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KARACAAHMET MEZARLIĞI Skip to content İstanbul Üsküdar’da şehrin en eski ve en büyük mezarlığı.
Orhan Gazi tarafından 753 (1352) yılında fethedilen Üsküdar’da müslüman mezarlığı I. Murad devrinde oluşmaya başlamış, İstanbul’un fethinden sonra giderek genişlemiştir. Mezarlığa adı verilen Karaca Ahmed, Anadolu’nun İslâmlaşmasında önemli katkıları olan abdalân-ı Rûm zümresinden menkıbevî bir şahsiyettir. Bu kimliğinden dolayı çeşitli yerlerde yedi ayrı türbesi bulunmaktadır. Üsküdar’da kabristan içindeki türbesi de bunlardan biridir. Evliya Çelebi’nin, “Karaca Ahmed Sultan Tekkesi mezaristan içindedir” şeklindeki ifadesinden burasının o dönemde bir türbe-tekke olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Resmî olarak 1110 (1698) yılından itibaren Karacaahmet Sultan Mezarlığı olarak adlandırılan mezarlığın bir diğer adı da Üsküdar Mekābir-i Müslimîni’dir.
Şehircilik tarihi açısından da önem taşıyan Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nın başlangıç noktası Menzilhâne Yokuşu’nun (günümüzde Gündoğumu caddesi) başı idi. Cumhuriyet döneminde yapılan imar faaliyetleri sonucunda kuzeydeki Tunusbağı caddesinin nihayeti ve burada halen mevcut olan 1092 (1681) tarihli Hacı Fâik Bey Çeşmesi mezarlığın başlangıcı olmuştur. Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nı, Menzilhâne Yokuşu başından başlamak üzere hepsi eski birer yerleşim yeri olan İnadiye, Tunusbağı, Çiçekçi, Talimhane, Haydarpaşa, İbrahimağa, Seyitahmet deresi, Harmanlık, Nuhkuyusu ve Aşçıbaşı mahalleleri ve semtleri çevreler. Günümüzde içinde bulunan yollarla birlikte yaklaşık 750.000 m2 ’lik bir araziyi kaplayan mezarlık Miskinler, Saraçlar Çeşmesi, Şehitlik, Musallâ ve Duvardibi adlı beş büyük bölgeye ayrılır. Mezarlık kuzeyde Tunusbağı’ndan güneyde İbrahimağa çayırına doğru eğimli bir arazi yapısına sahiptir. Seyitahmet deresi vadisi mezarlığın en çukur kısmını teşkil eder. Güneyinde İbrahimağa çayırının devamında Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’ndan ayrı kabul edilen Ayrılık Çeşmesi Mezarlığı yer almaktadır.
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı, eskiden Ayrılık Çeşmesi’nden sonra Acıbadem caddesini aşarak yamaçtan aşağıya Söğütlüçeşme’ye inmekte, buradan itibaren mezarlığa Mahmutbaba Mezarlığı adı verilmekteydi. Bu mezarlığın karşısında Söğütlüçeşme Tren İstasyonu önünde bir bölüm daha vardı. Burada dereyi aşan Taşköprü’den sonra mezarlık Fenerbahçe Stadyumu arkasında devam ederdi. Karacaahmet’in son ucu, şimdi Ankara yolu sapağı başındaki Kalyonlar başhalifesi ve ailesinin sofasıyla az ilerideki Kızıltoprak Camii yanındaki hazîre idi.
Menzilhâne’den başlayarak Karacaahmet Türbesi’nin önünden geçen ve mezarlığı katedip Ayrılık Çeşmesi’ne ulaşan güzergâh surre alayının yapıldığı ve ordunun sefere çıktığı yoldur. Bu yol, iki yanında yer alan ve her biri bir mimari şaheseri olan aile sofaları ve devlet adamlarının mezarlarıyla Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nın bel kemiğini oluşturur. Yol üzerinde mezarlar arasında sırasıyla Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi, Karaca Ahmed, Arapzâde, Mollacık, Miskinler ve Hacı Hüseyin Paşa sebilleri bulunmaktadır.
Mezarlık, etkileyici görünümü ve mimari ihtişamıyla yüzyıllar boyunca yabancı seyyahları büyülemiş, bazı seyyahlar hâtıralarında bu mezarlıktan söz etmişlerdir. Mezarlığa ait en eski fotoğraflar 1852-1854 yıllarında Ernest de Caranza tarafından çekilmiş, onu Abdullah Biraderler, Bergren ve Foto Sabah takip etmiştir. Hâtıratında mezarlığı anlatanların başında yer alan Theophile Gautier, Karacaahmet’in Doğu’nun en büyük mezarlığı olduğunu söyleyerek hayranlığını dile getirmiştir. R. Walsh ise burasını eğimli bir arazi içinde geniş yollarla ayrılmış büyük bir ormana benzetmiştir. Onun tasvir ettiği sahne Thomas Allom tarafından gravür olarak resmedilmiştir.
Osmanlı aydınları, binlerce kabir taşını ve arşiv bilgisini içinde barındıran Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’na gerekli ilgiyi göstermiş, Mehmed Süreyyâ Bey, Fındıklılı İsmet Efendi, Ali Fuat Paşa, Şeyh Kemâleddin Efendi gibi şahsiyetler kabristanda yatanların kabir taşlarını ve kimliklerini araştırırken Ressam Hoca Ali Rızâ ile Murtaza Elker ve diğerleri Karacaahmet’le ilgili çalışmalar yapmışlardır. Dağınık evrak halindeki bu çalışmaların bir kısmı kaybolmuş, ancak bazıları yayımlanabilmiştir. Mekteb-i İ‘dâdî Harbiyye-i Şâhâne öğretmenlerinden Kolağası Mehmed Râif Efendi’nin burada gömülü 138 meşhur kişi hakkında yaptığı derleme Mir’ât-ı İstanbul (İstanbul 1314) adlı eserinin içinde yer almaktadır (s. 149-197). Üsküdar Mahkeme-i Şer‘iyyesi mukayyidi Behcetîler’den İsmâil Hakkı Üsküdârî’nin 1930’da tamamladığı Merâkid-i Mu‘tebere-i Üsküdar adlı kitap (İstanbul 1976) 540 adet kabir ve kitâbesini ihtiva eder. Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’ndaki bütün kitâbelerin tesbiti için Türk Tarih Kurumu tarafından Rıfkı Melûl Meriç başkanlığında oluşturulan kurulun çalışmalarından bir sonuç alınamamıştır. Hikmet Turhan Dağlıoğlu, İ. Fazıl Ayanoğlu, Cemalettin Server Revnakoğlu, Tugan Saraçoğlu ve Enver Ergüven’in çalışmaları da yayımlanamamıştır.
Resmî ve ilmî kodeksler bulunmaması sebebiyle mezarlığın bazı adaları belediye hizmetleri kapsamına alınarak istimlâk edilmiş, eski mezar taşları yok edilerek tamamen yeni bir kabristan haline getirilmiştir. İstanbul Belediyesi Mezarlıklar Müdürlüğü’nce verilen ada numaralarıyla tapu idaresinin verdiği kadastro ada numaralarının farklı olmasından doğan aykırılık Karacaahmet’e ait bir bölümün mezarlık dışı sayılmasıyla sonuçlanmıştır. Mezarlığın çok önemli bir bölümü olan Seyitahmet deresi ve buradaki İranlılar Tekkesi de son yıllarda Karacaahmet’in bütünlüğünden çıkarılmış, dere yatağı tahrip edilmiş ve yaklaşık 35.000 m2 ’lik bir alan nakliyat şirketlerinin ambarı haline getirilmiştir.
İçinde birçok kuş türünün yaşayıp yuvalandığı Karacaahmet Mezarlığı başta servi olmak üzere çınar, defne, çitlembik gibi ağaçları ve çeşitli bitkileriyle bir orman görünümündedir. Mezarlığın içinde ve çevresinde altı tekke ve namazgâh, üç cami, yedi çeşme, iki mektep, bir hastahane ve bir kireçhane yapılmış, ayrıca su ihtiyacını karşılamak üzere irili ufaklı çeşitli kuyular açılmıştır. Miskinler’deki 1303 (1886) tarihli Edhem Paşa Kuyusu ile Çiçekçi’deki 1318 (1900) tarihli Nâci Bey Kuyusu bunlar arasında zikredilebilir. Bu kuruluşlar vakıf sistemiyle tesis edilmiş olduğundan her birine görevliler tayin edilmiş, mezar ve defin işleri mezarcılar kethüdâlığının sorumluluğuna verilmiştir. Ehl-i hiref teşkilâtına mensup taşçılar, vakıf hizmetlileri, mezarlık ziyaretçileri, bu saha dahilindeki vakıf müesseselerinin mensupları Karacaahmet’teki gündelik hayatın canlı birer parçası idiler. Mezarlık hizmetleri vakıf sisteminden çıkarılarak belediye hizmetleri kapsamına alınınca âbkeş, duâgû ve hâfızlık gibi resmî paralı memuriyetler kalkmış, böylece gravürlerdeki görüntüler bir hayal olmuştur.
Yeniçerilerin Hacı Bektaş Ocağı ile ilişkileri mezarlığa Karacaahmet adının verilmesinin sebebini açıklamayı kolaylaştırmaktadır. Bu ocağa mensup yeniçeriler Karacaahmet’e bölük bölük, cemaat cemaat, onların arasından yetişen çorbacı, vezir, reîsülküttâb gibi şahıslar makamlarına göre düzenli olarak gömülmüştür. Bu durum, aynı zamanda hayattaki hiyerarşinin kabristanda da devam ettirilmiş olduğunu göstermektedir. Çoğu yerde bir vezir veya şeyhülislâm aile efradıyla yahut devrinin mülkî âmirleriyle yan yana gömülmüş, bu yerler giderek mezarlıkta özel bölümler oluşturmuştur. Özel adlarla anılan bu bölümler şunlardır: 1. Çiçekçi. Çiçekçi Camii’nin karşısındaki bölüm adını camiden ve buraya gömülmüş olan çiçekçilerden alır. Sofular ve Havuzkapısı diye iki kısma ayrılır. 2. Duvardibi. Dört yol ağzında su terazisinin bulunduğu geniş sahadır. Hanya fâtihi Gazi Yûsuf Paşa’nın kabri buradadır. 3. Harmanlık. Nuhkuyusu caddesinin aşağısındaki Karacaahmet Mezarlık Memurluğu’nun alt ve yan tarafıdır. Tabanı Yassı ve Divitçiler bölümleri vardır. 4. Hattatlar. Reîsülhattâtîn Şeyh Hamdullah Efendi’nin gömülü olduğu bölgedir. 5. Hünkâr imamı mevkii. Karacaahmet’in Ayrılık Çeşmesi Mezarlığı ile birleşen en güney kısmıdır. 6. İnadiye. Bandırmalızâde Tekkesi’nin önünden itibaren Tunusbağı’na ve Karaca Ahmed Türbesi’ne doğru giden bölgedir. Selim Dede ve Voynuk Ahmed Ağa bölümleri vardır. 7. Kaygusuz İbrâhim Baba. Tıbbiye caddesiyle Saraçlarçeşmesi caddesi arasındaki adanın üst kısmıdır. Kaygusuz İbrâhim Baba ve müridleri burada gömülüdür. Nâmık Paşa aile sofası da burada yol kenarındadır. 8. Kuyubaşı. 9. Miskinler. Adını burada kurulmuş cüzzamhâneden alır. Saraçlarçeşmesi caddesi üzerindeki Balım Ağa Çeşmesi’nin civarıdır. Sıkselviler ve Emîr Kasım adlı iki bölümü vardır. 10. Saraçlar Çeşmesi. İbrâhim Ağa Camii ile Ayrılık Çeşmesi arasındaki kısım olup tamamen istimlâke uğramış, yol kenarında sadece Sadrazam Halil Hamîd Paşa aile sofası kısmı kalmıştır. Burası da üzeri toprakla örtülmek suretiyle yok edilmek üzeredir. Bu bölümün İbrahimağa, Ayrılık Çeşmesi, Paris mahallesi kısımları yok edilmiştir. 11. Seyitahmet deresi. Dere vadisinde bir mesire yeri olan bu bölüm yok edilmiştir. Halen İranlılar Tekkesi ve özel mezarlığı mevcuttur. Mezarlığın güneydoğu ucudur. Bu kısım Ayasofyalılar, Taşköprü, Yağlıkçılar, Edhem Paşa bölümleriyle meşhurdur. 12. Şehitlik. İçteki orta kısımdır. 13. Yüksek Kaldırım. İnadiye’nin doğu kısmındaki sahadır. 14. Tunusbağı. Mezarlığın en meşhur kısmı olup sağlı sollu eski kabirlerle doludur. Sofular, Karaağaçlar, Avas Mehmed Paşa bölümleri vardır.
Mezarlığın başlangıcı olan Menzilhâne başında surre eminliği, defterhâne eminliği gibi vazifelerde bulunan Yûsuf Rızâ Efendi’nin 1827 tarihli kafesi horasanî destarlı mezar taşını hâvî aile sofası ve dua duvarı bulunmaktadır. Karacaahmet’in ortasından geçen yol buradan başlar. Devamında 1768 tarihli Taşçıbaşılar sofasına ulaşılır. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’dan Hâşim Ali Bey’in kabrinin önünden geçilip Kadı Müderris İbrâhim Şefik Efendi’nin sağ tarafta duvar kenarındaki 1828 tarihli örfî kavuklu kabri önüne gelinir. Az ileride sol tarafta toprak seviyesinden 1,5 m. yükseklikte 22 m. uzunluğunda özel bir sofa içinde 1632’de Topkapı Sarayı’nda âsilerce şehid edilen Sadrazam Hâfız Ahmed Paşa’nın kabri vardır. Onu geçip sağda Osman Şems Efendi ile Eşrefzâde Sırrı Efendi ve ihvanının mezarları önünden devam edilerek solda Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi Sebili’ne ve Şeyhülislâm Sâdeddin Efendi ile Mevlevî Reşad Bey’in kabirlerine ulaşılır. Sebil hazîresinin bitişiğinde Karaca Ahmed Sultan Tekkesi ve Türbesi, karşısında ise Rodosî Camii yer alır. Camiye bitişik hazîrede mezarcılar kethüdâsı Hâfız Hasan Efendi’nin 1804 tarihli kabir taşı bulunmaktadır. Buradan Ayrılık Çeşmesi’ne uzanan yol 1950’deki imar faaliyetleri sırasında genişletilmiştir. Şehitlik yönünde o tarihte açılan kapının arkasında Mimarbaşı Kasım Ağa’nın, onun hizasında şair Enderunlu Vâsıf’ın, onun da aşağısında hâcegândan şair İbrâhim Efendi’nin 1780 tarihli kabir taşı vardır. İbrâhim Efendi’nin kabir taşının yanında Arapzâde Kuyusu ve Sebili yer almaktadır. Bundan sonra ihtişamlı görünüşüyle İshakefendizâdeler ve Dürrîzâdeler’in uzun aile sofaları görülür. Bu sofada Anadolu Kazaskeri Muhtar Ahmed Efendi’nin 1811 tarihli örfî kavuklu, Şeyhülislâm Dürrîzâde Abdullah Efendi’nin 1828 tarihli örfî kavuklu, Vezir Ali Paşa’nın 1826 tarihli kallâvî kavuklu, tulumbacı yeniçerilerinden Genç Osman’ın 1816 tarihli dardağan kavuklu ve tulumba remizli taşı yan yana ön sırada Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da bulunuyorlarmış gibi sıralanmıştır. Cornelius Gurlitt, bu ihtişamlı mezar taşlarının fotoğrafını Konstantinopel adlı eserinde yayımlamıştır. Bu sofanın karşısında Sadrazam İbrâhim Hilmi Paşa’nın 1825 tarihli kallâvîli mezar taşı ile 1853’te vefat eden Sadrazam İbrâhim Sarım Paşa’nın kabirleri hizasında 1865 tarihli harap haldeki Hacı Hüseyin Paşa Sebili’ne gelinir. Sebilin karşısı Balım Ağa Çeşmesi’nin bulunduğu Miskinler mevkiidir. Burası İbrahimağa çayırının sınırı olup sebil hizasında 1785 tarihli Halil Hamîd Paşa sofası ile Ayrılık Çeşmesi’ne uzanır. Sadrazam Halil Hamîd Paşa sofası Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nın en uzun sofasıdır (31 m.). 300 m2 sahalı bu sofada 1784 tarihli ve kallâvîli ayrı iki taş Halil Hamîd Paşa’nın buradaki kesik başı için konulmuştur.
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı’nda bazı mekânlar kesme taş duvarlarla yükseltilmiş ve içi toprak doldurularak aile sofaları meydana getirilmiştir. 1734 tarihli Mirzazâdeler, 1736 tarihli Dürrîzâdeler, 1742 tarihli Âtıfzâdeler, 1762 tarihli Taşçılar ve 1873 tarihli Tırnakçızâdeler mezarlıkta bulunan meşhur aile sofalarıdır. Harmanlık bölümünde yer alan Mütercim Âsım Efendi’nin 1819 tarihli sofası ile Kaygusuz İbrâhim Baba bölümünde yer alan Nâmık Paşa’nın 1892 tarihli sofası yeni tarzdaki sofalara örnek olarak gösterilebilir.
Mezarlıktaki bazı mezarlar açık türbe haline getirilmiştir. Osman Şems Efendi, Melek hazretleri, Şeyh Behcetî Konevî, İbrâhim Hayrânî, Silistreli Süleyman Efendi ve Bekir Sıdkı Ateşli’nin kabirleri bu tür türbelerdir. Nişancı Hamza Paşa’nın üstü kubbeli açık türbesi yanlışlıkla “at mezarı” olarak tanıtılmaktadır. Divan edebiyatının ünlü şairlerinden Nâbî, Nedîm, Enderunlu Vâsıf ile Emin Hâkî, Nâbizâde Nâzım, Mirzazâde Ahmed Neylî de Karacaahmet’te gömülüdür.
Karacaahmet’te XVI. yüzyıldan kalma mezar taşı hemen hemen yok gibidir. Yer yer 1110’dan (1698) sonrasına ait mezar taşları görülebilmektedir. Mevcut en eski mezar taşı Şeyh Hamdullah Efendi’ye ait olup 1520 tarihlidir. Taşların çoğunluğu XIX. yüzyıla aittir.
Karacaahmet’te taş kapaklarla mezar odacığı veya tahta kapaklarla doğrudan toprağa gömme tarzında iki tür defin usulü uygulanmıştır. Eski definlerin çoğunluğu taş kapaklı mezar odası tarzındadır. Mezarlık ve mezar taşlarının inşa ve imarı ehl-i hiref taşçıları ve hattatlarınca icra edilmiş, kabirlerin korunmasına özen gösterilmiştir. Günümüzde Karacaahmet’te defne açık bölgelerde hızlı bir mezar taşı katliamı söz konusudur. Defne kapatılmış bölgeler ise iklimin ve zamanın tahribine terkedilmiştir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Fazıl Ayanoğlu, Şinasi Akbatu ve M. Mesut Koman’ın şahsî arşivleri.
Enver Ergüven, Karacaahmet Defterleri (Necdet İşli Arşivi).
Karacaahmet Mezarlığı notları ve dosyaları (Necdet İşli Arşivi).
Mehmed Râif, Mir’ât-ı İstanbul , İstanbul 1314, s. 149-188.
Sadettin Nüzhet [Ergun], İstanbul Meşâhirine Âit Mezar Kitâbeleri , İstanbul 1932.
Hikmet Turhan Dağlıoğlu, “San’at Bakımından Mezarlar ve Mezar Taşları ve Karaca Ahmed Mezarlığı”, Milletlerarası Birinci Türk Sanatları Kongresi (Ankara 19-24 Ekim 1959): Kongreye Sunulan Tebliğler , Ankara 1962, s. 120-139.
Nursel Köseoğlu, Karacaahmet Mezarlığı (mezuniyet tezi, 1969), İÜ Ed.Fak. Genel Ktp., TE, nr. 542.
Necdet Barut, Karacaahmet Mezartaşları (mezuniyet tezi, 1969), İÜ Ed.Fak. Ktp., TE, nr. 516.
Behcetî, Merâkid-i Mu‘tebere-i Üsküdar .
Konyalı, Üsküdar Tarihi , II, 479-498, 501-508.
Semavi Eyice, “Tarîhî Mezarlar ve Mezarlıklara Dair Notlar”, Geçmişten Günümüze Mezarlıklar Kültürü ve İnsan Hayatına Etkileri Sempozyumu: 18-20 Aralık 1998 , İstanbul 1999, s. 495-541.
a.mlf., “İstanbul Şam Bağdat Yolu Üzerindeki Mimarî Eserler”, TD , IX/13, İstanbul 1958, s. 81.
TTOK Belleteni , XLIX/328 (1975), Mezarlıklar Özel Sayısı.
Osman Öndeş, “Karacaahmet Mezarlığı”, Hayat Tarih Mecmuası , XI/1 [CXXII/2], İstanbul 1975, s. 42-46.
H. Necdet İşli, “Karacaahmet Mezarlığı”, DBİst.A , V, 444-447.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 375-377 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.