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KALEBEND Skip to content Osmanlı Devleti’nde bir ceza türü.
Arapça kal‘a ve Farsça bend kelimelerinden oluşan kal‘a-bend sözlükte “kaleye bağlanmış, kalede hapsedilmiş kimse” anlamına gelir. Terim olarak suçluların kale surları içinde ikamete tâbi tutulup hisardan dışarıya çıkmalarına izin verilmemesi şeklinde uygulanan bir cezayı ifade eder. Ayrıca kapalı mekânlarda tutulan mahkûmlara zindan-bend , bir ada üzerinde serbest dolaşmalarına izin verilenlere cezîre-bend , kaleye göre daha küçük olan, askerî amaçlarla yapılmış palankalarda tutulanlara palanka-bend , özellikle gayri müslim tebaadan olan suçluların manastırlarda muhafaza edilenlerine manastır-bend , kulelerde tutulanlara da kule-bend denilir.
Osmanlı Devleti’nde adam öldürme, yaralama, hırsızlık gibi cürümlerin ceza uygulamaları ehl-i örfe havale edildiğinden bunların karşılığında farklı cezalandırma şekillerine başvurulabiliyordu. Kalebentlik cezası siyasî suçlar dışında teşhir, para cezası, küreğe koyma, hapis, sürgün gibi ta‘zîr cezalarından biriydi. Bu ceza türü XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren belirgin şekilde uygulanmaya başlandı ve XVIII. yüzyılda yaygınlaştı (Erim, sy. 4 [1984], s. 80-81). Arşiv belgelerinden anlaşıldığına göre kalebentlik cezasına konu olan suçlar katil, yaralama, gasp, darp, adam kaçırma, zorbalık ve zulüm, hırsızlık, yol kesicilik, eşkıyalık, tezvirat, gammazlık, iftira, yalancı şahitlik, müneccimlik, büyü yapma, ayyaşlık, meczupluk, divanelik, yasaklanmış erzak satma, İstanbul dışına erzak çıkarma, evinde suçlu saklama, borcunu ödememekte direnme, ekmek, simit, çörek gibi mâmulleri eksik gramajlı pişirme, narhtan yüksek fiyata eşya ve yiyecek maddesi satma, kefilsiz olarak İstanbul’da, İstanbul’a bağlı yerlerde oturma, madrabazlık, ihtikâr, rüşvet, kalpazanlık, kalp para bulundurma, sahte belge (berat, ferman, i‘lâm, mahzar vb.) düzenleme, sahte mühür kazıtma, düzmece davacılar ve şikâyetçilerle ferman ve berat alma, davalara karışarak adaletin tecellisine engel olma, fitne, fesat, etrafına eşkıya toplama, devlet malının tahsiline, devlete ait erzak satışına, tahrire ve mekkâre ihracına mani olma, fahişelik, tecavüz, zina, ırza tasaddî, ev basma, kız ve kadın kaçırma, halkın işlerine müdahale, şeriata, padişah emrine ve zâbitlere itaat etmeme, görev mahalline gitmeme, ocak kanununa aykırı davranma, tutukluların firarına yardım etme, firarı önleyici tedbir almama, vakıf, zeâmet ve timar nizamına zarar verme, vakıf malını yağmalama, zimmete para geçirme, yeniçeri esâmîleriyle oynayarak karışıklığa yol açma, kalem işlerine hile karıştırarak hazineyi zarara sokma, devlet erkânı hakkında kahvehane vb. yerlerde dedikodu yapma şeklinde sıralanabilir (Koca, s. 27-33; İşbilir, sy. 4 [1984], s. 50-53).
Zikredilen suçları işleyen kişilerin yakalanması, haklarında hüküm verilmesi, kalebend edilecekleri mahalle gönderilmesi, daha sonra serbest bırakılması ait olduğu sosyal tabakaya göre birtakım farklılıklar arzetmektedir. Mağdur olan kişi kadıya başvurarak onun i‘lâmıyla şikâyetini Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’a ulaştırabildiği gibi bizzat kendisi divana arzuhal sunma hakkına sahiptir. Bu şikâyetler neticesinde suçu sabit olanlar Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’dan gönderilen hükümle mahkûm olurlardı. Şikâyet edilen kişi reâyâdan ise divandan tayin edilen bir çavuş veya başka bir görevli tarafından kalebend edileceği yere gönderilir, suçlunun ıslah-ı nefs edinceye kadar kalede tutulması, kale dışına “bir hatve dahi” çıkarılmaması, salıverilmesine dair ferman gelmeden serbest bırakılmaması tembih edilirdi. Mahkûmla birlikte suça karışan diğer kişilerin ise aynı mekâna yollanmayıp farklı kalelerde kalebend edildikleri vâki idi (BA, A.DVN. KLB, nr. 3/12, 94). Suçlu askerî zümrenin yeniçeri, cebeci, bostancı vb. bir sınıfına mensupsa hakkında şikâyet olsun veya olmasın bağlı bulunduğu birimin zâbit yahut âmirinin arzıyla mahkûmiyetine karar verilirdi. Bunların kalebend edileceği yere götürülmesi işi de yine ilgili dairelerin görevlilerince gerçekleştirilirdi. İlmiye mensupları için rütbelerine göre kadı, kazasker ve şeyhülislâmın görüş bildirmesi istenirdi. Gayri müslim reâyânın mahkûmiyeti bazan ahalinin şikâyeti üzerine kadının durumu merkeze bildirmesiyle, bazan da bağlı bulunduğu metrepolit ve patriklik arzıyla gerçekleştirilirdi (BA, A.DVN.KLB d., nr. 31, tür.yer.). Yüksek rütbeli devlet görevlilerinin (sadrazam, vezir, defterdar vb.) suçlu bulunmaları durumunda makamlarından dolayı haklarındaki karar bizzat kendilerine tebliğ edilir, evlerinde ya da kapıcıbaşı vb. görevlilerle birlikte kalebend edilecekleri mahalle giderek orada ikamet etmeleri istenirdi (BA, A.DVN.KLB d., nr. 4, s. 101, 103, 116). Yine makam ve rütbe sahibi kişilere kalebentlik yerine nisbeten daha hafif sayılan cezîrebentlik cezası verildiği de olurdu. Öte yandan bazı mahkûmlar, suçlarının ağırlığından dolayı “üç sahlu” ferman gelmedikçe serbest bırakılmazdı. Normal yerdeki bir kalede hapsedilmekle bir adanın kalesinde hapsedilmek arasında cezalandırmanın şiddeti bakımından fark bulunmaktaydı ve ada kalelerindeki hapis daha ağır bir ceza idi. Adalar içinde Limni en çok mahkûmun gönderildiği yer olarak dikkati çeker.
Kalebend edilen mahkûmların geçimleri ve ihtiyaçları için ne kadar tahsisat ayrıldığına dair arşiv belgelerinde açık bir kayda rastlanmamaktadır. Ancak rahatça yaşadıklarını söylemek güçtür. Nitekim mahkûmların salıverilmeleri için yazdıkları dilekçelerde ve yerel idarecilerin gönderdiği arz ve i‘lâmlarda sefaletlerinden, borca girmelerinden ve dilenci seviyesine düşmelerinden bahsetmeleri bunlara yeteri kadar ödenek verilmediğini göstermektedir. Bazı hapishanelerde mahkûmlara günde bir parça ekmek, akşamları çorba ve bazı günler pilav, ayrıca kurban bayramlarında bir miktar et verildiğine dair kayıtlardan hareketle (Baytimur, s. 161-164) kalebend olanlara da benzer yiyeceklerin verildiği söylenebilir. Askerî zümreye mensup suçlular ise cürümlerinin ağırlığından dolayı ocaktan atılır, ulûfeleri veya dirlikleri kesilirdi. Muhtemelen suçları hafif olanların esâme kayıtlarına kalebend edildikleri mahallin ismi yazılarak ulûfelerinin ödenmesine devam edilirdi. Kalelerdeki mahkûmların hücrelerde veya zindanda geceledikleri tahmin edilmektedir.
Diğer mahkûmiyetlerde olduğu gibi kalebentlikte de bir mahkûmiyet süresi yoktur. Genelde “ıslah oluncaya kadar” şeklinde muğlak mahkûmiyet kararları çıkardı. Nitekim mahkûmların kalebentlik cezasından affedilmesi belirli şartlara bağlıydı. Reâyâdan olan kalebendlerin bir mahkûmiyet süresinin ardından serbest bırakılması kendilerinin, aile ve diğer yakınlarının arzuhalleri; kale dizdarı, kadı, nâib gibi devlet görevlilerinin iyi hal i‘lâmları; mahkûm oldukları kale ahalisinin iyi haline şahitlik edip başvurması, bir daha suç işlemeyeceğine dair kendisine kefil olunması ve nihayet mahkûmun “bedel-i af” adıyla hazineye bir miktar mal veya para vermesiyle olabilirdi (BA, A.DVN.KLB d., nr. 2, s. 179, 195). İlgili af taleplerinde mahkûmun hastalanması, kötü bir hale düşmesi, borçlu olması ya da ıslah olduğuna kanaat getirilmesi gibi sebeplerin de ileri sürüldüğü dikkati çeker. Yine eşinin, çocuklarının muhtaç durumda kalmaları, sefalete düşmeleri de öne sürülebilirdi. Ancak bazan, dilekçede beyan edilen şeylerin doğru olup olmadığının merkezden gönderilen bir görevli vasıtasıyla tahkik edilip durumun bildirilmesi istenebilirdi (BA, C.ADL, nr. 3890). Bunların dışında mübarek aylar, mübarek günler mahkûmların affı için vesile teşkil eder, bu dönemlerde yapılan başvurulara genelde olumlu cevap verilirdi (BA, A.DVN.KLB d., nr. 6, s. 47, ayrıca çeşitli yerler). Askerî zümre mensuplarında ise bu sayılanların yanında mahkûmun âmirlerinin görüşü de önemliydi ve bunların görüşü alınmadan suçlular bırakılmazdı. Öte yandan af müessesesinin de sıkça işletildiği anlaşılmaktadır. Salıverilen mahkûmlar için birtakım şartlar da ileri sürülürdü. Bunlar “kendi hâlinde olmak”, reâyâ ve il mesâlihine karışmamak, kalemiye mensubu ise bir daha kalem işlerinde çalıştırılmamak, ocak efradından ise artık ocağa dahil edilmemek ve genel olarak bir daha suç işlememek şeklinde özetlenebilir. Tekrar suç işlenmesi halinde cezalar katlanırdı. Ayrıca kefilsiz olarak İstanbul ve çevresinde oturanlara, İstanbul’da suç işleyenlere salıverildikleri sırada kendi memleketlerine gitmeleri ve bir daha İstanbul’a yaklaşmamaları uyarısı yapılırdı (BA, A.DVN.KLB, nr. 10/2).
Af başvuruları ve af kararları aynı suçu işleyenlerin ceza süresi bakımından belirleyiciydi. Meselâ benzer bir suç işleyen iki mahkûmdan biri iki buçuk ay, diğeri iki buçuk yıl kalebend kalabilirdi. Bu arada suçlar için tayin edilmiş belli süreler olmadığı gibi belli suçlar için belirlenmiş kalebend mahalleri de yoktu. Suçlular herhangi bir kaleye gönderilebilirdi. Bununla beraber genellikle ağır suç işleyenlerin ve sabıkalı suçluların adalarda kalebend edildiği söylenebilir. Bunun dışında askerî zümre mensupları daha ziyade Seddülbahir Kalesi’nde hapsedilmekteydi. Aynı şekilde fuhuş suçuna karışan kadınlar çoğunlukla ya Bursa’ya ya da Midilli adasına sürgün edilir veya kalebend olarak gönderilirdi. Yüksek rütbeli devlet adamları ve Kırım hanları gibi Osmanlı Devleti’ne bağlı olan yerlerin idarecileri ise Rodos Kalesi’nde kalebend edilirdi.
Suçluların sosyal tabakalara göre sınıflandırılması konusu geniş bir taramayı gerektirirse de bir fikir vermek üzere 1768-1774 yıllarında kalebend edilen mahkûmlar ele alındığında bunların 628’inin (% 54) müslüman erkek, altmış yedisinin (% 6) müslüman kadın, altmış dokuzunun (% 6) gayri müslim erkek, birinin gayri müslim kadın, 261’inin (% 22) seyfiye, yetmiş birinin (% 6) ilmiye ve kırk üçünün (% 4) kalemiye mensubu olduğu görülür (Koca, s. 43). Buna göre seyfiye, ilmiye ve kalemiye mensuplarının toplamı 375 kişidir (% 16-17). 1688-1750 yılları arasında Limni adasında kalebend edilen 324 mahkûmun 128’i müslüman erkek reâyâ, kırkı yeniçeri, on altısı cebeci, sekizi topçu, otuz ikisi seyyid, sekizi şeyh, ikisi müderris, onu müslüman kadın, yirmi biri zimmî erkek reâyâ ve biri zimmî kadındır (İşbilir, s. 48-49). Bu verilerden gayri müslimlerin suç nisbetlerinin nüfuslarıyla orantılı olmadığı anlaşılmaktadır. Askerî sınıf mensuplarının fazlalığı, özellikle Limni rakamlarına bakıldığında seyyidler ve meşâyihin azımsanamayacak sayıda oluşu ise dikkat çekicidir. Kalebentlik cezası imparatorluğun son dönemlerinde daha da yaygınlaşmış, birçok tanınmış şahsiyet özellikle adalara ve uzak kalelere yollanmıştır. Bu sırada ceza kanununa göre kalebentlik cezasının süresi muvakkat ve müebbet hale getirilmiş, geçici ceza üç-on beş yıl olarak belirlenmiştir. 1858 ceza kanunnâmesinde yer verilen kalebentlik, Cumhuriyet döneminde kürek ve sürgün cezasıyla karışık halde bir süre daha uygulanmış ve 1926 yılında bir kanunla kaldırılmıştır. Başbakanlık Osmanlı Arşivi’nde (A.DVN.KLB d. koduyla) birçok kalebend defteri ve evrakı mevcuttur.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
BA, Atik Şikâyet Defterleri , nr. 174, tür.yer.; BA, A.DVN.KLB, nr. 15; nr. 4/10; nr. 5/78; nr. 11/29; BA, C.AS, nr. 46964; BA, MD , nr. 98, s. 98, hk.4; nr. 99, s. 2, hk. 6; nr. 103, s. 100, hk. 732; nr. 106, s. 25, hk. 44; nr. 111, s. 389, hk. 1332, s. 509, hk. 1764; nr. 115, s. 118, hk. 471, s. 546, hk. 2422; nr. 120, s. 88, hk. 382; nr. 124, s. 46, hk. 161, s. 76, hk. 273; nr. 129, s. 72, hk. 256; BA, MAD , nr. 3160, s. 224-225; nr. 4080, s. 42; nr. 9989, s. 160; Ömer İşbilir, “XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Limni Kalebendleri”, Zindanlar ve Mahkûmlar (haz. Emine Gürsoy Naskali – Hilal Oytun Altun), İstanbul 2006, s. 48-56; Süha Oğuz Baytimur, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Hapis ve Sürgün Cezaları: 1791-1808 (doktora tezi, 2011), Fırat Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, s. 161-164; a.mlf. – Ahmet Aksın, “25 Numaralı Kalebend Defterinin Tanıtımı ve Kalebend Defterlerinin Osmanlı Sosyal Tarihi Bakımından Önemi”, TTK Bildiriler , XV (2006), IV/1, s. 1-17; Uğur Koca, 17 Numaralı Kalebend Defterine Göre (1182-1188/1768-1774) Osmanlı Devleti’nde Suç, Suçlu, Hapishaneler ve Cezalar (yüksek lisans tezi, 2015), Mimar Sinan Güzel Sanatlar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, tür.yer.; Neşe Erim, “Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Kalebendlik Cezası ve Suçların Sınıflandırılması Üzerine Bir Deneme”, Osm.Ar. , sy. 4 (1984), s. 79-88.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 5-7 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.