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KALB Skip to content Sözün lafız veya mânaca ters çevrilmesini ifade eden belâgat terimi.
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2/2 Müellif: İSKENDER PALA Bölüme Git
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türkçe belâgat kitaplarının bedî‘ kısmında ve cinasa bağlı sanatlar arasında yer alan kalb tecnîs-i kalb, cinâs-ı kalb ve cinâs-ı makl…
Sözlükte “geri çevirmek, içini dışına döndürmek” gibi anlamlara gelen kalb kelimesi belâgatta, birçok konuyla ilgili olarak sözün lafız veya mâna bakımından ters çevrilmesini ifade eden kapsamlı bir terim şeklinde kullanılmıştır. İlk defa İbn Münkız, “Bâbü’l-kalb” başlığı altında müşebbeh ile müşebbeh bihin yer değiştirdiği maklûb teşbihten söz etmiştir. Harîrî, “bir sözün tersinden okunması durumunda da aynı ibareyi vermesi” anlamındaki kalbe “mâ lâ yesteḥîlü bi’l-in‘ikâs” adını vermiştir. Konuyu Reşîdüddin Vatvât’ın Farsça Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr ’inden nakleden Fahreddin er-Râzî kalbi bir ve birden çok kelimede olmak üzere ikiye, bir kelimede olan kalbi de maklûb-ı kül, maklûb-ı mücennah ve maklûb-ı ba‘z olarak üç kısma ayırır. ”فتح / حتف“ (fetih-ölüm) gibi bütün harflerin yer değiştirmesiyle oluşan ikiliye maklûb-ı kül, bu ikiliden birinin beytin başında, diğerinin sonunda olmasına maklûb-ı mücennah, ”عورات / روعات“ ta (kusurlar-korkular) olduğu gibi sadece bazı harflerde (عور / روع ) yer değiştirme bulunması durumuna da maklûb-ı ba‘z adını verir. Birden çok kelimedeki kalb ise bir terkip veya cümlenin sondan başa doğru okunduğunda da aynı ibareyi vermesidir. Sekkâkî ile İbnü’n-Nâzım, Kazvînî, Telḫîṣ şârihleri ve diğer belâgat âlimleri aynı çizgiyi sürdürmüştür. Kazvînî, serika (intihal) türü olan bir kalb çeşidinden daha söz eder. Sekkâkî, bir şairin ortaya attığı bir fikrin daha sonraki bir şair tarafından ele alınıp tersinin savunulmasına “anlam kalbi” demiştir. Bu türe Harîrî daha önce “aks” adını vermişti (Ahmed b. Abdülmü’min eş-Şerîşî, III, 82, 86). Bedreddin ez-Zerkeşî isnâd kalbi, ma‘tûf kalbi, aks kalbi, müstevî kalb, kalb-i ba‘z olarak beş neviden bahsetmiştir. İlk defa İbn Fâris’in söz konusu ettiği isnâd kalbi mübalağa, tekrîm gibi belâgat amaçlı nükte için bir cümleye dahil fâili mef‘ûl veya mef‘ûlü fâil ya da mef‘ûlü bir başka mef‘ûl konumunda ifade etmektir. Buna “belâgī kalb” de denilmiştir. ”وَحَرَّمْنَا عَلَيْهِ الْمَرَاضِعَ“ (Mûsâ’ya sütannelerini haram kıldık) âyeti (el-Kasas 28/12) ”وحرّمنا على المراضع أن يرضعنه“ (Sütannelerine Mûsâ’yı emzirmeyi haram eyledik) anlamındadır. Süt emen bir çocuğa ergin-mükellef bir kimse gibi hitap etmek onun makamını ve şanını yüceltmeyi belirtir. Bu, Arap kelâmında da yaygın bir üslûptur. Araplar parmak yüzüğe sokulduğu halde, “yüzüğü parmağıma soktum” şeklinde maklûp ifade kullanırlar. Ma‘tûf kalbi ma‘tûf ile ma‘tûf aleyhin yer değiştirmesidir: ”ثُمَّ دَنَا فَتَدَلَّى“ (Sonra -mi‘rac gecesinde Cebrâil Hz. Peygamber’e- yaklaştı ve sarktı) âyeti (en-Necm 53/8) maklûp atıflı ifade olup ”ثم تدّلى فدنا“ “Sonra -Cebrâil- sarktı ve -Hz. Peygamber’e- yaklaştı” şeklindedir.
Akis kalbine “tıbâk kalbi” ve “ma‘kūs kalb” de denir. İlk defa “tebdîl” adıyla Kudâme b. Ca‘fer’in söz konusu ettiği bu nevi, öndeki cümle veya terkibin öğelerinin yerlerini değiştirerek ikinci bir cümle yahut terkip elde etmektir. “Kelâmın kibarı; kibarın kelâmı, beylerin âdetleri, âdetlerin beyleri” terkipleriyle ”يُخْرِجُ الْحَيَّ مِنَ الْمَيِّتِ وَيُخْرِجُ الْمَيِّتَ مِنَ الْحَيِّ“ (Çıkarır diriyi ölüden, çıkarır ölüyü diriden; Yûnus 10/31), ”مَا عَلَيْكَ مِنْ حِسَابِهِمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ وَمَا مِنْ حِسَابِكَ عَلَيْهِمْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ“ (Ne sana düşer onların hesabından bir şey, ne de senin hesabından onlara bir şey; el-En‘âm 6/52) âyetleri bu türe örnektir.
Müstevî kalb, bir kelime veya kelime grubunun sondan okunduğunda da aynı ibareyi vermesidir. Bu bedî‘ ilminde kalb adı verilen söz sanatıdır. Bu türde şeddeler tek harf, elif-i memdûdeler (ا ء ) tek elif sayılır. İmâdüddin el-Kâtib’in Kādî el-Fâzıl’a ”سر فلا كبا بك الفرس“ (Yürü, tökezlemesin atın) iltifatı ile Kādî el-Fâzıl’ın ona mukabelesi olan ”دام علا العماد“ (İmâd’ın yücelikleri dâim olsun) ifadeleri gibi. Bazan beytin tamamı sondan okunduğunda da aynı ibareyi verir: ”ولمّا تبدّى، لنا وجهه / أرانا الإله، هلالا أنارا“ ” “(Görününce bize onun gül cemali, gösterdi bize Tanrı parlayan hilâli) mısralarındaki son beyit böyledir. Bazan da beytin ikinci mısraı tersinden okunduğunda birinci mısraın düzünü verir. Kādî el-Errecânî’nin ”مودّته تدوم لكلّ هول ، وهل كلّ مودته تدوم“ (Her korkuda dâimdir onun sevgisi; hiç sürekli midir her sevenin sevgisi) beyti gibi. Bazan bir şiirin tamamı bu tür beyitlerden oluşur (Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, s. 446). Kur’an’da gök cisimlerinin bir yörünge içinde sürekli dairesel hareket halinde olduğunu anlatan ”كُلٌّ فِي فَلَكٍ“ (Her biri bir yörüngede -yüzercesine hareket eder-) âyetiyle (Yâsîn 36/40) Allah’a her durumda tâzimi emreden ”رَبَّكَ فَكَبِّرْ“ (ulula rabbini) âyetinde (el-Müddessir 74/3) bu sanat görülmektedir.
Herkesin, hatta her eleştirmenin kolayca farkına varamayacağı serikat-ı hafiyye nevilerinden olan ve “aksü’l-ma‘nâ” adı da verilen kalb türünde, önceki şairin ortaya koyduğu bir düşüncenin daha sonraki bir şairce ele alınıp sebep izahına dayalı, espri havası içinde zarif bir ifadeyle tersinin iddia edilmesi serikatın ötesinde bedîî bir güzellik kabul edilmiştir. Aşağıdaki mısralarda Ebü’ş-Şîs sevgili uğruna kınanmayı hoş bulurken Mütenebbî, kınamanın sevgilinin düşmanlarından gelmesi sebebiyle bunu hoş görmemektedir. Ebü’ş-Şîs: ”أجد الملامة في هواك لذيذة ، حبّا لذكرك فليلمني اللّوّم“ (Senin aşkın uğruna kınanmayı leziz bulurum, seni dilimden düşürmek istemediğim için; öyleyse durmasın kınayanlar kınasınlar beni). Mütenebbî: ”أ أحبّه وأحبّ فيه ملامة ، إنّ الملامة فيه من أعدائه“ (Onun uğruna mâruz kalınan kınamalar onun düşmanlarından sâdır olurken onun için kınanmaya rızâ göstererek onu nasıl sevebilirim?).
İbnü’l-Ahnef’in şu mısraı maklûb-ı küllün güzel örneklerindendir: (فتح / حتف ) ”حسامك فيه للأحباب فتح ورمحك منه للأعداء حتف“ (O savaşta kılıcın dostlara zafer, mızrağın düşmanlara ölümdü). Şu mısra da maklûb-ı mücennaha örnektir: (لاح / حال ). ”لاح أنوار الهدى من كفّه في كل حال“ (Parladı hidayet nurları her dem onun elinden). Hz. Peygamber’in aşağıdaki duası maklûb-ı ba‘z için güzel bir örnektir: (عورات / روعات ): ”اللهم استر عوراتنا وآمن روعاتنا“ (Allahım! Ört kusurlarımızı, gider korkularımızı).
Hatalı kullanım sebebiyle veya lehçe farkından dolayı kelimenin bir harfinin yerini değiştirerek aynı anlama gelen ikinci bir kelime oluşturmaya mekân kalbi denilir (جذب / جبذ؛ بله/ ألبه، أهبل gibi). Buna benzer bir tür de güldürü amaçlı olarak bilhassa kelimenin ilk harfinin yer değiştirmesiyle ikinci bir kelime teşkilidir ki buna “arazî kalb” adı verilir (”بلح البقرة“ diyecek yerde ”حلب البقرة“ demek gibi).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Reşîdüddin Vatvât, Ḥadâʾiḳu’s-siḥr fî deḳāʾiḳi’ş-şiʿr (trc. İbrâhim eş-Şevâribî), Kahire 1364, s. 108.
İbn Münkız, el-Bedîʿ fî naḳdi’ş-şiʿr (nşr. Ahmed Ahmed el-Bedevî – Hâmid Abdülmecîd), Kahire 1380/1960, s. 176.
Fahreddin er-Râzî, Nihâyetü’l-îcâz fî dirâyeti’l-iʿcâz , Kahire 1317, s. 33.
Ahmed b. Abdülmü’min eş-Şerîşî, Şerḥu Maḳāmâti’l-Ḥarîrî (nşr. M. Ebü’l-Fazl İbrâhim), Beyrut 1413/1992, III, 82, 86.
Ebû Ya‘kūb es-Sekkâkî, Miftâḥu’l-ʿulûm , Kahire 1356/1937, s. 203.
İbnü’n-Nâzım, el-Miṣbâḥ fî ʿilmi’l-meʿânî ve’l-beyân ve’l-bedîʿ , Kahire 1341, s. 91.
Şehâbeddin Mahmûd, Ḥüsnü’t-tevessül ilâ ṣınâʿati’t-teressül (nşr. Ekrem Osman Yûsuf), Bağdad 1400/1980, s. 307.
Şürûḥu’t-Telḫîṣ , Kahire 1937, I, 486; IV, 459, 500.
Hatîb el-Kazvînî, el-Îżâḥ fî ʿulûmi’l-belâġa (nşr. M. Abdülmün‘im Hafâcî), Kahire 1400/1980, s. 399, 413.
Yahyâ b. Hamza el-Alevî, eṭ-Ṭırâzü’l-müteżammin li-esrâri’l-belâġa (nşr. M. Abdüsselâm Şâhin), Beyrut 1415/1995, s. 378-379, 445-447, 492-493.
Teftâzânî, el-Muṭavvel , İstanbul 1330, s. 457, 468.
Zerkeşî, el-Burhân , III, 288.
İsâmüddin el-İsferâyînî, el-Eṭval , İstanbul 1284, II, 236, 248.
Ahmed Matlûb, Muʿcemü’l-muṣṭalaḥâti’l-belâġıyye ve teṭavvürüh , Bağdad 1407/1987, III, 140-143.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 232-233 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
TÜRK EDEBİYATI. Türkçe belâgat kitaplarının bedî‘ kısmında ve cinasa bağlı sanatlar arasında yer alan kalb tecnîs-i kalb, cinâs-ı kalb ve cinâs-ı maklûb adlarıyla da anılmıştır. Osmanlı harflerine dayalı bir sanat olan kalb, harfleri aynı, harf dizilişleri ayrı olan kelimelerin aynı beyitte kullanılmasını esas alır. Asıl kelimeye nazaran maklûb durumunda olan ikinci kelimedeki harflerin düzenleniş biçimine göre kalb kalb-i kül ve kalb-i ba‘z olmak üzere ikiye ayrılır. Kalb-i kül, kelimede harflerin düzenli biçimde sondan başa doğru sıralanması yoluyla yapılır. Hilâl-lâle (هلال – لاله ), şitâ-âteş (شتا – آتش ), kelâm-mâlik (كلام – مالك ) gibi. Kalb-i tam veya aks-i müfred de denilen kalb-i kül eski şairlerin itibar ettiği, örneklerine sıkça rastlanan bir sanattır. Şâhin Giray’ın, “Çokça mağrûr olma sen ikbâle kim / Lâ-bekādır aks-i ikbâl âdeme” beytindeki “ikbâl” (اقبال ) ile “lâ-bekā” (لابقا ); Zâtî’nin, “Külâh-ı devlet ile fahr kılmaz şol ki müdriktir / Ki sonu devletin lettir külâhın kalbi hâliktir” beytinde “külâh” (كلاه ) ile “hâlik” (هالك ) kelimelerinde olduğu gibi.
Kalb-i ba‘z, kelimede harflerin düzenli olmayarak değişmesiyle yapılan kalbdir. Nâcî-cânî (ناجى – جانى ), irem-mâr-emr (ارم – مار – امر ), emel-elem-mâl (امل – الم – مال ) gibi. Kalb-i muavvec de denilen kalb-i ba‘z için Ahmedî’nin, “Feth ü zaferle erişüben dâr-ı mülküne / Kıldı adû rikābını kılıcına kırâb” beytindeki “rikāb” (رقاب ) ile “kırâb” (قراب ); Lâmiî’nin, “Dahl eder huld-i berîne kasrının her safhası / Raks urur havzın içinde mihr ü meh subh u mesâ” beytinde “dahl” (دخل ) ile “huld” (خلد ), “kasr” (قصر ) ile de “raks” (رقص ) kelimelerinde olduğu gibi.
Kalb, asıl kelime ile bunun tersinden okunuşu olan maklûbun ifade içindeki yerlerine göre de kalb-i mücennah ve kalb-i müstevî olmak üzere iki kısma ayrılır. Kalb-i mücennah bir mısra, beyit yahut ibarenin başında bulunan kelimenin maklûb oluşturacak şekilde sonunda da tekrar edilmesidir. Daha ziyade kalb-i kül ihtiva eden kelimelerden oluşan bu tür kalbe Lâmiî’nin, “Mûr gibi emrine kılmış itâat halk-ı Rûm / Râm oluptur nitekim Mûsâ’ya ey şeh sihr-i mâr” beytindeki “mûr” (مور ) ile “Rûm” (روم ) ve “râm” (رام ) ile “mâr” (مار ) gibi. Bu tür kalbe mücennah (kanatlı) denilmesinin sebebi asıl kelime ile maklûbun ibarenin iki tarafında birer kanat gibi durmasıdır.
Kalb-i müstevî, mısra veya ibarenin baştan sona doğru okunduğu gibi aynı anlamı ifade ederek sondan başa doğru da okunabilecek şekilde düzenlenmesidir. Bir fantezi olsun diye oluşturulan ve az rastlanan bu tür kalbe Edirneli Nazmî’nin, “Hoş kemâlin heme kelâmın şûh / Âşinâ-yı leâlî-yi inşâ” (خوش كمالك همه كلامك شوخ / آشناى لآلىء انشا ) beyti örnek gösterilebilir. Beytin ilk mısraının ortasında bulunan “heme” kelimesinin “mîm”i, ikinci mısraın ortasındaki “leâlî” kelimesinin “elif”i esas alındığında her iki yandaki harflerin sıralanışı simetrik olarak birbirini karşılamaktadır.
Kalb, zorlama ile ortaya çıkan ve daha çok harf ve kelime oyunlarını esas alan bir sanat olduğundan genellikle fesahat ve belâgattan yoksun kuru ifadelerde görülür. Şairlerin hüner gösterme uğruna mânayı feda ettikleri bu sanat, divan edebiyatının daha çok kuruluş ve klasik dönem şairlerince tercih edilmiş, sonraki dönemlerde ise cinas ve akis sanatlarının gölgesinde kalmıştır. Osmanlı harflerine dayanan kalb sanatının Latin harfleriyle yazılan şiirlerde farkedilmesi güç olduğundan Cumhuriyet döneminden sonraki şairler bu sanata itibar etmemiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Recâizâde Mahmud Ekrem, Ta‘lîm-i Edebiyyât , İstanbul 1299, s. 347-350.
Muallim Nâci, Istılâhât-ı Edebiyye , İstanbul 1307, s. 248-249.
Manastırlı Mehmed Rifat, Mecâmiu’l-edeb , İstanbul 1308, s. 312-317.
Tâhirülmevlevî, Edebiyat Lügatı , İstanbul 1973, s. 83.
M. Kaya Bilgegil, Edebiyat Bilgi ve Teorileri , Ankara 1980, s. 318, 330-331.
Cem Dilçin, Örneklerle Türk Şiir Bilgisi , Ankara 1983, s. 481-483.
M. Orhan Soysal, Edebî Sanatlar ve Tanınması , İstanbul 1992, s. 35-36, 56-57.
Numan Külekçi, Açıklamalar ve Örneklerle Edebî Sanatlar , Ankara 1995, s. 273-277.
Rekin Ertem, “Kalb”, TDEA , V, 113.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 233-234 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.