Kampüs Ortamındaki Plastik Atık Çeşitliliğinde Gözlemsel Öğrenmenin ve Akran Etkisinin ArcGIS ile Görselleştirmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 437 – 449, 18.07.2024

Nuket Sivri Atilla Aydoğdu V. Zülal Sönmez Ceyhun Akarsu

https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.1471703

Öz

Plastic pollution has become a major environmental problem affecting ecosystems, wildlife and human health. While recent studies have mainly focused on microplastics, there is a need to assess the presence and diversity of meso- and macroplastics, which are the main sources of plastic pollution in nature due to inadequate or improper waste management strategies. Indeed, certain relationships and interactions related to the disposal of waste into the natural environment instead of proper waste collection points have spread like a virus and led to the formation of behavioral patterns. This study is based on the fundamental premise of the impact of “observational learning’,” a social-cognitive approach and “peer influence” on the variety of meso/macro plastic unknowingly left on campus area and visualizing the distribution of plastic pollution in this environment. As the most important finding of this study; It has been observed that the dominant polymer structures in all points are plastic packaged products consumed by students due to their proximity to classrooms/offices/markets/canteens, cigarette butts due to their tobacco use habits, and wet wipes due to their fast hygiene habits. The peak period for waste generation was determined to be October, known as the mid-term exam period, and the busiest area was identified as the roadside seating areas. FT-IR analysis of the most commonly recorded meso- and macroplastic parts revealed the order of polymer structures by density: PET, PE, PP, and PMMA. The findings, supported by visual data, are intended to raise awareness of sustainability goals and highlight the need for environmental education programs. Ultimately, the study emphasizes the need to support youth through various initiatives that exemplify ecological practices to encourage the adoption of sustainable solutions and urge authorities to take immediate action.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastic Pollution, Microplastics, Mesoplastics, Environmental Education, Sustainability

Kaynakça

• Adam, I., Walker, T. R., Clayton, C. A., & Bezerra, J. C. (2021). Attitudinal and behavioural segments on single-use plastics in Ghana: Implications for reducing marine plastic pollution. Environmental Challenges, 4, Article 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100185
• Aka, V., Karaman, H., & Yaman, Ö. (2021). Gençlerin Esrar Kullanımında Akran/Arkadaşlık İlişkilerinin Etkisi: Bingöl İli Örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 21(50), 129-161.
• Akintunde, E. A. (2017). Theories and concepts for human behavior in environmental preservation. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 1(2), 120–132.
• Armijo de Vega, C., Ojeda Benítez, S., & Ramírez Barreto, M.E., (2008). Solid waste characterization and recycling potential for a university campus. Waste Management, 28, S21-S26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.022
• Asensio, R. C., Moya, M. S. A., de la Roja, J. M., & Gómez, M. (2009). Analytical characterization of polymers used in conservation and restoration by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395(7), 2081–2096.
• Boca, G. D., & Saraçli, S. (2023). Effects of Romanian Student’s Awareness and Needs Regarding Plastic Waste Management. Sustainability, 15(8), Article 6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086811
• Bonanomi, G., Maisto, G., De Marco, A., Cesarano, G., Zotti, M., & Mazzei, P. (2020). The fate of cigarette butts in different environments: Decay rate, chemical changes and ecotoxicity revealed by a 5-years decomposition experiment. Environmental Pollution, 261, Article 114108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114108
• Borrelle, S. B., Ringma, J., Law, K. L., Monnahan, C. C., Lebreton, L., McGivern, A., & Rochman, C. M. (2020). Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science, 369(6510), 1515–1518.
• Clugston, R. M. (2004). Foreword. In P. B. Corcoran & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), Higher Education and The Challenge of Sustainability: Problematics, Promise and Practice (pp. ix – xi). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Conradi, M. & Sanchez-Moyano, J. E. (2022). Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. Science of The Total Environment, 847, Article 157634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157634
• Corcoran, P. B. & Wals, A. E. J. (2004). The problematics of sustainability in higher education: an introduction. In P. B. Corcoran & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), Higher Education and The Challenge of Sustainability: Problematics, Promise and Practice (pp. 3-6). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Faize, F. A. & Akhtar, M. (2020). Addressing environmental knowledge and environmental attitude in undergraduate students through scientific argumentation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, Article 119928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119928
• Filho, W. L., Salvia, A. L., Bonoli, A., Saari, U. A., Voronova, V., Klõga, M., Kumbhar, S. S., Olszewski, K., De Quevedo, D. M., & Barbir, J. (2021). An assessment of attitudes towards plastics and bioplastics in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 755(Part 1), Article 142732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142732
• Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), Article e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
• Giménez, L. (2023). A geometric approach to understanding biological responses to environmental fluctuations from the perspective of marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 721, 17-38. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14414
• Gotelli, N. J. & Ellison, A. M. (2013). A Primer of Ecological Statistics (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates.
• Gregoire, T. G. & Valentine, H. T. (2007). Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment. Chapman and Hall.
• Gürsoy Haksevenler, B. H., Kavak, F. F., & Akpınar, A. (2020). Sıfır Atık Yönetimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Anadoluhisarı Kampüsü Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 13(4), 722-735. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.798900
• Hubo, S., Delva, L., Van Damme, N., & Ragaert, K. (2016). Blending of recycled mixed polyolefins with recycled polypropylene: Effect on physical and mechanical properties. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1779(1), Article 140006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965586
• Jung, M. R., Horgen, F. D., Orski, S. V., Rodriguez, C. V., Beers, K. L., Balazs, G. H., Jones, T. T., Work, T. M., Brignac, K. C., Royer, S. J., Hyrenbach, K. D., Jensen, B. A., & Lynch, J. M. (2018). Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127, 704-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061
• Kızıloluk, H., & Uğurlu, C. T. (2017). Akran-arkadaş gruplarına üyelik: anlamı, nedenleri, kriterleri, çatışma yaratan etkenler ve sürekliliği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 861- 877.
• Kırmızıtoprak, E., & Şimşek, Z. (2011). The Effect of Peer-Education on Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Safer Sexual Life Knowledge and Behaviour of Young People. TAF Prev. Med. Bull., 10(4), 463-472.
• Köklü, R., Ateş, A., Deveci, E. Ü., & Sivri, N. (2023). Generic foresight model in changing hygiene habits with the pandemic: use of wet wipes in next generations. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25(1), 74-85.
• Lebreton, L. C. M., van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communication, 8, Article 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
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Kampüs Ortamındaki Plastik Atık Çeşitliliğinde Gözlemsel Öğrenmenin ve Akran Etkisinin ArcGIS ile Görselleştirmesi

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 10 Sayı: 2, 437 – 449, 18.07.2024

Nuket Sivri Atilla Aydoğdu V. Zülal Sönmez Ceyhun Akarsu

https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.1471703

Öz

Plastik kirliliği; ekosistemleri, yaban hayatını ve en çok da insan sağlığını etkileyen önemli bir çevresel sorun haline gelmiştir. Son dönemde yapılan çalışmalarda mikroplastiklere özellikle vurgu yapılmış olsa da bunların birincil kaynaklarından olan ve yetersiz/yanlış atık yönetim stratejileri nedeniyle doğal ortamlarda sıklıkla karşılaşılan mezo- ve makroplastiklerin varlığı ve çeşitliliğinin değerlendirilmesine ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. Öyle ki atıkların tüketiciler tarafından biriktirme ekipmanları yerine doğal ortamlara bırakılması konusunda bazı ilişki ve etkileşimler, viral bir salgın tarzında yayılmakta ve ardından bir davranış paternine dönüşmektedir. Öğrenmede sosyal bilişsel yaklaşım olarak tanımlanan “gözlemsel öğrenme”nin ve “akran etkisi”nin, kampüs alanı içinde bilinçsizce bırakılan mezo/makroplastik malzeme çeşitliliğine etkisi ve bu ortamda oluşan plastik kirliliğinin arazi dağılımının görselleştirilmesi bu çalışmanın temelini oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen bulgular, sürdürülebilirlik amaçları kapsamında gençlerin farkındalığını artırmak ve çevre eğitimi programlarına olan ihtiyacı ortaya koymak adına görsel verilerle desteklenmiştir. Bu çalışmanın en önemli bulgusu olarak; her alanda baskın olan polimer yapıların, öğrencilerin derslik/ ofis/ market/ kantin yakınlığı kaynaklı tükettiği plastik ambalajlı ürünler, tütün ürünleri kullanma alışkanlıkları nedeniyle sigara izmaritleri ve hızlı hijyen oluşturma alışkanlığı nedeniyle ıslak mendiller olduğu gözlenmiştir. Atıkların en yoğun olduğu dönem, ara sınav dönemi olarak bilinen Ekim ayı ve en yoğun alan yol kenarındaki oturma alanlarının olduğu bölge olarak belirlenmiştir. En çok kaydedilen meso-makroplastik parçaların FT-IR analizleri sonucunda, yoğunluğa göre polimer yapılara ait sıralamanın; PET, PE, PP ve PMMA olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda, plastik atıkların çevresel etkileri konusunda farkındalıkların artmasına yardımcı olabilecek, sürdürülebilir uygulamaların benimsenmesinde, ekolojik uygulamaları örnekleyecek farklı girişimlerle gençlerin desteklenmesi ve yönetimlerin bir an önce aksiyon alması gerekliliği ortaya konulmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Plastik Kirliliği, Mikroplastikler, Mezo-Plastikler, Çevre Eğitimi, Sürdürülebilirlik

Teşekkür

Bu çalışmanın yazarları olarak; çalışmanın hassasiyetle yürütülmesinde, İÜC Çevre Mühendisliği Bölümü, 2021-2022 güz döneminde ders alan, 3. dönem öğrencilerine katkıları için teşekkür ederiz.

Kaynakça

• Adam, I., Walker, T. R., Clayton, C. A., & Bezerra, J. C. (2021). Attitudinal and behavioural segments on single-use plastics in Ghana: Implications for reducing marine plastic pollution. Environmental Challenges, 4, Article 100185. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2021.100185
• Aka, V., Karaman, H., & Yaman, Ö. (2021). Gençlerin Esrar Kullanımında Akran/Arkadaşlık İlişkilerinin Etkisi: Bingöl İli Örneği. Sosyal Politika Çalışmaları Dergisi, 21(50), 129-161.
• Akintunde, E. A. (2017). Theories and concepts for human behavior in environmental preservation. Journal of Environmental Science and Public Health, 1(2), 120–132.
• Armijo de Vega, C., Ojeda Benítez, S., & Ramírez Barreto, M.E., (2008). Solid waste characterization and recycling potential for a university campus. Waste Management, 28, S21-S26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2008.03.022
• Asensio, R. C., Moya, M. S. A., de la Roja, J. M., & Gómez, M. (2009). Analytical characterization of polymers used in conservation and restoration by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 395(7), 2081–2096.
• Boca, G. D., & Saraçli, S. (2023). Effects of Romanian Student’s Awareness and Needs Regarding Plastic Waste Management. Sustainability, 15(8), Article 6811. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086811
• Bonanomi, G., Maisto, G., De Marco, A., Cesarano, G., Zotti, M., & Mazzei, P. (2020). The fate of cigarette butts in different environments: Decay rate, chemical changes and ecotoxicity revealed by a 5-years decomposition experiment. Environmental Pollution, 261, Article 114108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114108
• Borrelle, S. B., Ringma, J., Law, K. L., Monnahan, C. C., Lebreton, L., McGivern, A., & Rochman, C. M. (2020). Predicted growth in plastic waste exceeds efforts to mitigate plastic pollution. Science, 369(6510), 1515–1518.
• Clugston, R. M. (2004). Foreword. In P. B. Corcoran & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), Higher Education and The Challenge of Sustainability: Problematics, Promise and Practice (pp. ix – xi). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Conradi, M. & Sanchez-Moyano, J. E. (2022). Toward a sustainable circular economy for cigarette butts, the most common waste worldwide on the coast. Science of The Total Environment, 847, Article 157634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157634
• Corcoran, P. B. & Wals, A. E. J. (2004). The problematics of sustainability in higher education: an introduction. In P. B. Corcoran & A. E. J. Wals (Eds.), Higher Education and The Challenge of Sustainability: Problematics, Promise and Practice (pp. 3-6). Kluwer Academic Publishers.
• Faize, F. A. & Akhtar, M. (2020). Addressing environmental knowledge and environmental attitude in undergraduate students through scientific argumentation. Journal of Cleaner Production, 252, Article 119928. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.119928
• Filho, W. L., Salvia, A. L., Bonoli, A., Saari, U. A., Voronova, V., Klõga, M., Kumbhar, S. S., Olszewski, K., De Quevedo, D. M., & Barbir, J. (2021). An assessment of attitudes towards plastics and bioplastics in Europe. Science of The Total Environment, 755(Part 1), Article 142732. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142732
• Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science Advances, 3(7), Article e1700782. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1700782
• Giménez, L. (2023). A geometric approach to understanding biological responses to environmental fluctuations from the perspective of marine organisms. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 721, 17-38. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps14414
• Gotelli, N. J. & Ellison, A. M. (2013). A Primer of Ecological Statistics (2nd ed.). Sinauer Associates.
• Gregoire, T. G. & Valentine, H. T. (2007). Sampling Strategies for Natural Resources and the Environment. Chapman and Hall.
• Gürsoy Haksevenler, B. H., Kavak, F. F., & Akpınar, A. (2020). Sıfır Atık Yönetimi, Marmara Üniversitesi Anadoluhisarı Kampüsü Örneği. Kent Akademisi, 13(4), 722-735. https://doi.org/10.35674/kent.798900
• Hubo, S., Delva, L., Van Damme, N., & Ragaert, K. (2016). Blending of recycled mixed polyolefins with recycled polypropylene: Effect on physical and mechanical properties. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1779(1), Article 140006. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4965586
• Jung, M. R., Horgen, F. D., Orski, S. V., Rodriguez, C. V., Beers, K. L., Balazs, G. H., Jones, T. T., Work, T. M., Brignac, K. C., Royer, S. J., Hyrenbach, K. D., Jensen, B. A., & Lynch, J. M. (2018). Validation of ATR FT-IR to identify polymers of plastic marine debris, including those ingested by marine organisms. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 127, 704-716. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.12.061
• Kızıloluk, H., & Uğurlu, C. T. (2017). Akran-arkadaş gruplarına üyelik: anlamı, nedenleri, kriterleri, çatışma yaratan etkenler ve sürekliliği. Atatürk Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, 21(3), 861- 877.
• Kırmızıtoprak, E., & Şimşek, Z. (2011). The Effect of Peer-Education on Sexually Transmitted Diseases and Safer Sexual Life Knowledge and Behaviour of Young People. TAF Prev. Med. Bull., 10(4), 463-472.
• Köklü, R., Ateş, A., Deveci, E. Ü., & Sivri, N. (2023). Generic foresight model in changing hygiene habits with the pandemic: use of wet wipes in next generations. Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management, 25(1), 74-85.
• Lebreton, L. C. M., van der Zwet, J., Damsteeg, J. W., Slat, B., Andrady, A., & Reisser, J. (2017). River plastic emissions to the world’s oceans. Nature Communication, 8, Article 15611. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms15611
• Li, P., Wang, X., Su, M., Zou, X., Duan, L., & Zhang, H. (2021). Characteristics of Plastic Pollution in the Environment: A Review. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 107(4), 577–584. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-020-02820-1
• Li, W. C., Tse, H. F., & Fok, L. (2016). Plastic waste in the marine environment: a review of sources, occurrence and effects. Science of The Total Environment, 566, 333–349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.084
• Liu, J., Zhao, S., Chen, X., Falk, E., & Albarracín, D. (2017). The influence of peer behavior as a function of social and cultural closeness: A meta-analysis of normative influence on adolescent smoking initiation and continuation. Psychological Bulletin, 143(10), 1082–1115. https://doi.org/10.1037/bul0000113
• MacDonald, A., Allen, D., Williams, L., Flowers, P., & Walker, T. R. (2023). People, plastic, and behaviour change – A comment on drivers of plastic pollution, barriers to change and targeted behaviour change interventions. Environmental Science: Advances, 2, 551–557. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2va00248e
• Maffia, A. M. C., Silva, E., & Gonçalves Jacovine, L. A. (2011). Environment and environmental awareness: how university students conceive and act. Acta Scientiarum. Biological Sciences, 33(2), 209-214.
• Manucom, M. G. C., Alcaraz, K. P., Alejo, R. P. S., Gaddi, K. C. M., Recio, K. E. P., & Yamaguchi, R. G. (2023). Awareness of Generation Z Students about The Plaf (Plastic Flamingo) and Other Campaigns Concerning Plastics in Online Shopping. International Journal of Environment, Engineering and Education, 5(1), 9-18.
• Mecozzi, M. & Nisini, L. (2019). The differentiation of biodegradable and non-biodegradable polyethylene terephthalate samples by FTIR spectroscopy: A potential support for the structural differentiation of PET in environmental analysis. Infrared Physics & Technology, 101, 119-126.
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• Oğuz, D., Çakci, I., & Kavas, S. (2010). Environmental awareness of University Students in Ankara, Turkey. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 5(19), 2629-2636.
• Pérez, A. V., Gámez, M. R., Briones, V. F. V., Viteri, C. G. V., & Molina, L. A. V. (2018). Sustainable development seen from environmental training in university linkage. International Journal of Life Sciences, 2(1), 12–20. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijls.v2n1.75
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• Situmorang, R. O. P., Liang, T-C., & Chang, S-C. (2020). The Difference of Knowledge and Behavior of College Students on Plastic Waste Problems. Sustainability, 12(19), Article 7851. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197851
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• Walker, T. R., Baechler, B. R., Markley, L., Grünzner, M., Akuoko, I. S. G., Bowyer, C., Menzel, C., Muntaha, S. T., MacDonald, A., Allen, D., & Cowan, E. (2023). Plastic Pulse of the Public: A review of survey-based research on how people use plastic. Cambridge Prisms: Plastics, 1, Article e8. https://doi.org/10.1017/plc.2023.8
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Toplam 52 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Kaynak Göster

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