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KAPLICA Skip to content Tabii sıcak su kaynakları üzerine kurulmuş hamam, ılıca.
Kelimenin aslı kapalı ılıca dır; halk arasında kaynarca, ılı su, ısı su, germâbe, kudret hamamı, hudaî hamam ve âbızenne gibi isimlerle de bilinir. Anadolu’daki birçok coğrafî isim, o yerin yakınında bulunan sıcak su kaynağına eski dönemlerde verilmiş isimlerden gelmektedir; Germe, Germiab, Germili, Terme, Çermik, Ilıca, Ilıcalar, Kaynarca gibi.
Kur’ân-ı Kerîm’de Hz. Eyyûb’un -bir cilt hastalığına yakalandıktan sonra- kendisini iyileştirmesi için rabbine niyazda bulunduğu (el-Enbiyâ 21/83) ve Allah’ın ona, “Ayağını yere vur; işte yıkanacak ve içilecek soğuk bir su” diye buyurduğu belirtilir (Sâd 38/42). Hz. Eyyûb denileni yaparak yerden çıkan su ile yıkanmış ve hastalığından kurtulup gençleşmiştir. Bu olay, Hz. Eyyûb’un sağ ayağıyla yere vurduğunda yerden sıcak bir suyun çıktığı ve onunla yıkandığı, sol ayağıyla vurduğunda ise soğuk bir su çıktığı ve ondan içtiği, böylece içinde ve dışında hiçbir hastalık kalmayarak iyileştiği şeklinde tefsir edilir (Fahreddin er-Râzî, VII, 208). Mes‘ûdî, Eyyûb Tapınağı’nın ve onun içinde yıkandığı kaynağın kendi döneminde dahi ünlü olduğunu ve Şeria’da Nevâ yakınında bulunduğunu yazar (Mürûcü’ẕ-ẕeheb , I, 48). Sözü edilen yerde bugün Eyyûb Hamamı vardır. Hz. Peygamber de âlimleri şifalı sulara benzeterek, “Uzaktakiler gelip onlardan yararlanırlar, yakındakiler ise yararlanmazlar. Bu sırada ansızın su çekilip kaybolur; böylece bir kısım insanlar bundan yararlanmış, diğer bir kısım ise pişman olmuş olur” demiştir (Ebû Ubeyd Kāsım b. Sellâm, I, 474; Zemahşerî, I, 322; İbnü’l-Esîr, I, 445).
Sıcak kaynak sularından faydalanılması ve bunların bir mimari tesisle bütünleştirilerek hamam haline getirilmesi eski bir geçmişe dayanmaktadır. Saint Moritzles-Bains (İsviçre) kaplıcalarına ek binalar yapılırken temel hafriyatında bulunan küvet ve çeşitli bronz eşyanın milâttan önce 2000’li yıllara ait olduğu belirlenmiştir. 1500 kaynakla şifalı sıcak sular yönünden çok zengin bir bölge olan Anadolu’da hemen her sıcak su kaynağının yakınında bir höyük ve yanında bina kalıntıları bulunmakta, bunlardan bazılarının Hititler’den günümüze kadar 4000 yıldır kullanıldığı görülmektedir. Meselâ Ankara’nın 74 km. güneybatısındaki Haymana Kaplıcası’nda (Yaban/Yapan Hamamı) suyun çıktığı yerde bulunan havuz ve dehlizin Hitit mimari eseri olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Daha sonra Romalılar dehlizi uzatarak su dağıtım yolu şeklinde kullanmışlar ve çevresine müstakil banyolar, küçük havuzlar yapmışlardır. Selçuklular döneminde büyük havuz bir duvarla bölünerek çifte hamam şekline sokulmuş, Osmanlılar da bunun erkekler kısmına bir soyunmalıkla yanına bir kadınlar kısmı ilâve etmişlerdir.
Başlangıçta termal kaynakların şifa verici özelliği farkedilmeden sadece masrafsız sıcak su olmalarından dolayı yıkanma tesislerinde kullanılmaları sebebiyle bütün dünyada buralara “hamam” denilmesine rağmen kaplıcalar işlev ve mimari yönleriyle hamamlardan farklı yapılardır. Öncelikle kaplıcalarda toprağın derinliklerinden gelen, dolayısıyla magma tabakasına yakınlığı oranında ısınmış, radyoaktiflik ve çeşitli mineraller açısından kimyasal zenginlik kazanmış olan tabii sıcak sular kullanıldığı için bu binalar hamamlar gibi sadece yıkanarak temizlenme amacına yönelik değildir. Termal sulardan bilhassa değişik hastalıkları tedavi edici, şifa verici özelliklerinin farkedildiği Antikçağ’dan beri âzami derecede faydalanabilmek için kaplıca planlarında hamamlara göre bazı değişiklikler yapılmış, meselâ hamamlardaki göbek taşının yerini kaplıcalarda geniş çaplı bir havuz almıştır. Birkaç basamakla içine inilen havuzlar normal bir insan boyu civarında derinliğe sahiptir. Biçim yönünden kaplıcalar, büyük Roma gimnazyumlarının ortası havuzlu ılıklık ve sıcaklık bölümlerine benzer. Bu yapılarda yıkanılacak suyu ısıtmaya mahsus bir külhana ihtiyaç yoktur ve kaynaktan genelde 70-80 °C sıcaklıkla gelen suyun kurna ve havuzlarda ılıtılarak kullanılması söz konusudur. Sıcak su lülelerden yan duvarlarda yer alan kurnalara ve bir oluktan havuza dolar, bunun karşısına rastlayan yerdeki bir menfezden çıkar. Lüleler vasıtasıyla kurnalara akıtılan su ile yapılan geleneksel Türk hamamına özgü yıkanma biçimi kaplıcalarda da göz önünde tutulmuş, sıcaklık bölümlerinin plan düzenlemesi buna uygun şekilde yapılmıştır. Soyunmalık ve ılıklık tertibinde ise Türk hamam mimarisinin karakteristik plan şemasına bağlı kalınmıştır.
Anadolu’nun en eski İslâmî dönem kaplıcaları, Selçuklular ve Beylikler zamanında Türk hamamı formuna sokulan veya eski planları üzerine kendi malzemeleri de kullanılarak yeniden yapılan Roma-Bizans kaplıcalarıdır. Bunların başlıcaları, Haymana Kaplıcası’ndan başka Eskişehir’in Hamamkarahisar köyündeki Çardak Kaplıcası (571/1175-76), Kütahya-Tavşanlı yolu üzerindeki Yoncalı köyünde bulunan ve halen işlevini sürdürmekte olan çifte hamam (631/1233-34), Havza kaplıcalarından Sâdî Paşa Hamamı (Kızgözü/Aslanağzı Kaplıcası, 654/1256), Konya’nın Ilgın Kaplıcası’nın bugün kadınlar kısmı olarak kullanılan bölümü (666/1267-68), Gülek Boğazı’nda Çiftehan Ilıcası, Erzurum’un Ilıca bucağı merkezinde bulunan kaplıca, Ayaş’taki Karakaya Kaplıcası ve Kızılcahamam kaplıcalarıdır. Osmanlı öncesi kaplıca mimarisinin en ilgi çekici örneği ise Kırşehir’in 16 km. uzağında Hirfanlı baraj gölü yakınında yer alan ve özgün bir Selçuklu eseri olan Karakurt Kalender Baba ılıcasıdır. Bu ılıca mimari yönden fazla bir özellik taşımıyorsa da beraberindeki yapılar topluluğu açısından bir örnek teşkil eder. Mevcut bina 529 (1135) yılında II. Kılıcarslan tarafından şehzadeliği sırasında Emîr Karakurt Baba adına yaptırılmıştır. Bünyesinde Karakurt Baba’nın türbesini de bulunduran yapılar topluluğunu, geniş bir avlunun etrafına dizilmiş medrese hücrelerini andıran odalarla avlunun bir köşesine oturtulan ılıca binası meydana getirmektedir. Duvarları arazi taşından örülen ve üzerleri birer kubbeyle örtülüp birbirine bir kapı ile bağlanan iki birimli ılıca binası şifalı sıcak suyun kaynağı üzerine inşa edilmiştir ve dolayısıyla çevresindeki binalar topluluğunun çekirdeğini oluşturmaktadır; kompleks bugün harap durumdadır.
Anadolu’da Osmanlı kaplıca mimarisinin en tipik örnekleri Bursa’da bulunmaktadır. Çekirge semtindeki kaplıcaların en eski ve en önemli örneği olan Eski Kaplıca (Armutlu Hamamı) kuvvetli bir ihtimalle Osmanlı mimarisinin ilk döneminde, bol miktarda devşirme malzeme de kullanılarak eski bir Bizans kaplıcasından Türk hamamına çevrilmiştir. Yapı, ana kapısının üzerindeki manzum sülüs kitâbeden anlaşıldığına göre 917 (1511) yılında tamir görmüş ve soyunmalık kısmı bu sırada ilâve edilmiştir. Soyunmalık kapı ekseninin üzerinde yer alan, çapları 10 metreyi aşan iki kubbe ve mukarnaslı bir yarım kubbe ile örtülü iki mekândan meydana gelmekte, ortada ise şadırvanlı bir havuz bulunmaktadır. Ilıklık, kalın duvarlar ve sekiz sütun üzerine hafifletme kemerleriyle oturan büyük bir kubbe ile örtülü şadırvanlı bir ana hol ve onunla bağlantılı dikdörtgen planlı başka bir mekândan ibarettir. Sıcaklık ise yine sekiz sütuna dayanan kemerlerin taşıdığı bir kubbe ile örtülüdür. Ortasında 7 m. çapında yuvarlak bir havuz bulunan bu bölüm, dört köşesi yarım daire şeklindeki nişlerle boşaltılmış sekizgen bir plana sahiptir. Kadınlar kısmı ılıklığa doğudan bitişik, küçük boyutta dikdörtgen planlı bir binadır. Hudâvendigâr Camii’nin doğu yanına yapılan ve işlek bir yerde bulunmasından dolayı Girçık Hamamı diye anılan küçük kaplıca, XIV. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında muhtemelen camiyle birlikte inşa edilmiştir. Duvarları moloz taşla örülmüş olan yapının onikigen kasnağa oturan bir kubbenin örttüğü 6,60 × 6,60 m. boyutlarındaki kare mekânının (sıcaklık) ortasında bir havuz yer almaktadır. Çifte hamam şeklinde tertiplenmiş olan Kükürtlü Kaplıcası’nın erkekler kısmını I. Murad, kadınlar kısmını ise II. Bayezid yaptırmıştır. Etrafına eklenen çeşitli mekânlarla ve gördüğü onarımlarla özgün halini büyük ölçüde yitirmiş olan kaplıcanın en eski kısmı çapraz tonoz ve beşik tonozla örtülü, birbiriyle bağlantılı kare mekânlar, küçük bir halvet ve helâdan ibarettir. II. Bayezid devrine ait dikdörtgen planlı soyunmalık bir tam, bir yarım kubbe ile örtülüdür. Bu çekirdek binanın kuzeyine eklenen tonoz örtülü halvet ve güneyindeki beşik tonoz örtülü dikdörtgen planlı bir sıra banyo dairesi yenidir. Bina günümüzde Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi tarafından kullanılmaktadır. Orijinal yapısı otel bünyesi içinde kalmış olan Selvinaz Kaplıcası’nın eski kısmı ılıklık ve sıcaklıktan meydana gelir. Aynalı tonoz örtülü ılıklık duvarında nişler ve zemininde geniş bir taş seki vardır. Buradan dar bir kapı ile geçilen sıcaklık bölümünün ortasında suyunu aslan ağzı bir çörtenden alan yuvarlak bir havuz, duvarlarında da dikdörtgen nişler içine yerleştirilmiş kurnalar bulunmaktadır; mekânın üzerini 7 m. çapında bir kubbe örter. Bir süre önce yıkılan Gönlüferah Hamamı, Gabriel’in kitabındaki plana göre (Une capitale turque Brousse , I, 171, figür 117), beşik tonoz örtülü dar bir giriş holünü takip eden kubbeli bir soyunma mekânıyla küçük bir kubbe ile örtülü bir eyvandan meydana geliyordu. Gönlüferah’ın az ilerisinde, askerî hastahaneye komşu durumdaki Çekirge Kaplıcası (Adak Hamamı) 1365-1370 yıllarında inşa edilmiştir. Günümüzde yol seviyesinden aşağıda kaldığı için kapısına birkaç basamaklı merdivenle inilir ve uzunca bir koridordan geniş bir mekân halindeki soğukluğa varılır. Üzeri tromplu bir kubbe ile örtülü olan bu mekânın kenarlarını taş bir seki dolanır; ılıklık koridorundan kubbe örtülü sıcaklığa geçilir. Keçeli Hamamı’nın 9,90 × 6,40 m. boyutlarında dikdörtgen planlı ve düz çatılı bir soyunmalığı, kare planlı ve kubbe örtülü bir sıcaklığı vardır; daire şeklindeki havuzun etrafında yüzeysel nişlerin içine yerleştirilmiş üç adet kurna bulunur. Bademlibahçe mevkiindeki Kara Mustafa Kaplıcası’nı yaptıran kişinin kimliği bilinmiyorsa da yakınında Hamza Bey’in oğlu Kara Mustafa Paşa’nın eşi Hatice Sultan’a ait türbenin (XV. yüzyıl) bulunmasından dolayı Mustafa Paşa’nın vakfı olduğu sanılmaktadır. Dikdörtgen planlı ve şadırvanlı bir soyunmalığı vardır; burası iki küçük hücreye ve dar bir koridorla sıcaklığa bağlanır. Tonoz örtülü olan sıcaklığın ortasında bir havuz yer alır. Yapıya on altı adet müstakil banyo ve bazı ahşap odacıklar ilâve edilmiştir. Üzeri kiremit örtülü bu küçük kaplıca bir ev görünümü vermektedir. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman döneminde yapılan Yeni Kaplıca Osmanlı hamam mimarisinin gelişmiş örneklerinden biridir. Kapısı güneybatı cephesinde bulunan binanın soyunmalık kısmı 23 × 11 m. boyutlarında ve dikdörtgen planlıdır. Ortasında şadırvanlı bir havuzun yer aldığı bu bölüm geniş bir kemerle iki kısma ayrılmakta ve her iki kısmın üzerini büyük birer kubbe örtmektedir. Merkezî bir kubbe ve iki yanındaki tromplu yarım kubbelerin örttüğü ılıklık, 19 × 9 m. boyutlarında bir sahanlıkla buradan bir kapı ile geçilen iki kubbeli dikdörtgen bir mekândan meydana gelir. Yıldızvarî sıcaklığın ortasında dairevî bir havuz ve dört köşesinde birer halvet vardır. Havuzlu mekânın üzerini büyük bir kubbe, halvetlerin üzerini ise küçük kubbeler örtmektedir.
Eski İstanbul’da şifalı sıcak su kaynaklarının yokluğu sebebiyle kaplıca binaları yapılamamışsa da Bursa kaplıcalarına benzeyen hamamlar inşa edilmiştir. XV. yüzyılın sonlarıyla XVI. yüzyılın başlarında yaşayan divan şairi Bursalı Gazâlî’nin Beşiktaş’ta yaptırdığı hamamın sıcaklığının Bursa kaplıcaları gibi havuzlu olduğu ve bu ayrıcalığından dolayı aşırı derecede rağbet görmesi üzerine Hasköy Hamamı’na da benzeri bir havuzun yapıldığı, bu duruma sinirlenen Gazâlî’nin ise ağır bir hicviye yazdığı bilinmektedir. Sonunda İstanbul hamamcılarının ortak bir dilekçeyle başvurduğu Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da hamamlardaki bu havuzların yıkılmasına karar verilmiştir (İst.A , XI, 6021).
Anadolu’da Osmanlı kaplıca mimarisini temsil eden Bursa kaplıcalarının dışında hemen hepsi klasik döneme ait olan en güzel örnekler Orta ve Doğu Avrupa’daki Eğri, Sofya, Aydos, Köstendil gibi şehirlerde ve özellikle Budin’de (bugünkü Budapeşte’nin kuzey kesimi) bulunmaktadır (DİA , VI, 351-352).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 351-353 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.