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KARAVİYYÎN CAMİİ Skip to content Fas şehrinde Mağrib’in en meşhur cami ve külliyelerinden biri.
1/2 Müellif: ABDÜLHÂDÎ et-TÂZÎ Bölüme Git
İdrîsî Emîri II. İdrîs devrinde Endülüs’ten Fas’a göç edenlerin yerleştirildiği doğu tarafındaki mahalleye (Udvetülendelüs) 192 (808) yılında Câmiu’l-…
2/2 Müellif: ENGİN BEKSAÇ Bölüme Git
MİMARİ. Karaviyyîn Camii küçük bir camiden başlayarak çeşitli tamir, tâdilât ve genişletmeler sonucunda şimdiki şeklini almıştır. Caminin, özellikle m…
İdrîsî Emîri II. İdrîs devrinde Endülüs’ten Fas’a göç edenlerin yerleştirildiği doğu tarafındaki mahalleye (Udvetülendelüs) 192 (808) yılında Câmiu’l-eşyâh, Kayrevan’dan göç edenlerin yerleştirildiği batı tarafındaki mahalleye de (Udvetülkaraviyyîn) 193’te (809) Câmiu’ş-şürefâ adlı camiler inşa edilmişti. Bunların zamanla ihtiyacı karşılamaması üzerine, I. Yahyâ b. Muhammed döneminde Kayrevan’daki Şiî hâkimiyetinden kaçarak Fas’a gelen fakih Ebû Abdullah Muhammed b. Abdullah el-Fihrî’nin kızı Fâtıma tarafından 245 (859) yılında önceleri kendi adıyla, Zenâteler’in hâkimiyetinin ardından Karaviyyîn diye anılan cami yaptırıldı. IV. Yahyâ b. İdrîs b. Ömer’in Fâtımîler’e biat etmesiyle Fas Fâtımî hâkimiyetine girinceye kadar Karaviyyîn Camii’nde vakit namazları kılındı; cuma hutbeleri ise Câmiu’ş-şürefâ’da okundu. Fâtımî hâkimiyetiyle beraber cuma hutbeleri daha geniş bir mekâna sahip olan Karaviyyîn Camii’nde okunmaya başlandı ve ilk hutbe fakih Ebû Muhammed Abdullah b. Ali tarafından okundu (307/919). Hâkimiyet alâmeti olan cuma hutbeleriyle birlikte Karaviyyîn Camii’nin minberi siyasî mücadelelerin, fikrî tartışmaların merkezi haline geldi. 387’de (997) Fas yeniden Emevî hâkimiyetine girince Halife II. Hişâm’ın isminin yer aldığı yeni bir minber konularak Karaviyyîn Camii’nin bu fonksiyonu devam ettirildi. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in 462 (1070) yılında Fas’a girmesiyle birlikte Fas şehrinin Endülüs ve Karaviyyîn mahallelerini ikiye ayıran surlar yıktırıldı ve Karaviyyîn Camii’nde pek çok kişi öldürüldü (Selâvî, I, 29). Merînîler’in iktidara gelmeleri ve Fas’ı siyasî merkez edinmeleriyle (648/1250) Karaviyyîn Camii’nin minberi hükümet tebliğlerinin de okunduğu bir mekân oldu.
Caminin gerek bakım ve onarımı gerekse burada yürütülen dinî hizmetlerle kültürel faaliyetlerin masrafları için erken dönemlerden itibaren vakıflar kurulmuştur. VI. (XII.) yüzyılda Karaviyyîn vakıflarının yıllık geliri 60.000 dinara ulaşmıştı. Siyasî mücadeleler bu vakıflardan bir kısmının talan edilmesine yol açmış, 723’te (1323) vakıf kayıtlarının önemli bir kısmı yangında yok olmuştu. Filâlîler’den Mevlây Reşîd, sahipleri tarafından belgelenemeyen Karaviyyîn’e ait vakıfları geri aldı. Zaman zaman bu uygulamalar tekrarlanmışsa da Karaviyyîn’e ait vakıfların bir kısmı elden çıkmıştır.
Karaviyyîn Camii Fas’taki bütün camilere örnek olmuştur. Özellikle kültür hayatında bırakmış olduğu izlerden dolayı mânevî değeri ve fazileti hakkında çeşitli rivayetler nakledilmiş ve İslâmiyet’in kutsal kabul ettiği Mescid-i Harâm, Mescid-i Nebevî ve Mescid-i Aksâ ile mukayesesi yapılmıştır. Cami, inşasından itibaren ilmî hayatın inkişafına kaynaklık eden bir eğitim ve kültür merkezi olarak ortaya çıktı. Murâbıtlar’ın Merakeş’i başşehir yapmasıyla birlikte (454/1062) Karaviyyîn Camii İslâm dünyasının en önemli kültür merkezlerinden biri haline geldi. Bu tarihten itibaren mevcut olan ders halkaları dinî ilimler ağırlıklı olmak üzere hususileşti. Merînîler zamanında Mağrib medeniyeti en yüksek seviyesine ulaşmış ve buna en önemli katkılar Karaviyyîn müesseseleri tarafından yapılmıştı. Merînî hükümdarlarının saraylarında İbn Haldûn, İbnü’l-Hatîb, İbn Battûta gibi âlimlere büyük itibar gösteriliyordu. Merînîler Fas’a siyasî bir merkez mertebesi vermekle kalmamışlar, Karaviyyîn ve yeni Fas camisinin etrafına medreseler ve kütüphaneler inşa etmişlerdi. Bütün bunlar, İslâm dünyasının çeşitli bölgelerinden ve İspanya’dan yoğun bir talebe zümresinin Fas’a gelmesine sebep olmuştu. İspanya’nın hıristiyanlar tarafından ele geçirilmesinden sonra pek çok âlim Fas’a gelerek Karaviyyîn medresesinin eğitim kadrosuna katılmıştı. Eğitim ve öğretim alanında Muvahhidler’le başlayan ve Merînîler’le zirveye ulaşan gelişmeler dikkate alınarak Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nin dünyanın eski üniversitelerinden biri olduğu ileri sürülmüştür (Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî, Câmiʿu’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , I, 113-115). Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nde, Mağrib’de diğerlerine göre daha çok yayılmış olan Mâlikî mezhebine dayalı bir eğitim sistemi kurulmuşsa da öteki mezheplere ait bilgiler de öğretilmiştir. Kuzey Afrika’nın Fâtımî hâkimiyetine girdiği dönemde Karaviyyîn ulemâsı ile Mısır ulemâsı arasındaki ilişkiler yoğunlaşmıştır. Karaviyyîn Medresesi, hem Endülüs hem de Fâtımîler’den ve bunlara bağlı olarak meydana gelen siyasî ihtilâflardan etkilenmişse de “Karaviyyîn ekolü” adı verilebilecek bir özgünlükten bahsedilebilir (İbn Ferhûn, II, 239). Sömürge idaresi döneminde Selefî düşünce ile milliyetçiliğin bağdaştırılması yönünde bir gelişme görülmüş ve Mağrib’de Selefîliğin yerleşip yayılmasında Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nin önemli rolü olmuştur (Muhammed el-Fellâh el-Alevî, s. 19 vd.).
Karaviyyîn Medresesi Fas’ın bağımsızlığa kavuşmasından (1956) sonra modern bir üniversiteye dönüşmüş olarak İslâmî öğretime devam etmektedir. Ancak Câmiatü’l-Karaviyyîn’in Merakeş, Tıtvân ve Agādîr şehirlerinde çeşitli fakülteleri açılmış, böylece Fas şehrinin dışına taşınarak Karaviyyîn Camii’nden kopmuştur. 1000 yıllık bir geçmişe sahip olan Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nde eğitim ve öğretim halka açık olarak yapılıyordu. Camiyi ziyarete gelenler âlimler tarafından verilen dersleri takip etmekte serbestti. Karaviyyîn Medresesi’nde verilen dersleri dinlemek için gündüzleri belirli bir saatte dükkânların kapanması âdet haline gelmişti.
Caminin külliyesinde yer alan Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi ayrı bir önem taşımaktadır. Karaviyyîn Camii’nin yapılmasıyla birlikte mushaflar ve bazı hadis kitapları özel bir bölümde yer alıyordu. Bunun dışında saray, medrese kütüphaneleri ve özel şahıslara ait kütüphaneler de vardı. Bütün bu koleksiyonlar Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nin çekirdeğini teşkil etmiştir. Merînî hükümdarlarından Ebû İnân el-Merînî Karaviyyîn Camii’nde bir kütüphane oluşturmuştur. Kapısı üzerinde yer alan kitâbeden Cemâziyelevvel 750’de (Temmuz 1349) yapıldığı, hükümdarın buraya çeşitli kitaplar vakfettiği ve kütüphanenin işleyişiyle ilgili bazı kurallar koyduğu anlaşılmaktadır. İbn Haldûn, meşhur eseri el-ʿİber ’in bir nüshasını Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’ne vakfedilmek üzere gönderdiğini kaydeder (Muḳaddime , I, 290). Yazma eserler açısından İslâm dünyasının en zengin kütüphanelerinden biri olan Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nde kâğıt ve ceylan derisi üzerine yazılmış, aralarında Sultan Ahmed el-Mansûr tarafından hediye edilmiş olanın da bulunduğu çeşitli mushaflar yer alır. Dinî eserlerin yanında tıp, felsefe ve matematik bilimine ait kıymetli eserler mevcuttur. Bunların önemli bir kısmı Abbâsîler döneminde yapılmış tercümelerdir ve bunlar arasında Yuhannâ dönemine ait bir İncil de bulunmaktadır.
Ali b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn’in ve diğer bazı hükümdarların saray kütüphaneleri Karaviyyîn’e nakledilmiştir. 685’te (1286) Kastilya kralı olan IV. Sancho ile Merînî Ebû Yûsuf Ya‘kūb arasında yapılan antlaşmadan sonra Fas’a gönderilen on üç deve yükü kitap Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’ne konmuştur. Filâlîler’den Mevlây İsmâil’in esir alınan her hıristiyanı 100 kitap karşılığında serbest bırakması koleksiyonları zenginleştirmiştir. Gerek Filâlîler gerekse Sa‘dîler ve onlardan sonra gelenler Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’ni geliştirmek için büyük çaba göstermişlerdir. Günümüzde Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi Fas’ın en önemli millî kütüphanelerinden biridir. Muhammed Âbid el-Fâsî, Karaviyyîn Kütüphanesi’nde bulunan yazmaların katalogunu neşretmiştir (bk. bibl.).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Bekrî, el-Mesâlik , II, 795-798.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 230.
İbn Ebû Zer‘, el-Enîsü’l-muṭrib , Rabat 1973, s. 54-76.
İbn Ferhûn, ed-Dîbâcü’l-müẕheb , II, 239.
İbn Haldûn, Muḳaddime , I, 290.
İbnü’l-Kādî, Ceẕvetü’l-iḳtibâs , Rabat 1973, I, 27, 52-78.
Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ , I, 29, 76-78.
Câmiʿatü’l-Ḳaraviyyîn fî ẕikrihe’l-miʾeti baʿde’l-elf: 245-1379 , Muhammediye, ts. (Vizâretü’t-terbiyeti’l-vatanî).
Roger le Tourneau, Fâs fî ʿaṣri Benî Merîn (trc. Nikola Ziyâde), Beyrut 1967, s. 21, 28-29, 38, 174, 193.
Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî, Câmiʿu’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , Beyrut 1972, I-III.
a.mlf., Câmiʿatü’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , Muhammediye, ts. (Vizâretü’t-terbiyeti’l-vatanî).
Muhammed Âbid el-Fâsî, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti Ḫizâneti’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , Dârülbeyzâ 1399-1400/1979-80, I-II.
Hüseyin Mûnis, el-Mesâcid , Küveyt 1981, s. 188-193.
a.mlf., Târîḫu’l-Maġrib ve ḥaḍâretüh , Beyrut 1992, I, 289, 389, 411, 413, 415.
T. Burckhardt, “Fez”, City of Islam , Cambridge 1992, s. 3, 8-9, 109-128.
M. Felâh el-Alevî, Câmiʿu’l-Ḳaraviyyîn ve’l-fikrü’s-Selefî: 1873-1914 , Dârülbeyzâ 1994, s. 19 vd.
G. Deverdun, “al-Ḳarawiyyīn”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 632-635.
İbrâhim Harekât, “Fas”, DİA , XII, 188-190, 200-202.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 478-479 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.
MİMARİ. Karaviyyîn Camii küçük bir camiden başlayarak çeşitli tamir, tâdilât ve genişletmeler sonucunda şimdiki şeklini almıştır. Caminin, özellikle mihrap duvarına dikey uzanan neflerden teşekkül etmiş ibadet mekânına sahip camiler yapmanın tercih sebebi olduğu bir muhitte mihrap duvarına paralel yatay neflerden müteşekkil bir ibadet mekânının bulunması ilgi çekicidir. İslâm âleminin batısındaki büyük camiler arasında yatay nefli plana sahip tek cami Karaviyyîn Camii’dir.
Başlangıçta kare şekline yakın ve basit bir üslûpta yapılan caminin malzemesinin önemli bir kısmı arsasından temin edilmişti. Karaviyyîn Camii, kuzey-güney istikametinde on iki neften müteşekkil 32 m. kadar olup mevcut caminin dördüncü ve yedinci yatay nefleri ve bu nefleri teşkil eden on iki kemer açıklığına tekabül eden 1248 m2 ’lik (39 × 32) bir alanı kaplamaktaydı. Caminin tavanından yüksek olmayan bir minare de yapılmıştı. İkisi avlu tarafında doğu ve batı yönünde bulunanlarla birlikte dört adet kapısı olan bu küçük caminin eski dış duvarlarından kıble tarafında yer alanların izleri kemer sıraları arasında farkedilmektedir. Daha sonra yıkılarak kemerli sütun dizileri haline getirilen bu kısım ilk binanın ne şekilde tâdil edildiği hususunda da bilgi vermektedir.
IV. (X.) yüzyılın başlarında Fâtımî idaresinde bir cuma camii olarak hizmet veren bina, Endülüs Emevîleri’nin müttefiki olan Berberî soyundan gelme Zenâte emîrlerinin bölgeyi egemenlikleri altına almalarıyla ilgiye mazhar oldu. Endülüs Emevî Halifesi III. Abdurrahman zamanında Fas’a hâkim olan Ahmed b. Ebû Bekir ez-Zenâtî halifeden Karaviyyîn Camii’ni genişletmek için yardım ve izin istedi. III. Abdurrahman da Fas’a önemli miktarda para ve ustalar göndererek yardımda bulundu. Güney (kıble) yönü hariç cami üç tarafından genişletildi ve dört kapı ilâvesiyle 4000 m2 ’lik bir alana ulaştı. Genişletme esnasında abdest alma mahalli ilâve edilmişti. Bu sırada yapılan ve günümüze kadar korunan minare Afrika’da ayakta kalan en eski İslâm eseridir. 344’te (955) inşasına başlanan minarenin ertesi yıl bitirildiği üzerindeki kitâbede kayıtlıdır. Kare bir kaide üzerinde yükselmekte olup üst tarafı yarım küre şeklindedir, yüksekliği ise yaklaşık 26,75 metredir. Kurtuba (Córdoba) ve İşbîliye’deki (Sevilla) minarelere benzerlik arzeden ve basit bir üslûpla yapılan minare 688’de (1289) bazı tamiratlar geçirdiyse de ilk şeklini korudu. Merînîler zamanında konulan kum ve güneş saatleriyle birlikte Karaviyyîn Camii’nin minaresi Fas’ta vakitlerin belirlendiği bir yer haline geldi. Eski avlunun ilâvelerle beraber ortadan kalkmış olması sebebiyle yeni bir avlu yapıldı. İbadet mekânının inşasında, dış duvarlarda taş kullanılmıştır. Yuvarlak at nalı biçiminde olan kemerler ve üzerlerindeki süslemelerde Endülüs etkisi açıkça görülür.
V. (XI.) yüzyılın ikinci yarısında Fas’ın Murâbıtlar’ın hâkimiyeti altına girmesinden sonra da camiye duyulan ilgi devam etti. Murâbıt hükümdarları arasında imar faaliyetleriyle meşhur olan Ali b. Yûsuf b. Tâşfîn 528’de (1134) camide önemli bir imar faaliyetine başladı. Daha önce yapılan genişletmenin asıl özellikleri korunarak mevcut bina genişliğiyle güney kısmı dahil olmak üzere ilâveler yapıldı. Fazla süslü binalar inşasını doğru bulmayan Murâbıt an‘anesine uygun olarak bina içindeki sınırlı yerlerde kalan süslemelerin ağırlığını teşkil eden mihrap önü kısmı ve burayı örten mukarnaslı kubbe bu sırada teçhiz edildi. 531’de (1136) önemli ölçüde tamamlanan çalışmalar 537 (1143) yılına kadar sürdü. Caminin yeni minberi ise 538’de (1144) bitirildi. Muvahhidler devrinde bu yeni devletin anlayışına göre binanın iç süslemelerinin üzeri kapatıldı.
Karaviyyîn Camii içinde gerçekleştirilen son imar faaliyeti XVII. yüzyılda Sa‘dî şerifleri devrinde olmuştur. Sa‘dî Sultanı Abdullah b. Şeyh tarafından binanın avlusuna Endülüs anlayışını aksettiren ve Elhamra Sarayı’nın Aslanlı Avlusu’nu hatırlatan, bir fıskıye ve havuz teşkilâtına da sahip olan iki küçük bina inşa ettirilmiş ve avluda düzenlemeler yapılmıştır. Bu düzenleme ve binalar tam mânasıyla Endülüs anlayışına uygun bir durum arzetmekte olup Endülüs’ten gelen ustaların eseridir.
Mevcut şekliyle Karaviyyîn Camii, mihrap duvarına paralel on yatay nef ve onları mihraba dikey olarak kesen bir dikey neften ibaret ibadet mekânı ve içerideki neflere açılan yan neflere sahip bir avlu kısmından müteşekkil plana sahiptir. Sa‘dî şerifleri tarafından düzenlenen bu avluya göre ibadet mekânının eksenini oluşturan dikey nefin durumu da tayin edilmiştir. İbadet mekânının en önemli kısmı olan ve mihrabın ehemmiyetini gösteren bu dikey nefin yatay neflerle kesişmesi sebebiyle meydana gelen on bölmenin üzerinde sekiz kubbe ve iki tonoz örtüsü mevcuttur. Hepsi farklı mimari özellikler gösteren bu örtü sistemlerinin avludan girişteki ilki kare planlı ve stalaktitli şekilde inşa edilmiş olup beşinci ve yedinciden itibaren hepsi stalaktitli olarak düzenlenmiş bulunan değişik örtüler silsilesine giriş teşkil etmektedir. Mevcut binanın ölçüleri 85 × 70 m. olarak tesbit edilmektedir.
Murâbıt an‘anesine göre sade bir biçimde süslenen caminin içinde önemli mimari kısımlar ve özellikle mihrap önündeki kubbe ve maksûre mahallî süslemenin ağırlığını yansıtmaktadır. Murâbıt zevkine uygun akantusların hâkim olduğu kabartmalar boya kullanılarak zenginleştirilmiştir. Muvahhidler devrinde üstü örtülen bu süslemeler Henri Terrasse tarafından açılmış olup bütün ihtişamıyla gözler önüne serilmiş bulunmaktadır. Mihrap XVIII. yüzyılda değiştirilmişse de mihrabın arkasında bulunan sekizgen odayı örten kubbe ilk şekliyle korunmuştur. Mihrapta akantuslu iki sütun başlığına rastlanırken Murâbıt süsleme geleneğine esas teşkil eden ve Endülüs an‘anesiyle irtibatı bulunan bu süslemelere mihrabın arkasındaki odada da rastlanmaktadır. Caminin muhteşem minberi 538 (1144) tarihli olup Kurtuba’dan getirtilmiş veya Kurtubalı bir ustaya yaptırılmıştır. Avluda yer alan ve Endülüs zevkini aksettiren çini süslemeler yine Endülüslü ustaların elinden çıkmış olup bütün ihtişamıyla göz doldurmaktadır.
Karaviyyîn Camii, diğer İslâm ülkelerindeki eserler gibi tek başına bir yapı olmayıp başta Kayseriyye adı verilen çarşı olmak üzere çok amaçlı yapılar topluluğu olarak öne çıkar. Caminin avlusu şehirdeki en büyük boş alandır ve cami ile bütünlük arzeder. Caminin çevresinde onun bir uzantısı olarak medreseler, görevliler için evler, haftalık toplantıların yapıldığı salonlar, kütüphaneler gibi unsurlar yer alır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
H. Terrasse, La mosquée al-Qaraouiyin à Fès avec une étude da Gaston Deverdun sur les inscriptions historiques de la mosquée , Paris 1968.
a.mlf., “La reviviscence de l’acanthe dans l’art hispano-mauresque sous les almoravids”, al-Andalus , XXVI, Madrid 1961, s. 426-435.
Abdülhâdî et-Tâzî, Câmiʿu’l-Ḳaraviyyîn , Beyrut 1972, I-III.
D. T. Rice, Islamic Art , London 1975, tür.yer.
G. Mitchell, Architecture of the Islamic World , London 1984, tür.yer.
J. Hoag, Islam , Stuttgart 1986, s. 49-51.
L. Torres Balbás, “Nuevas perspectivas sobre el arte bajo el dominio de los almoravides”, al-Andalus , XVIII, Madrid 1952, s. 411-424.
G. Deverdun, “al-Ḳarawiyyīn”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 632-633.
Maddenin bu bölümü TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 479-480 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.