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KAM, Ömer Ferit Skip to content (1864-1944)
Son dönem şairlerinden, düşünür ve yazar.
10 Ocak 1864’te İstanbul Beylerbeyi’nde doğdu. II. Abdülhamid’in harem doktoru olan Ahmed Muhtar Paşa’nın oğludur. Beylerbeyi Rüşdiyesi’ni bitirince babasının arzusuna uyarak Mekteb-i Mülkiyye-i Şâhâne’ye kaydolduysa da bir yıl sonra bu okulu bırakıp Mekteb-i Hukuk’a girdi, ancak babasının ölümü üzerine ikinci sınıfta okulu terketti. Yarım kalan öğrenimini özel hocalardan ders alarak tamamlamaya çalıştı, bu arada Arapça, Farsça ve Fransızca öğrendi. Ayrıca geniş bir hadis kültürüne sahip olduğu belirtilmektedir (Levend, s. 23). Kendi ifadelerinden anlaşıldığına göre (a.g.e. , s. 19) ilim ve irfanından en çok faydalandığı kişi, dönemin ilim adamlarından olup bir ara matbuat müdürlüğü de yapmış bulunan şair Mehmed Nüzhet Efendi’dir.
Ömer Ferit, 1887’de Bâbıâli Tercüme Odası’nda mütercim olarak göreve başladı. 1888’de Beylerbeyi Rüşdiyesi’nde Fransızca muallimi oldu. Ayrıca cami derslerine katılarak geleneksel ilimlerde öğrenimini devam ettirdi ve 1905’te Mustafa Âsım Efendi’den icâzet aldı. Aynı yıl, İran’ın İstanbul sefiri Rızâ Dâniş Han’ın Lahey Barış Konferansı münasebetiyle yazdığı bir şiiri Türkçe’ye çevirdiği için İran hükümeti tarafından kendisine Şîr-i Hurşîd nişanı verildi. Bu arada dinî, fikrî ve felsefî konularda hayatı boyunca devam ettireceği okuma ve araştırma faaliyetine girişti. Sırât-ı Müstakîm ve Sebîlürreşâd dergilerinin ilk ve sürekli yazarlarından olan Ömer Ferit, 1913’te dergi adına “Avrupa ahvâlini tetebbu ve ulemâ ve felâsife ile te’sîs-i muârefe” için Avrupa’ya gönderildi. Bu seyahatin intibalarını “Avrupa Mektupları” başlığıyla Sebîlürreşâd ’ın X ve XI. ciltlerinde yayımladı. 1914’te Dârülfünun’da Mehmed Âkif’in yerine Türk edebiyatı müderrisliğine, 1917’de Süleymaniye Medresesi’nde felsefe-i umûmiyye tarihi müderrisliğine, 1919’da Dârü’l-hikmeti’l-İslâmiyye üyeliğine tayin edildi; bir yıl sonra da Edebiyat Fakültesi’nde şerh-i mütûn müderrisi oldu. Millî Mücadele’nin ardından bir ara açıkta kalan Ömer Ferit, Şubat 1923’te tekrar Süleymaniye Medresesi’ndeki müderrislik görevine getirildi. Medreselerin lağvı üzerine Tetkīkat ve Te’lîfât-ı İslâmiyye üyesi olarak Ankara’ya gitti. Mayıs 1924’te Dârülfünun İran edebiyatı müderrisliğiyle İstanbul’a döndü. 1933’te Dârülfünun’un İstanbul Üniversitesi adıyla yeniden yapılandırılması sırasında görevden uzaklaştırılan öğretim elemanları arasında yer alan Ömer Ferit, zamanını heveslilerine eski metinler okutmakla geçirdi. 1936-1941 yıllarında Maarif Vekâleti Kütüphaneleri Tasnif Komisyonu üyesi olarak çalıştı. 23 Mart 1943’te Ankara Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi İran edebiyatı öğretim üyeliğine tayin edildi. 22 Mayıs 1944’te vefat etti.
Ferit Kam, İslâmcı olarak tanınan kesimin temsilcilerinden sayılır. Vehimli, kararsız ve sert mizacının da tesiriyle üniversite öğrenciliği yılları fikrî bunalım ve arayışlarla geçmiş, Doğu ve Batı’nın önde gelen filozoflarının, tanınmış mutasavvıfların eserlerini okuyarak ve bazı şeyhlere intisap ederek bu sıkıntılarını aşmaya çalışmış, sonunda Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî’nin Mes̱nevî ’si sayesinde aradığı huzuru bulmuştur.
Çalışmalarını din, tasavvuf, felsefe, edebiyat ve kısmen tarih alanlarında yoğunlaştıran Ferit Kam küçük yaştan itibaren eski divanları okumuş, bunlardaki mazmunların delâlet ettiği anlamları kavramak için klasik kaynakları incelemiş, bu münasebetle eski simya ve kimyadan astroloji ve astronomiye, efsaneden tarihe, kelâmdan tasavvufa kadar birçok alanda bilgi sahibi olmuştur. Türk ve Fars edebiyatları alanındaki yoğun çalışmaları ve birikimi yanında Fransız edebiyatı ve şiirini de yakından tanımış, bilhassa XVIII ve XIX. yüzyıl romantiklerinden faydalanmıştır. Büyük bir dirayetle ve derin bir zevkle okuttuğu divan edebiyatıyla birlikte halk şairlerine de yakın ilgi duyan Ferit Kam, millî şiirin üstadı olarak gördüğü Âşık Ömer’in bütün şiirlerini bir defterde toplamış; Acem taklidine saplandığını düşündüğü Osmanlı şairlerini de eleştirmiştir (Levend, s. 22-23).
Ferit Kam, felsefede süreklilik anlayışını edebiyata da uygulayarak yeni Türk edebiyatını anlayabilmek için önceki edebiyatı kronolojik seyir içinde incelemek ve aralarındaki sebep-sonuç ilişkilerini ortaya koymak gerektiğini ileri sürmüştür. Âsâr-ı Edebiyye Târihi başlıklı eserinin önsözünde böyle bir incelemenin, tarihin yol göstermesiyle milletin içtimaî, ahlâkî karakterini ve medeniyetteki yerini ortaya koyacağını belirtmiştir. Bu düşünceden yola çıkarak sanatla ahlâk arasında sıkı bir münasebet kurmuş ve edebî çalışmalarıyla bu düşüncesini kanıtlamaya çalışmıştır. İran edebiyatına dair hazırladığı ders notlarını da bu görüşle geliştirip İran Edebiyatı Tarihi adlı tenkitli çalışmasını ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca Bâkî ve Sâbit gibi divan şairleri üzerine incelemeler yapmış, özellikle Sâbit hakkındaki araştırmaları Jan Rypka tarafından takdirle karşılanmıştır.
Eski Çin ve Hint felsefelerinden başlayarak Doğu, Batı ve İslâm felsefesi hakkında geniş birikime sahip olan Ferit Kam, daha on yedi-on sekiz yaşlarından itibaren felsefî ve teolojik problemler üzerine zihin yormaya başlamıştır. Ona göre felsefe mâşerî vicdanda yerleşmiş inançların bâtıl olduğuna hükmedemez, ancak onun kaynağını ve yayılış sebebini açıklar ve yorum yapar. Felsefe, tecrübeleri ve onlardan çıkarılan sonuçları göz önünde bulundurmak zorundaysa da tecrübenin sonuçları içinde sıkışıp kalmamalıdır. Bir felsefî hareket insan tabiatından başka bir tabiatın yardımıyla ortaya konamaz. İnsan tabiatının ise birtakım kanunları, sınırları ve ihtiyaçları vardır. Her filozof bunları dikkate almak mecburiyetindedir. İnsanda zaman ve mekâna tâbi olmayan inançlar olduğuna göre felsefe bunları da araştırmak durumundadır.
Ferit Kam âlemde hudûs ve kıdem, hareket ve sükûn, kemal ve noksanlık, mutlak ve mukayyet gibi karşıt kavramlarla ifade edilen iki türlü varlık olduğunu kabul etmektedir. Burada esas mesele sonlu ile sonsuzun nasıl mevcut olabileceğinin belirtilmesidir. Bunlar arasındaki zıtlığın büyüklüğüne karşı zayıf ve sınırlı olan insan idrâki meselenin içinden çıkamamaktadır. Şüphesiz sonlu varlığı inkâr etmek hayatı inkâr etmek demektir. Hiçbir soyutlama fikrî şahsiyetimizin sesini yok edemez. Bununla beraber peyderpey ortaya çıkan değişken ve yokluğa mahkûm varlık türlerini anlamak, hatta hareket fikrini dahi idrak edebilmek için bile sabit bir asıl varlığın mevcudiyetine inanmak gerekir. Bundan dolayı Ferit Kam gerek sonlunun gerekse sonsuzun inkârını akıl ve mantık dışı görür; çünkü bunların ancak biri diğeri sayesinde tasavvur edilebilir. Bu noktada hem dualizmi hem panteizmi eleştirerek Allah’ın varlığını bütün varlıkların temeli olarak görür, bunu da insan aklının ve eşyanın kanunu diye benimsediği vahdet fikrine dayandırır.
Maddenin ve maddî varlıkların mevcudiyetini kabul etmekle beraber Ferit Kam maddeciliğe karşıdır. Bundan dolayı materyalizmi savunan Celâl Nuri’yi eleştiren yazılar kaleme almıştır. Bu yazılarında Celâl Nuri’nin pozitivist etkilerle metafiziği inkâr etmesine karşı çıkarak insan düşüncesinin her türlü metafizikle bir ölçüde ilgisi olduğunu söyler. Âlemde bir bütünlük, vahdet, gizli bir düzen ve âhenk bulunduğunu, Allah’ın yarattığı evrende noksanlık görenlerin kusursuz bir Tanrı fikri olmadan mükemmelliği kendi başlarına bulamayacaklarını belirtir. Ona göre maddî varlıkların mevcudiyeti çeşitli unsurlara dayandığı gibi insan düşüncesinin silsile halinde uzaması da peygamberlerin getirdiği dinlere dayanır. Çünkü insanların sahip oldukları maddî-mânevî her şey, dinin telkin ettiği ilkelerin asırlara göre değiştirilip yorumlanmasından ibarettir. Yine din ortadan kalkacak olsa insanlarda fazilet namına bir şey kalmaz. Böylece Ferit Kam ahlâkın temelini de dinde aramaktadır. Ayrıca kazâ ve kader meselesini incelerken önce determinizmi ve fatalizmi eleştiren Ferit Kam deterministlerin insanı eşya gibi gördüklerini, fatalistlerin de körü körüne cebre inandıklarını, bunların ikisinin de İslâm’da mevcut bulunmadığını söylemekte; insanın cüz’î iradeye sahip olduğu için serbest hareket edebildiğine, tabiat kanunlarının zaruri olarak var oluşu gibi insandaki hürriyetin, iradenin de zaruri olduğuna inanmaktadır. İyimserliğe dayanan bir ahlâk anlayışına sahip olan Ferit Kam’a göre faziletler gücünü dinin esaslarından alır. Şu halde ahlâkın ilk öğreticileri peygamberlerdir. Nitekim çeşitli filozofların bu konudaki fikirlerinin ortaya çıkışı, bir peygamberin zuhur ettiği yahut onun dininin hâkim ve etkili olduğu bir döneme rastlamaktadır.
Ferit Kam, ahlâkın zaman ve mekân içinde değişmeler göstermesinin sebebini insan tabiatında aramıştır. Emile Boirac’tan çevirdiği Mebâdi-i Felsefeden İlm-i Ahlâk adlı esere koyduğu bir notta (s. 9) ahlâkla insan tabiatı arasındaki münasebeti şöyle açıklamaktadır: Ruhta sevgi kaynağı olarak duygu, bilme arzusu ve muktedir olma arzusu şeklinde sıralanan üç meyil ve bunların her birinin karşılığı olarak his, akıl ve faaliyet denen üç meleke vardır. İnsanın iyiliği bu meyil ve melekeleri düzenli biçimde geliştirmektedir. İyiliği gerçekleştirmek için onu istemek gerekir ki fazilet de budur.
“Derunî bir hal, yaşanan bir edep ve nefis terbiyesi” olarak tanımladığı tasavvufun daha çok nakle dayandığını belirten Ferit Kam, Mevlânâ Celâleddîn-i Rûmî ve Şems-i Tebrizî gibi sûfîlerin kelâmı ve tasavvufu birleştirdiklerini söyler. Bu noktadan hareketle bazı Batılılar’ın tasavvufu “vicdanî hislere uyma yolu” şeklinde tarif etmelerine de itiraz eder ve İslâmî tasavvufu bu anlayıştan ayırır; çünkü İslâmî tasavvuf mânevî hakikatin ve binlerce ledünnî gerçeğin ifadesi olan irfandır.
Ferit Kam milliyet meselesi üzerinde de durmuştur. Ona göre milletlerin şahsiyetleri birdenbire ortaya çıkmış değildir; bu şahsiyet mâzinin derinliklerinden gelen bir mirastır. Milletlerin şahsiyetleri daima geçmişteki devirlere has olan halleri ve tavırları özünde taşır. Bu bakımdan bir milletin kendi kimliğinin başkalarının kimliği içinde erimesine rızâ göstermesi imkânsızdır. Milletin millî kimliğini koruyarak gelişmesini ve yükselmesini sürdürebilmesi için sağlam akla ve aydınlatıcı fikirlere ihtiyacı vardır. Bağımsız bir kimlikle yaşamak isteyen bir toplum, başka milletleri örnek almak bir yana onlar için örnek bir millet olmak zorundadır. Ferit Kam’ın müslümanların ferdî ve içtimaî meselelerine devrine göre alışılmışın dışında çözümler araması, felsefî muhtevalı araştırmalarında bile psikolojik ve pedagojik esasları göz önünde bulundurması ona her seviyedeki insana hitap etme imkânı vermiştir. Bilhassa ağır felsefî ve kelâmî meseleleri sohbet havasında ele almış, bunları geniş tabakaların anlayacağı bir seviyede ifade etmesini bilmiştir. Ferit Kam bu özellikleriyle yakın dönem fikir tarihinde mâneviyatçı ve idealist grubun en güçlü temsilcilerinden biri olarak kabul edilmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Türrehât (İstanbul 1303). Müellifin on yedi-yirmi iki yaşları arasında yazdığı şiirlerden meydana gelen mesneviler, kıtalar ve gazellerden oluşur. Yer yer Abdülhak Hâmid’in etkilerinin görüldüğü kitaptaki şiirler kararsız bir gencin fikrî ve mânevî arayışlarını, heyecan ve endişelerini dile getirir.
2. Âsâr-ı Edebiyye Tetkîkātı Dersleri . Müellifin 1915-1916’da verdiği derslerin notlarından oluşur (taşbaskı, baskı yeri ve tarihi yok; Levend, s. 81-82).
3. Şerh-i Mütûn . 1919-1922 yılları arasında verdiği eski metinlerin şerhine dair derslerin notlarıdır.
4. İran Edebiyatı Tarihi . Klasik bir edebiyat tarihi olan eserin İran edebiyatının ilk mahsullerinden başlayıp Sa‘dî-i Şîrâzî’ye kadar gelen kısmı basılmıştır (İstanbul 1927).
5. Afgan Şairleri . Bir defter halindeki basılmamış eser Nazmi Özalp arşivindedir.
6. Felsefe Lugatçesi . Daha çok İslâm felsefesiyle ilgili terimlerin yer aldığı bu eser de Nazmi Özalp arşivinde bulunmaktadır.
7. Dinî Felsefî Musâhabeler (İstanbul 1329; nşr. S. Hayri Bolay [sadeleştirilmiş metin], Ankara 1974). Müellifin Sırât-ı Müstakîm ’de tefrika edilmiş sekiz sohbetinden meydana gelmiştir. Bu sohbetler isbât-ı vâcib, peygamberliğin mahiyeti, kazâ ve kader meseleleriyle dinsizliğin sakıncaları vb. konuları akıl ve nakil ışığında açıklığa kavuşturma, dinsizlik tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya bulunan tereddütlü zihinlere böyle bir âkıbetin korkunçluğunu gösterme amacını güder.
8. Vahdet-i Vücûd (İstanbul 1331; nşr. Ethem Cebecioğlu [sadeleştirilmiş metin], Ankara 1994; İbn Arabî’de Varlık Düşüncesi içinde, İstanbul 1992). Ferit Kam’ın fikrî derinliğini gösteren çalışmalarından biri olan ve Sırât-ı Müstakîm ve Sebîlürreşâd ’da yayımlanan makalelerden derlenen eserde Batı düşüncesindeki panteizm ile vahdet-i vücûd arasındaki farklar ortaya konmaktadır.
9. Mebâdi-i Felsefeden İlm-i Ahlâk . Emile Boirac’tan notlar ilâvesiyle yaptığı çeviridir (Ankara 1339-1341).
10. İlm-i Mâ Ba‘de’t-tabîa . Bu eser de Emile Boirac’tan tercüme edilmiştir (İstanbul 1943).
Ferit Kam’ın basılmamış şiirleri küçük bir defter ve notlar halinde Nazmi Özalp arşivinde bulunmaktadır. Onun Dârülfünun Edebiyat Fakültesi Mecmuası ’nda yayımlanan “Kınalızâde Ali Çelebi” adlı makalesi de konusunda önemli bir kaynaktır (IV [1332], s. 1-23). Ferit Kam’ın “Avrupa Mektupları” Nergiz Yılmaz tarafından müstakil kitap halinde de yayımlanmıştır (İstanbul 2000).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Agâh Sırrı Levend, Profesör Ferit Kam: Hayatı ve Eserleri , İstanbul 1946.
Mahir İz, Yılların İzi , İstanbul 1975, s. 147-153, 156-161.
a.mlf., “Müderris Ömer Ferid Kam”, İstanbul Yüksek İslâm Enstitüsü Dergisi , II, İstanbul 1964, s. 201-212.
Sadık Albayrak, Son Devir Osmanlı Ulemâsı , İstanbul 1980, IV-V, 354-355.
İsmail Kara, Türkiye’de İslâmcılık Düşüncesi , İstanbul 1987, II, 11-12.
a.mlf., “Ferit Kam ve Avrupa Mektupları Hakkında” (Ferit Kam, Avrupa Mektupları içinde, haz. Nergiz Yılmaz), İstanbul 2000, s. 11-30.
Süleyman Hayri Bolay, Ferîd Kam , Ankara 1988.
a.mlf., “Kam, Ömer Ferid”, TDEA , V, 127-128.
Nazmi Özalp, Ömer Ferîd Kam , İstanbul 2000 (s. 11-15’te ayrıntılı aile şeceresi vardır).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 271-273 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.