîler tarafından kurulan kale-şehir.
Kısaca el-Kal‘a veya Kal‘atü Hammâd da denilir. Cezayir’de Burcbû-Arrîrîc şehri tren istasyonunun 31 km. güneyinde ve Mesîle’nin kuzeydoğusunda Cebelümaâdîd’in (Tâkerbüst) güney yamacında kurulmuştur. Burası Kal‘atü Ebû Tavîl adıyla da anılır. Bazı duvar kalıntıları ile kazılarda elde edilen bir taban mozaiğinden eskiden burada bir Roma kalesinin bulunduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İbâzıyye’nin Nükkâr koluna mensup olan Hâricî reisi Ebû Yezîd en-Nükkârî (Sâhibü’l-hımâr), Fâtımî Halifesi Mansûr-Billâh ve orduları tarafından bu bölgede mağlûp edilmiş ve savaşta aldığı yaralar sonucu kısa bir süre sonra ölmüştür (336/947).
Zîrî Sultanı Bâdîs b. Muiz döneminde Zenâteliler karşısındaki başarılarıyla ün kazanan ve Zâb ile Mesîle’yi içine alan bölgenin valiliğine getirilen amcası Hammâd el-Berberî yeni bir idare merkezi kurma hususunda Bâdîs’ten izin aldı. Hammâd tarafından Mesîle’nin kuzeydoğusunda stratejik önemi haiz, toprağı tarıma elverişli bir yerde 398 (1007-1008) yılında inşa edilen Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd mükemmel savunma ve haberleşme imkânlarına sahip bir şehir oldu. Hammâd, Mesîle ve Hamza ahalisiyle Cerâve kabilesinden birçok kimseyi buraya getirterek yeni şehre yerleştirdi. Cami, saray, kervansaray ve çeşitli resmî binalar inşa edilerek şehrin etrafı surlarla çevrildi. Bir süre sonra Hammâd’ın kardeşi İbrâhim’in desteğiyle Zîrîler’den bağımsızlığın kazanılmasıyla Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd yeni kurulan Hammâdîler Devleti’nin merkezi oldu (405/1015).
Hammâd’ın bağımsızlık ilânı üzerine Bâdîs Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’ı kuşattı; kale altı ay sonra düşme noktasına geldiyse de Bâdîs’in âni ölümü üzerine kuşatma kaldırıldı (406/1016). Hammâd bazan Eşîr’de, bazan da Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’da oturarak devleti yönetmeye devam etti. Kāid b. Hammâd döneminde şehir iki yıl süreyle Muiz b. Bâdîs tarafından tehdit edildiyse de anlaşma sonunda kuşatma kaldırıldı (432/1040).
Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd bir süre sonra Kuzey Afrika’nın önde gelen kültür, sanat ve ticaret merkezi durumuna geldi. Özellikle Nâsır b. Alennâs döneminde (1062-1089) şehrin önemi daha da arttı. İfrîkıye’nin ve bu arada Kayrevan’ın Benî Hilâl tarafından işgal ve yağma edilmesi üzerine bölge halkının Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’a sığınmasıyla şehrin nüfusu çoğaldı ve şehir zenginleşti. Pazar yerlerine Mağrib bölgelerinin yanı sıra Mısır, Suriye, Irak ve Hicaz’dan kervanlar gelmekteydi. Ayrıca muhtelif şehirlerden birçok âlim de buraya yerleşti. Ancak Nâsır’ın Benî Hilâl’in Esbec koluyla yapmış olduğu anlaşmanın bozulması üzerine Hilâlîler’in Hadne ovasını geçip Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’a girerek şehri tahrip etmeleri şehrin güvenilirliğine ve önemine gölge düşürdü. Nâsır b. Alennâs, Cezayir’in 175 km. doğusundaki eski Saldae Limanı’nın güneyine Bicâye şehrini kurdu ve 461 (1068-69) yılında hükümet merkezini buraya taşıdı. Nâsır’dan sonra gelen Mansûr bir süre Kal‘a’da kaldıysa da 483’te (1090) Bicâye’ye yerleşti ve şehri merkez edindi. Azîz döneminde (1105-1121) Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd yeniden Benî Hilâl’in ve müttefiklerinin istilâsına uğradı ve tahrip edildi. Böylece Benî Hammâd Kalesi ile buradaki saraylar ve cami hızla harap oldu, son Hammâdî sultanı Yahyâ 543 (1148) yılında Bicâye’deki yapılarda kullanılmak üzere bütün değerli eşya ile malzemeyi söktürerek oraya taşıttı. 547’de (1152) Muvahhidî Hükümdarı Abdülmü’min el-Kûmî’nin oğlu Abdullah kaleyi kuşatarak ele geçirdi, askerleri ve halktan 18.000 kişiyi öldürterek pek çok esir aldı ve şehri tahrip ettirdi. Bununla birlikte Muvahhidler bazı binaları onararak burayı askerî garnizon olarak kullandılar.
581 (1185) yılında Benî Gāniye Kal‘a’yı üç ay kuşattıysa da sonuç alamadı. 1512’de İspanyollar Bicâye’yi aldıklarında şehir Bicâye’den kaçanların sığınma yeri oldu. Bundan sonra artık tarihte adına rastlanmayan kale bütünüyle harap olmuş, kalenin dışında Fâzıl adında bir velînin kabri etrafında ancak on-on beş evden ibaret bir yerleşme birimi kalmıştır. Çevre halkı arasında kalenin inşası, buradaki hayat ve buraya yerleştirilen hıristiyanlarla ilgili pek çok efsane anlatıldığı gibi tahrip edilmesine dair de efsaneler vardır.
Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd devri Hammâdîler’in güç ve azamet dönemidir. Stratejik konumu dolayısıyla önem taşıdığı gibi tarım, hayvancılık, dokumacılık, ticaret, ilim, kültür ve sanat merkezi olarak da dikkat çekmiştir. Dinî sahada da şehirde hoşgörünün hâkim olduğu görülür. İtalya’daki Monte Cassino Manastırı Arşivi’ndeki bir belgeden, 508 (1114) yılında burada Hz. Meryem adına bir kilisenin bulunduğu ve halkın “halife” dedikleri başrahibin kiliseye komşu bir evde oturduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Ayrıca şehre Kayrevan’dan gelen bazı yahudilerin yerleştiği de bilinmektedir.
Cezayir’i işgal eden Fransızlar’ın ilgisini çeken Kal‘atü Benî Hammâd’da bazı incelemeler yapılmıştır. P. Blanchet’in 1898’de başlattığı kazılar A. Robert, H. Saladin, General L. de Beylie, G. Marçais ve 1951’den sonra L. Golvin tarafından sürdürülmüş, elde edilen sonuçlar makale ve kitap halinde yayımlanmıştır.
En yüksek kısımları 1700 m. kadar olan Tâkerbüst dağı yamacında kurulan kale buradaki arazi şartlarına mükemmel surette uydurulmuştur. Ancak sur duvarları o derecede harap olmuştur ki bugün sadece temel izlerini görmek mümkündür. Kalenin kuzeydeki en yüksek kısmı 1418 metrede kurulmuştur. Güneyde ovaya bakan ucunda râkım 1190-965 metreye kadar düşmektedir. Kalenin üç kapısı da bu aşağı kısımdadır. Kalenin güneyinde Cerâve kapısı dışında bir sel yatağı üzerinde 6,50 m. genişliğinde ve 15,60 m. kadar uzunluğunda bir köprünün ayakları bulunmaktadır.
Kalenin etrafından dolanan bir dere ile şehir içinde yapılmış kanal ve sarnıçlar su ihtiyacını karşılıyordu. Ayrıca dört adet hazneli çeşme vardı. Kalenin doğusunda surların üzerinde 1040 m. yükseklikte el-Menâr denilen başkule veya kasır bulunur. Her bir kenarı 22 m. olan bu kulenin ışık ve aynalarla tepesinden ovadaki kalelerle haberleşme yapıldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Çok sarp kayalığın üzerinde yükselen el-Menâr’ın dış cepheleri uzunlamasına yivler halinde inşa edilmiş ve bu yivlerin en üst kısımlarında istiridye kabuğu biçiminde yarım kubbecikler yapılmıştı. Kare şeklindeki kulenin altında zor ulaşılan bir mahzen yer almakta, bunun üstündeki katın ise bir kasır olarak düzenlendiği burada bulunan sırlı ve üzerleri yazılı çini parçalarından anlaşılmaktadır. Bu kasır evvelce üstü kubbeli olan dört eyvanlı bir mekândan ibaret olup etrafını bir rampa çevirmiştir.
Kalenin ortasında yer alan büyük saray sarnıçları, harem ve selâmlık daireleri, iç avluları, kabul salonu, hamamı, idare ve hizmetkâr daireleriyle büyük bir komplekstir. Dârü’l-bahr adı verilen bölümün önünde 60 × 15 m. ölçülerindeki geniş avlunun esasında bir havuz olduğu da düşünülmüştür. Bu binalar topluluğunun enkazı arasında çok sayıda geometrik desenli mermer döşeme ve duvar kaplaması, üzerleri kabartmalı alçılar, işlenmiş mermerler, stalaktitler ve çini parçaları bulunmuştur. Bütün bunların varlığı Hammâdî Sarayı’nın muhteşem surette bezenmiş olduğunu gösterir.
Cami ise sarayın güneyinde yer alıyordu. 66 × 54 m. ölçülerinde olan camiden belirli bir iz kalmamışsa da bunun revaklı bir avluyu takip eden pâyeli veya sütunlu bir harimden ibaret olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. Mihrap önünde herhalde evvelce üzerinde ahşap kafes olan alçak bir duvarla ayrılmış maksûre bulunuyordu. Avlu duvarının ortasında ve kıblenin aksi tarafından yükselen kare planlı taş minare 6,50 × 6,50 m. ölçüsünde olup ayakta olan kısmı ile 25 m. yükseklikteydi. Minarenin kapı kemeri üstünde Fâtımî devri üslûbunda dal kıvrımı kabartmalarıyla süslenmiş bir taş levha görülür. Cephenin yukarı kısımlarındaki kemerlerde ve sağır pencerelerde sırlı tuğladan tezyinatlı dolgular ve Bizans mimarisindeki gibi süs çömlekleriyle yapılmış bezemeler vardır. Harabenin içinde, üzerlerinde hayvan resimleri veya kabartma yazı ve desenler görülen pek çok çanak çömlek kırıkları mevcuttur. Aralarında cam parçaları olan alçı şebekelerin caminin pencerelerine ait olduğu sanılmaktadır. Kazılarda Hammâdîler’den Mansûr devrine ait (1089-1105) tek bir sikke bulunmuştur.
De Beylié’nin görüşlerine nazaran Hammâdî mimarisi XI. yüzyıl İslâm mimarisinin bir parçası olmakla beraber İran, Asya kökenli Mezopotamya ve Bizans mimarilerinin bir karışımı olup Berberî sanatı değildir. Burada XI. yüzyılda stalaktitler ve arı kovanı biçiminde süsleme ile sivri uçlu haç biçiminde, üzerleri yazılı ve sırlı çiniler kullanılmıştır. Bu tür çinilere Anadolu Selçuklu sanatında sık rastlanır. Bazı süsleme elemanları ise İspanya Endülüs sanatının Elhamra sarayındakileri hatırlatır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Bekrî, el-Muġrib , s. 49.
İdrîsî, Ṣıfatü’l-Maġrib , s. 86, 91.
el-İstibṣâr fî ʿacâʾibi’l-emṣâr (nşr. Sa‘d Zağlûl Abdülhamîd), İskenderiye 1958, s. 128, 161, 167-168.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (Cündî) , IV, 442, 443.
Ticânî, Riḥletü’t-Ticânî (nşr. Hasan Hüsnî Abdülvehhâb), Tunus 1378/1958, s. 115-117.
İbn Haldûn, el-ʿİber , VI, 171 vd.
P. Blanchet, “La kalaa des Beni-Hammād”, Recueil de la société archéologique de Constantine , Constantine-Cezayir 1898, s. 97-176.
a.mlf. – H. Saladin, “Description des monuments de la Kalaa des Benī-Hammād”, Nouvelles notices des missions scientifiques , XVII, Paris 1904-1905, s. 1-21.
L. de Beylié, La kalaa des Beni-Hammad, une capitale berbère de l’Afrique du nord au XIe siècle , Paris 1909.
A. Robert, “La kalāa des Beni Hammad”, Recueil de la société archéologique de Constantine (1910), s. 97 vd.
a.mlf., “Notes sur la céramique, les marbres, les stucs et objets divers de la Kalāa des Beni-Hammad”, a.e. (1922-23), s. 199 vd.
G. Marçais, Les poteries et faïences de la Qal’a des Beni-Hammād , Constantine 1913.
a.mlf., Manuel d’art musulman, l’architecture , Paris 1926, I, 103-106, 114-115, 120-127, 140 vd., 162.
L. Golvin, Recherces archéologiques à la Qal’a des Banū Hammād , Paris 1965.
a.mlf., “Ḳalʿat Banī Ḥammād”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 478-481.
Abdurrahman b. Muhammed el-Cîlâlî, Târîḫu’l-Cezâʾiri’l-ʿâm , Beyrut 1400/1980, I, 275-276, 280, 282, 286.
La qal‘a des Banī Hammād, rapport de la mission polonoalgerienne: 1987-1988 , Varsovie 1990, I, tür.yer.
Abdülhalîm Üveys, Devletü Benî Ḥammâd , Kahire 1411/1991, s. 89-99.
G. Yver, “Kal’at Benî Hammâd”, İA , VI, 112-114.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 225-226 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.