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KÂNİM Skip to content Bilâdüssûdan’da IX-XIX. yüzyıllar arasında hüküm sürmüş bir İslâm devleti; günümüzde Çad Cumhuriyeti’nde bir idarî bölge.
Yüzölçümü 114.520 km2 , nüfusu 268.000 (1992), merkezi Mao şehri olan bugünkü Kânim idarî birimi kuzeyde Borku-Ennîdî-Tibesti, güneyde Şari-Bagirmi, doğuda Batna ve batıda Nijer Devleti topraklarıyla çevrilmiştir. Tarihî Kânim Sultanlığı’nın sınırları ise bundan farklı olarak batıda Mali-Songay, kuzeyde Kavar ve Trablusgarp, güneyde Bahrülgazâl, doğuda Bagirmi-Vedây ile çevrelenmişti.
Çad gölünün kuzey ve kuzeydoğusunda yer alan Kânim’in en belirgin yüzey şekli uzunluğu 5-6 kilometreyi, kalınlığı birkaç yüz metreyi bulan kum topografyasına ait şekillerdir. Genelde kurak bir iklimin hüküm sürdüğü bölgede yağmurlar temmuz-eylül ayları arasında ve güneyden kuzeye doğru azalarak düşer; buna bağlı olarak da güneydeki sık bitki örtüsü yerini bozkırlara bırakır. Vadilerin çoğunda yağmur mevsiminde biriken suların etkisiyle kendi kendine palmiyeler yetişir. Darı, buğday, pamuk ve çeşitli sebze tarımının yanında büyük ve küçükbaş hayvancılığı ile Çad gölü kıyılarında balıkçılık yapılır.
Kânim’de zenci ve Arap asıllı nüfusun çoğunluğu yerleşik bir hayat sürer. Kânimbular ve Kuriler zenci, Habeşistan tarafından gelen Şüveler ve Vedây’dan gelen Tuncûrlar ile XIX. yüzyılın ortasına doğru Trablusgarp’taki Osmanlı idaresinden kaçarak bölgeye yerleşen evlâd-ı Süleyman Arap soylu olup ayrıca Sahrâ kavmi Tîbûlar’ın da bir kısmı burada yaşamaktadır. Müslüman Kânimbular dillerini diğer gruplara benimsetirken sadece Şüveler fizikî özellikleri değişmekle birlikte Arapça konuşmaya devam etmektedir. Kuriler daha ziyade balıkçılık, çobanlık ve darı tarımıyla meşguldür. Kânim asıllılara Kânimbu denirken Bornu’ya göçtükten sonra yerlilerle evliliklerinden doğanlara Kanuri ismi verilmiştir.
Bölge hakkında ilk bilgiler Ya‘kūbî (ö. 292/905), İbn Havkal, Ebû Ubeyd el-Bekrî, İbn Battûta, Kalkaşendî, İbn Haldûn, Hasan el-Vezzân ve Evliya Çelebi’nin eserlerinde bulunmaktadır. Avrupa’da ise D. Girard’ın Discours historique de l’Etat du Royaume de Borno (1685), François Pétis de la Croix’nın Suite des remarques sur Tripoly de Barbarie (1697) ve D. Denham’ın Narrative of Travels and Discoveries (1824) adlı eserleri bölge hakkında bilgi veren ilk kaynaklardır. 1851 yılında Alman seyyahı Heinrich Barth tarafından Bornu’da temin edilen Dîvân (Hâẕihî tevârîḫu Bernû) isimli eser Kânim tarihi açısından en önemli kaynak özelliğini taşımaktadır. Toplam altmış yedi Kânim-Bornu sultanı hakkında özlü bilgi ihtiva eden eser üzerinde en kapsamlı çalışmayı Dierk Lange yapmıştır (bk. bibl.).
Kânim’e ilk yerleşenlerin ziraatçı ve hayvan yetiştiren So (Sao) toplumu olduğu, daha sonra Berberî asıllı Zegāveler’in bölgeyi ele geçirdikleri ve merkezi Manan’da Benî Dûkū Krallığı’nı kurdukları bilinmektedir. İbn Saîd el-Mağribî’ye göre bunlar İslâm’ı kabul ettikten sonra soylarını Yemen’deki Himyerî Arapları’na dayandırmaya başlamışlardı. Hatta Kânim sultanlarından Osman b. İdrîs, Memlük Sultanı Zâhir Berkuk’a yazdığı mektupta kendilerinin Seyf b. Zûyezen’den geldiklerini belirtmişti (İbn Fazlullah el-Ömerî, s. 41-42; İbn Haldûn, II, 62-66).
Benî Dûkū’nun son hâkimi Abdülcelîl olup (1071-1075) bölge tarihinde yeni bir devir açan bunun oğlu Hummay’dır (1075-1086). Kânim Devleti ona nisbetle Benî Hummay diye anıldığı gibi Seyf b. Zûyezen’in adından dolayı Seyfiyye (Benî Seyf) hânedanı da denilmiştir. Kaynaklarda İslâm’ı ilk kabul eden sultanın Hummay olduğu rivayetinin aksine Dîvân ’da Hava’nın 1068’de bu dine girdiğinden bahsedilmektedir. Hummay’ın İslâm’a ilk giren kişi olarak kabul edilmesi, bu dinin yayılmasındaki etkisi ve diğer müslüman ülkelerle münasebetleri başlatmasından kaynaklanmış olmalıdır. Bu hânedanın ilk temas kurduğu müslüman devlet, Fizan’daki Zevîle’de hüküm sürmüş olan Berberîler’in Hevvâre kolundan İbâzî Benî Hattâb Emirliği’dir.
Dûneme b. Hummay (1086-1140), sahip olduğu ordusuyla Seyfiyye hânedanının en güçlülerinden kabul edilmektedir. Dûneme uzun yıllar Büyük Sahrâ’nın güçlü kavmi Tîbûlar’la savaştı. Ancak son hac yolculuğundan dönüşünde Mısırlılar tarafından bindiği gemiden denize atılarak öldürüldü. Yerine geçen oğlu ve torunu zamanında Kânim’in toprakları iyice genişledi ve Çad gölü havzası tamamen ele geçirildi. Benî Seyf sultanları içinde ilk siyahî Selmeme’nin (1182-1210) gerçek adı Abdülcelîl olup ondan öncekilerin renkleri Araplar’a benzemekteydi. Ülke genelinde İslâm’ın yayılmasına gayret gösterdiği gibi camiler inşa ettirdi. Oğlu Dûneme Diabalami (1210-1248), kuzeyde Fizan bölgesi dahil bütün toprakları Kânim’in hâkimiyeti altına alırken batıdaki sınırlarını Nijer nehrine kadar genişletti. Seyfiyye hânedanı bir taraftan komşuları Kano ve Bornu’nun geleneklerinden etkilenirken diğer taraftan Kuzey Afrika’daki hânedan devletleriyle yeni münasebetler kurdu.
Kânim tarihinin önemli noktalarından biri hânedanlığın merkezleri Şîmi’yi bırakarak Bornu’ya göçmesi ve Sahrâ ticaretinin kontrolünü ele geçirmesidir. Göçün asıl sebepleri arasında İbrâhim b. Bîr’in (1296-1315) yerine geçen iki oğlu İdrîs (1342-1366) ve Dâvûd’un (1366-1376) çocukları arasında yaklaşık bir asır sürecek olan taht kavgasıdır. Bu kavgalar esnasında dış tehlikelere karşı direnemeyen Dâvûd ve yerine geçenler yerli Bûleleler (Bilâle) tarafından öldürüldü. Sultan Ömer b. İdrîs (1382-1387) Çad gölünün güneybatısındaki Kûkû’ya gitti ve Bornu’yu zaptederek Bilâdüssûdan’ın en güçlü devletlerinden birini burada kurdu. Ömer b. İdrîs ve yerine geçen kardeşi Kaday da (1388-1389) Bornu’da peşlerini bırakmayan Bûleleler’in saldırılarında öldürüldüler. Diğer kardeşleri Bîr (1389-1421) geçici de olsa ülkeyi dış tehlikelere karşı emniyet altına aldı.
Kânim Sultanlığı XV. yüzyılda güçlü ordusu sayesinde yirmi iki ayrı kabileye hükmedecek güce ulaştı. Ali Gaci adıyla bilinen ve etrafında önemli âlimler bulunan Ali b. Dûneme (1465-1497) karışıklıklara son vererek 1470 yılında ülkede huzuru tesis etti ve 1472’de N’Gazargamu’yu yeni başşehir yaptı. Devletin sınırlarını genişleterek bir imparatorluk halini almasını sağladı. 1484 yılındaki hac seyahati esnasında Abbâsî Halifesi Abdülazîz tarafından kendisine Tekrûr Devleti’nin halifesi unvanı verildi, Kânim sultanları bu sıfatı o tarihten itibaren kullandılar. Oğlu İdrîs Katakarmabi (1497-1519) Bûleleler’i yenerek Şîmi’yi geri aldı ve Bornu ile Kânim’i aynı ülke sınırları içinde tekrar birleştirdi. Bu sebeple XVI. yüzyıl Kânim Devleti’nin en parlak devri olarak bilinmektedir. Muhammed b. İdrîs zamanında (1519-1538) ülkenin sınırları genişlemeye devam etti. Oğlu Dûneme, Trablusgarp’ta Osmanlı hâkimiyetini tesis eden Turgut Reis’e elçi göndererek daha önce İspanyollar’la yaptığı ticarî konulardaki iş birliğini yeniledi.
İdrîs b. Ali Elevmâ (1564-1596) bir taraftan ülke topraklarını genişletirken diğer taraftan Osmanlı Devleti ve Fas’taki Sa‘dîler’le münasebetleri geliştirdi. Emniyet ve asayişi sağladığı ülkesinde refah seviyesini yükselttiği gibi o da Turgut Reis’e heyetler göndermeye devam etti. Elde ettiği ateşli silâhlar sayesinde bölgede gücünü arttırarak Tîbûlar’a ve So kabilesine ait toprakları ve Kano’yu Kânim sınırlarına dahil etti. Bilâdüssûdan’daki bütün müslümanlara hükmetmek istemesine rağmen XIII. yüzyıldan itibaren Kânim’in idaresindeki Fizan 1571’de Osmanlılar’ın eline geçti. 1574 yılında beş kişilik bir heyetin başında el-Hâc Yûsuf’u Padişah III. Murad’a elçi olarak gönderdi. 1579’a kadar burada kalan heyet, Sahrâ bölgesinde hac ve ticaret kervanlarının emniyet ve asayişinin sağlanmasını istedi. İdrîs ayrıca, o dönemde Osmanlılar’la münasebetleri iyi olan Songay Sultanlığı’nın saldırılarından korunmak için Fas Sa‘dîler Sultanı Ahmed el-Mansûr’a başvurdu. Bunun üzerine Fas ordusu Songay Sultanlığı’nı 1591 yılında ele geçirince Bilâdüssûdan’ın tek büyük devleti olarak Kânim-Bornu kaldı. Çevredeki birçok ülkeden âlimler Timbüktü yerine N’Gazargamu’ya gelmeye başladılar. Burada eğitim görenlerden Abdülkerîm b. Câme Vedây Sultanlığı’nı kurmakla birlikte ülkesini siyasî, kültürel ve iktisadî bakımdan Bornu’nun idaresinde tuttu. Trablusgarp Beylerbeyi Mehmed Sakızlı da Kânim-Bornu ile Sahrâ ticaretinin güvenliğini birlikte sağlamak için gayret gösterdi.
XVIII. yüzyıl boyunca kifayetsiz sultanlar yüzünden Kânim tam bir çöküş yaşadı. Hacca gitmek üzere ülkesinden ayrılan Sultan İdrîs b. Ali Fizan’da vefat etti (1696). 1759’da Agâdes Tevârikleri, Bîlmâ tuzluğunu Kânim-Bornu’nun elinden alınca Sahrâ’daki birçok yerleşim mahallini kaybettiler. Bagirmi’de Muhammed el-Emîn’in bunların hâkimiyetini reddetmesi ve Vedây Sultanı Cavda’nın Bahrülgazâl’e doğru topraklarını genişletmesi üzerine çok sayıda Tîbû, Kânimbu ve Şüve Arapları buraları terkederek Bornu’ya göç ettiler.
Seyfiyye hânedanının son dönemdeki önemli sultanlarından Ahmed b. Ali (1792-1808) âlimlerden müteşekkil bir danışma kuruluna sahipti. Ancak batı bölgelerinin Osman b. Fûdî’ye bağlı Fûlânîler tarafından işgal edilmesine engel olamadı ve eskiden kazanılan yerlerin çoğu XIX. yüzyılın başında kaybedildi. Oğlu Dûneme, devam eden saldırılar karşısında Ngala’daki Muhammed el-Emîn el-Kânimî’nin yardımlarıyla N’Gazargamu’yu Fûlânîler’den geri aldı. 1811 yılında Dûneme’nin elinden tahtını alan amcası Muhammed Neclerûma bir müddet sonra Kânimî tarafından bertaraf edildi ve eski sultan onun yardımıyla yeniden tahtına oturdu. Bagirmi sultanının 1820’de Kukava’ya saldırısı esnasında Kânimî birliklerini geri çekerken kendisini bertaraf etmek isteyen ve düşmanla anlaşan sultan bu savaşta öldürüldü ve yerine kardeşi İbrâhim geçti.
XIX. yüzyılın başında Kânim-Bornu’nun en önemli şehirlerinden biri haline gelen ve 1814’te Kânimî tarafından kurulan Kukava’da Bilâdüssûdan’ın farklı bölgelerinden ve Kuzey Afrika’dan getirilen Avrupa malları satılıyordu. Özellikle Trablusgarplı tüccarların dükkânlarının bulunduğu şehirde Afrika’da tedavülde olan Avusturya taleri gibi paralar geçerliydi. Osmanlı idaresiyle arası açılınca Fizan’da isyan eden evlâd-ı Süleyman Arapları burayı terkederek Kânim’e göçtüler ve Sahrâ ticaretinde söz sahibi oldular. Bir müddet sonra yurtlarına dönmeleri için Osmanlı valileri tarafından kolaylık sağlandıysa da bir kısmı orada kalmayı tercih etti. Bunların bölgedeki tesirini Çad’ı işgal eden Fransızlar ile Trablusgarp’ı işgal eden İtalyanlar yok edemediler ve hâlâ bölgede önemli bir güç olarak varlıklarını sürdürmektedirler.
Seyfiyye hânedanının kaybettiği yerlerin birçoğunu geri alarak devleti yıkılmaktan kurtaran Kânimî gezgin Kânimbu kabilesini Bornu’ya yerleştirdi. Kendisine verilen “şehu” unvanıyla yetinse de dinî önderliği yanında askerî bakımdan etkili konuma geldi. 1837 yılındaki vefatından sonra yerine geçen oğlu Ömer (1837-1884) babasının siyasetini sürdürerek Seyfiyye hânedanına karşı saygınlığını devam ettirdi. Şehu Ömer uzun süren saltanatı döneminde babasının yolunu takip ettiremedi ve Kânim-Bornu Devleti’nin çöküşünü engelleyemedi. Seyfiyye hânedanının başına geçen son sultan Ali b. İbrâhim de aynı yıl şehulara karşı giriştiği kargaşada öldürüldü. İnzivâya çekilmeyi tercih eden Şehu Ömer hükümet üzerindeki yetkilerini 1853 yılına kadar vezirlerinden el-Hâc Beşîr’e, onun ölümünün ardından Abdülkerîm’e bırakarak Kânim-Bornu’yu sıradan bir Afrika hânedanlığına dönüştürdü. Ülkenin batısında müstakil emirlikler kurulurken doğusu Vedây Sultanlığı’nın eline geçti.
Kânimî zamanında temelleri atılan ve oğlu Ömer döneminde şehu hânedanlığına dönüştürülen Kânim-Bornu önce Trablusgarp’taki Karamanlı hânedanıyla, 1835 yılında buranın doğrudan merkeze bağlanması üzerine İstanbul’la yakın münasebetler tesis etti. Şehu Ömer’in oğulları Bekir, İbrâhim ve Hâşim de Osmanlı Devleti ile bu ilişkilerini sürdürdüler. 1893’te Sudan’dan ordusuyla birlikte İngiliz işgalinden kaçan ve Çad gölünün güneyine doğru ilerleyen Râbih b. Fazlullah, Kukava’yı yağmalayıp yıktıktan sonra kendi kurduğu Dikve’yi başşehir yaptı ve şehu hânedanlığına son verdi. Fakat 1900 yılı Nisan ayında Fransız birlikleriyle giriştiği Kuseyri savaşında yenilerek öldürüldü. Oğlu Fazlullah’ın birkaç yıl süren mücadelesi de neticesiz kaldı ve tarihî Kânim-Bornu Devleti 1905’te tamamen Fransız işgali altına girdi. Afrika ülkelerinin bağımsızlıklarına kavuştukları 1960 yılında tarihî Kânim-Bornu toprakları bir defa daha ikiye ayrıldı ve Kânim kısmı Çad Devleti sınırlarında kalırken Seyfiyye ve şehu hânedanlıklarının vatanı olan Bornu kısmı Nijerya Devleti’nin bir parçası oldu.
Osmanlı Devleti Bilâdüssûdan’daki mahallî sultanlıklardan Tibesti, Kânim-Bornu, Bagirmi, Vedây ve Dârfûr’u özellikle XIX. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında kendi nüfuz bölgeleri olarak görmekteydi. Nitekim 1890’da Fransa ile İngiltere arasında imzalanan ve 1899’da yenilenen Nijer anlaşmasını tanımadığını bildirmiş ve Vedây’a kadar gitmek üzere Fizan’dan askerî birlikler sevketmişti. Çünkü hem Trablusgarp halkı hem de bu sultanlıklarda yaşayan müslümanlar için önemli olan Sahrâ ticaretini yaşatmak istiyordu.
XIX. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru Çad gölü çevresi İngiltere, Almanya ve Fransa arasında paylaşılınca Kânim Fransızlar’a verildi. Osmanlı Devleti, Kânim dahil olmak üzere civardaki diğer bölgelerin kendi hâkimiyeti altında olduğunu ileri sürdüyse de Fransa 1901-1905 arasında düzenlediği seferlerle bölgenin işgalini tamamladı. Fransızlar’a karşı direnen evlâd-ı Süleyman kabilesi, Tevârikler, Senûsîler ve Şüve Arapları başarılı olamadılar.
Kânim, 1906’da kurulan Ubangi-Şari sömürgesinde yer alırken 1920’de Fransız Ekvatoral Afrikası içerisinde oluşturulan Çad sömürgesinin dokuz idarî biriminden biri oldu. Çad Cumhuriyeti bağımsızlığını kazandıktan (1960) sonra da Kânim bu cumhuriyeti oluşturan on dört idarî bölgeden biri olarak kaldı.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 308-311 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.