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KALKAŞENDÎ Skip to content Ebü’l-Abbâs Şihâbüddîn Ahmed b. Alî el-Kalkaşendî (ö. 821/1418)
Memlüklü tarihçisi, âlim ve münşî.
756’da (1355) Kahire yakınındaki Kalkaşende köyünde doğdu. Kays Aylân’dan Bedr b. Fezâre’ye mensup olduğu için Fezârî diye de anılır. Küçük yaşta İskenderiye’ye giderek başta fıkıh olmak üzere dinî ve edebî ilimleri tahsil etti, felsefe okudu. Hocası İbnü’l-Mülakkın’dan aldığı ve Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ adlı eserinde sûretini verdiği icâzetnâmeden (XIV, 322-327), Şâfiî fıkhı üzerine fetva verme, bazı fıkıh ve hadis kitaplarını okutma izni aldığı anlaşılan Kalkaşendî uzunca bir süre kadılık görevinde bulundu. Bir yandan da ders okuttu ve tarih, coğrafya, hukuk, edebiyat, kitâbet, tabii ilimler, Arap kabileleri üzerinde araştırmalar yaptı. Arap edebiyatı sahasında kudreti ve kitâbetteki maharetiyle kısa zamanda tanındı. Kalkaşendî 791’de (1389) Kahire’ye geldi ve başında tarihçi İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî’nin yeğeni Kadı Bedreddin el-Ömerî’nin bulunduğu Dîvân-ı İnşâ’ya kâtibü’d-dest olarak girdi. Bu görevi uzun yıllar sürdüren Kalkaşendî 10 Cemâziyelâhir 821 (15 Temmuz 1418) tarihinde vefat etti.
Eserleri. 1. Ḥilyetü’l-fażl ve zînetü’l-kerem fi’l-mufâḫare beyne’s-seyf ve’l-ḳalem . Devâtdâr Zeynüddin Ebü’z-Zâhirî’nin Sultan Berkuk tarafından 1392’de önemli bir göreve tayini üzerine yazılan risâlenin çeşitli nüshaları bulunmaktadır; ayrıca müellif bu risâleyi Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’ya dahil etmiştir (XIV, 23-140).
2. Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ fî ṣınâʿati’l-inşâʾ . İslâm dünyasında bürokrasinin gelişmesi ve kâtiplerin yetişmesi için derlenen eser inşâ sanatının en mükemmel ansiklopedik örneğidir. Kalkaşendî bu çalışmasını, birçok eserden topladığı örnekler yanında Mısır arşivinde bulunan Memlük devrine ve daha önceki dönemlere ait binlerce gizli ve nâdir belgeden istifade etmek suretiyle hazırlamış, belgelerin yüzlercesini eserine aynen aldığından eserin hacmi genişlemiştir. Tarih, coğrafya, edebiyat, kitâbet ilmi, örf ve âdetler gibi konularda pek çok kaynaktan faydalandığı görülmektedir. Fihrist cildinden de yararlanılarak edinilen bilgilere göre müellif 540 eserden istifade etmiş, bunlardan bazılarını çok sık kullanmıştır. İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî’nin et-Taʿrîf bi’l-muṣṭalaḥi’ş-şerîf ’i ve Mesâlikü’l-ebṣâr ’ı ile İbn Nâzırü’l-Ceyş’in Tes̱ḳīfü’t-taʿrîf ’i en çok faydalandığı eserler arasındadır. Kullandığı diğer kitaplar içinde Ebü’l-Fidâ’nın Taḳvîmü’l-büldân ’ı, Sem‘ânî’nin el-Ensâb ’ı ve İbn Sînâ’nın el-Ḳānûn fi’ṭ-ṭıbb ’ı sayılabilir. İndeksiyle birlikte yaklaşık 6000 sayfa tutan eser mükemmel bir sistematik içerisinde düzenlenmiş, ana ve ara başlıklar için fasıl, mevzu, bab, nev‘, taraf, makale vb. yirmi terim kullanılmıştır. Yirmi yıllık bir çalışmanın ürünü olan kitap esas itibariyle bir giriş (mukaddime) on bölüm (makale) ve bir sonuç (hâtime) halinde düzenlenmiştir. Eserin 28 Şevval 814 (12 Şubat 1412) Cuma günü tamamlandığı sonundaki ferağ kaydından anlaşılmaktadır. Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’nın giriş kısmında kitâbet sanatı, kâtibin başlıca özellikleri, Dîvân-ı İnşâ’nın yapısı ve müellifin zamanına kadar tarihî seyri ele alınmış, birinci bölümde Arap veya Araplaşmış kabileler, Türkler, Rumlar, Süryânîler hakkında bilgi verilmiş, dinî ve aklî ilimlerin tasnifi yapılmış, hayvanlar, kuşlar, kıymetli taşlar, güzel kokular, hükümdarlık alâmetleri, yeryüzü, sular, bitkiler, yıldızlar, çeşitli tabiat hadiseleri, takvimler, muhtelif kavimlerin dinî günleri, bayramları, güzel yazı yazma usulleri anlatılmıştır. İkinci bölümde coğrafyadan ve yollardan söz edilmiş, yeryüzü yedi iklime ayrılıp İslâm dünyasının bütün bölgelerinin ve özellikle Mısır’ın tarih ve coğrafyası tanıtılmıştır. Ayrıca Bizans Devleti ve Avrupa kıtası hakkında ayrıntılı bilgi verilmiştir. Ordu mensupları ile devlet memurları ve din adamlarının görevleri de bu bölümde ele alınmıştır. Üçüncü bölümde künye ve lakaplardan bahsedilerek halifelere, müslüman hükümdarlara, gayri müslim devlet başkanlarına, saray mensuplarına ve askerî erkâna, devletin idare teşkilâtında ve taşra teşkilâtında görev alan kişilere verilen lakaplara dair bilgi alfabetik sırayla kaydedilmiştir. Dördüncü bölüm yazışmalar konusuna ayrılmış olup eserin tarihî malzeme bakımından en zengin kısmını oluşturur. Müellif burada çeşitli belgelerden, halife ve hükümdarlar tarafından gönderilen mektuplardan örnekler sunmaktadır. Beşinci bölümde gizli haberleşme usullerinden bahsedilmiş, ahidnâme, biatnâme, askerî, dinî ve idarî görevlere yapılan tayinlerle ilgili yazışmalara örnek verilmiştir. Altıncı bölüm imtiyazlar, muhtelif takvimlerin birbirine çevrilmesi hakkında bilgiler içerir. Yedinci bölüm iktâlara, sekizinci bölüm yeminlere ayrılmış, ayrıca mezheplerden bahsedilmiştir. Dokuzuncu bölümde emannâmeler, mütarekeler, antlaşmalar; onuncu bölümde icâzetnâmeler, siciller, müfâhare ve çeşitli konulara dair risâle örneklerine yer verilmiştir. Hâtimede posta teşkilâtının tarihçesinden, Kahire ile diğer önemli merkezler arasındaki yollardan söz edilmekte, posta güvercinleri ve haberleşmede kullanılan usuller, kuleler vb. hakkında mâlûmat kaydedilmektedir. Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’da “sultâniyyât” denilen devletlerarası resmî yazışmaların yanında ihvâniyyât, mersûm, menşûr, tevkī‘, ahid, tefvîz, vasiyet ve tezkire gibi tarih terimleri hakkında bilgi verilmiş, her türlü yazışmanın tarih boyunca geçirdiği değişiklikler ve müellif devrinde geçerli olan yazışma şekilleri yine resmî belgelerden örneklerle anlatılmıştır. Uzun süre gerekli ilgiyi görmeyen eser XIX. yüzyıldan itibaren Batılı uzmanların dikkatini çekmiş, üzerinde çalışmalar yapılmış, muhtevası ayrıntılı olarak tanıtılmış, bazı bölümleri çeşitli dillere çevrilmiştir (İA , VI, 138; EI2 [İng.] , IV, 511). Kalkaşendî’nin sağlığında Muharrem 817’de (Nisan 1414) yedi cilt halinde istinsah edilen Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ ’nın II ve VII. ciltlerinin eksik bir nüshası Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi Kütüphanesi’nde bulunmaktadır (III. Ahmed, nr. 2930). Eser, 889 (1484) istinsah tarihli tam bir nüshasına dayanılarak Muhammed Abdürresûl İbrâhim tarafından on dört cilt olarak yayımlanmıştır (Kahire 1331-1338). Muhammed Hüseyin Şemseddin’in açıklama ve kaynak karşılaştırmaları yaparak hazırladığı nüshayı Dârü’l-kütübi’l-ilmiyye yine on dört cilt halinde basmıştır (Beyrut 1987). Muhammed Kındîl el-Baklî tarafından eserin Dîvân-ı İnşâ’dan çıkan yazışma çeşitleri, şahıs isimleri, kavim, kabile, millet isimleri, yer adları, terimler, bazı isim ve tabirler, Kur’an âyetleri, hadisler, şiirler, deyimler, kaynak kitaplar şeklinde on bir ayrı indeksi hazırlanmış, bu indeks Saîd Abdülfettâh Âşûr’un takdim yazısı ile neşredilmiştir (Kahire 1970, 1984).
3. Nihâyetü’l-ereb fî maʿrifeti ensâbi (ḳabâʾili)’l-ʿArab . Bir girişle beş bölümden meydana gelmektedir. Ensâb ilminin öneminden, erken dönem Arap tarihinden, eyyâmü’l-Arab’dan bahseden eserin esas kısmı Arap kabilelerinin alfabetik olarak düzenlenmiş bir sözlüğü niteliğindedir. 812’de (1409) tamamlanıp Emîr Cemâleddin Yûsuf el-Kureşî’ye ithaf edilen kitap ilk defa Bağdat’ta yayımlanmış (1332), daha sonra İbrâhim el-Ebyârî tarafından tenkitli basımı yapılmış (Kahire 1959), ardından bir baskısı daha gerçekleştirilmiştir (Beyrut 1984). Muhammed Emîn es-Süveydî esere, Sebâʾiḳu’ẕ-ẕeheb fî maʿrifeti ḳabâʾili’l-ʿArab adıyla 1229 (1814) yılına kadar gelen bir zeyil yazmıştır (Bağdad 1280; Bombay 1296).
4. Ḳalâʾidü’l-cümân fi’t-taʿrîf bi-ḳabâʾili ʿArabi’z-zamân . Nihâyetü’l-ereb ’in zeyli mahiyetindedir. 818’de (1415) tamamlanmış ve Ebü’l-Mehâsin Muhammed el-Cühenî el-Müeyyedî’ye sunulmuştur. İbrâhim el-Ebyârî tarafından Ali b. Ahmed el-Kalkaşendî’ye nisbet edilerek tenkitli neşri yapılan eseri (Kahire 1964, 1982) Süyûtî ihtisar etmiştir.
5. Meʾâs̱irü’l-inâfe fî meʿâlimi’l-ḫilâfe . 819 (1416) yılında tamamlanıp Mısır’daki Abbâsî Halifesi Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’a takdim edilen eser İbrahim Kafesoğlu tarafından ilim âlemine tanıtılmış ve nüshaları hakkında bilgi verilmiştir (TD , VIII/11-12 [1956], s. 99-104). Bir giriş, yedi bölüm ve bir sonuçtan ibaret olan eserde hilâfetin mânası, künye ve lakapları; imâmetin şartları, biat, halife-halk ilişkileri; halifelerin cülûsu, hilâfet alâmetleri ve bunların kullanılması; çeşitli hânedanlara ait biat mektuplarından örnekler; halifelerden hükümdarlar ve kumandanlara, hükümdarlardan halifelere yazılan mektuplar; Halife Mu‘tazıd-Billâh’ın nesebi, meziyet ve icraatı anlatılmıştır. Kalkaşendî bu eserinde çeşitli kaynaklardan faydalanmış ve bunları kısmen göstermiştir. Meʾâs̱irü’l-inâfe Abdüssettâr Ahmed Ferrâc tarafından üç cilt olarak yayımlanmıştır (Küveyt 1964; Beyrut 1980).
6. Ḳaṣîde fî medḥi’n-nebî (İskenderiye 1288).
7. el-Kevâkibü’d-dürriyye fî menâḳıbi’l-Bedriyye . Müellif, Dîvân-ı İnşâ reisi Kadı Bedreddin b. Alâeddin b. Fazlullah’ı övmek için yazdığı bu risâlede inşâ sanatının önemini belirtmiş ve kâtiplerin bilmesi gereken hususlar üzerinde durmuştur (Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , XIV, 111).
8. Naẓmu sîreti’l-Müʾeyyed . Memlük Sultanı Şeyh el-Mahmûdî hakkındadır.
Kalkaşendî ayrıca Kemâleddin el-Müdlicî’nin el-Câmiʿu’l-muḫtaṣar ile Abdülgaffâr el-Kazvînî’nin el-Ḥâvi’ṣ-ṣaġīr adlı fıkha dair eserlerini şerhetmiştir. Künhü’l-murâd fî şerḥi Bânet Süʿâd isimli eserin Kalkaşendî’ye aidiyeti şüphelidir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Kalkaşendî, Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ (nşr. Muhammed Abdürresûl İbrâhim), Kahire 1331-38/1913-20, I-XIV.
Makrîzî, es-Sülûk , III, 821.
İbn Tağrîberdî, el-Menhelü’ṣ-ṣâfî , Kahire 1375/1956, I, 320-321.
Sehâvî, eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , II, 8.
Taşköprizâde, Miftâḥu’s-saʿâde , I, 182.
O. Spies, An Arab Account of India in the 14th Century. Being a Translation of the Chapters of India from al-Qalqashandī’s Subh al-a‘shā , Delhi 1935.
M. Canard, “Les relations diplomatiques entre Byzance et l’Egypte dans le Subh al a‘shā de Qalqashendī”, Atti del XIX Congresso Internazionale degli Orientalisti , Roma 1935, s. 579-580.
Brockelmann, GAL , II, 166-167; Suppl. , II, 164-165.
a.mlf., “Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī”, EI , II, 699-700.
Abdüllatîf Hamza, el-Ḳalḳaşendî fî kitâbihî Ṣubḥi’l-aʿşâ , Kahire 1380/1961.
Ebü’l-ʿAbbâs el-Ḳalḳaşendî ve kitâbühû Ṣubḥu’l-aʿşâ , Kahire 1973.
Mahmûd Sa‘d, es̱-S̱eḳāfetü’l-İslâmiyye li-kâtibi’l-inşâʾ kemâ tebdû fî Ṣubḥi’l-aʿşâ , İskenderiye, ts. (Münşeâtü’l-maârif).
Ömer Mûsâ Bâşâ, Târîḫu’l-edebi’l-ʿArabî: el-ʿAṣrü’l-Memlûkî , Dımaşk-Beyrut 1409/1989, s. 89-93, 540-581.
Şâkir Mustafa, et-Târîḫu’l-ʿArabî ve’l-müʾerriḫûn , Beyrut 1990, III, 133-137.
M. Kemâleddin İzzeddin, Ebü’l-ʿAbbâs el-Ḳalḳaşendî müʾerriḫan , Beyrut 1990.
Ramazan Şeşen, Müslümanlarda Tarih-Coğrafya Yazıcılığı , İstanbul 1998, s. 205-207.
B. Michel, “L’organisation financière de l’Egypte sous les sultans mamelouks d’après Qalqachandi”, BIE , VII (1925), s. 127-147.
İbrahim Kafesoğlu, “Kalkaşandî’nin Bilinmeyen Bir Eseri: Meâsirü’l-İnâfe”, TD , VIII/11-12 (1956), s. 99-104.
a.mlf., “Kalkaşandî”, İA , VI, 134-139.
C. E. Bosworth, “The Section on Codes and Their Decipherment in Qalqashandi’s Subh al-a‘shā”, JSS , VIII (1963), s. 17-33.
a.mlf., “A Maqama on Secretaryship: al-Qalqashandi al-Kawakib al-Durriyah fi’l-Manaqıb al-Badriyya”, BSOAS , XXVII (1964), s. 291-298.
a.mlf., “Christian and Jewish Religious Dignitaries in Mamluk Egypt and Syria: Qalqashandī’s Information on Their Hierarchy, Titulature and Appointment”, IJMES , III (1972), s. 199-216.
a.mlf., “al-Ḳalḳas̲h̲andī”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 509-511.
Ahmet Subhi Furat, “İslam Edebiyatında Ansiklopedik Eserler”, İTED , VII/3-4 (1979), s. 228-230.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 263-265 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.