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KARESİOĞULLARI Skip to content XIII. yüzyılın sonu ile XIV. yüzyılın ilk yarısında Kuzeybatı Anadolu’da hüküm süren bir Türk beyliği.
Anadolu Selçuklu Devleti’nin çökmesinden sonra uç beyleri tarafından kurulan küçük devletlerden biri olup adını kurucusu Karesi (doğrusu Karası) Bey’den alır. Karesi adı Osmanlılar zamanında da yaşamaya devam etmiş ve beyliğin merkezi olan Balıkesir’e Cumhuriyet dönemine kadar Karesi sancağı denilmiştir. Karesioğulları’nın menşei hakkında kaynaklarda herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmamakta, ancak Tokat’taki Hamzalar Mezarlığı’nda bulunan hânedana mensup Kutlu Melek Hatun ile oğlu Mustafa Çelebi’nin mezar taşlarından şecerelerinin Dânişmendliler’e dayandığı anlaşılmaktadır (Uzunçarşılı, Kitâbeler , I, 43-45).
VII. (XIII.) yüzyılın sonlarından, muhtemelen 696 (1296-97) yılından itibaren Selçuklu uç beyi Kalem Bey ile (Kalemşah) oğlu Karesi Bey Bizanslılar’ın Erdek, Biga, Edremit, Bergama gibi şehirlerini fethedip Antikçağ’da Mysia adıyla bilinen Balıkesir, Bergama ve Çanakkale topraklarının büyük bir kısmına hâkim oldular. Karesi Bey, Bizanslılar’ın karşı hücumlarıyla geçirilen birkaç yıldan ve bu arada vuku bulan babasının ölümünden sonra Balıkesir’de çöküş halindeki Selçuklu Devleti’ne karşı bağımsızlığını ilân ederek kendi adını taşıyan beyliği kurdu. Kısa sürede Mysia bölgesinin tamamını ele geçiren Karesi Bey’in zamanında beyliğin gücü giderek arttı. Onun ölümü (728/1328’den önce) üzerine yerine oğlu Yahşi Bey geçti. O yıllarda güneyde Saruhan, doğuda Osmanlı beylikleriyle komşu olan Karesioğulları’nın topraklarını genişletme imkânı daha çok Ege adalarında ve karşıdaki Rumeli sahillerinde idi. Bu sebeple Yahşi Bey idare merkezini Bergama’ya taşıdı ve kardeşi veya oğlu olduğu sanılan Demirhan Bey’i de Balıkesir’in idaresiyle görevlendirdi. Bu arada, gelişen Osmanlı akınlarına ve ele geçirdikleri yerlerde bağımsızlık amacı güden Latinler’e karşı öncelikle onların çevresindeki Türkmen beyliklerinin tarafsızlığını sağlamaya çalışan Bizans İmparatoru III. Andronikos’un 1328’de Biga’ya gelerek Demirhan Bey’le bir saldırmazlık anlaşması yapması, Demirhan Bey’in müstakil bir bey gibi hareket ettiğini ve böylece Karesioğulları’nın biri Balıkesir, diğeri Bergama olmak üzere iki merkezden yönetilen geniş topraklara sahip bir beylik haline geldiğini göstermektedir. Demirhan Bey, Çanakkale Boğazı ve Marmara denizinden gemilerle Rumeli’ye asker çıkararak akınlar yaparken Bergama’da oturan, “han” ve “melik” unvanlarını kullanan Yahşi Bey de Ege adaları civarında faaliyette bulunuyordu. Ege sahillerindeki Türkmen beyliklerinin batıya doğru genişlemeye çalışmaları ve özellikle Avrupalılar’ın deniz ticaretine engel teşkil etmeleri karşısında Venedikliler, Rodos şövalyeleri ve Bizans İmparatorluğu bir Haçlı ittifakı kurdular. 735 Muharreminde (Eylül 1334) Edremit sularında Yahşi Bey’in kumandasındaki Türk donanmasıyla Haçlılar arasında meydana gelen şiddetli savaşta Haçlı donanması Türkler’i ağır bir yenilgiye uğrattı. Haçlılar’ın bu başarısı Ege’deki Türk yayılmasını geçici olarak durdurduysa da tamamen önleyemedi; kısa sürede kendilerini toparlayan Karesioğulları ile diğer beylikler akınlarına tekrar başladılar. 1337’de Çanakkale sahillerinden karşıya geçen Karesi akıncıları Trakya içlerine kadar yağma hareketlerinde bulundular. Fakat Yahşi Bey, Bizans İmparatoru III. Andronikos’un 1341’de ölmesinin üzerinden çok geçmeden Trakya’ya yaptığı iki saldırıda da başarısızlığa uğradı ve Bizans’la bir daha topraklarına saldırmayacağına dair bir anlaşma yapmak zorunda kaldı. Yahşi Bey hakkında bu tarihten sonra herhangi bir bilgiye rastlanmamakta, o sıralarda veya bir süre sonra vefat ettiği sanılmaktadır.
Yahşi Bey’den sonra Karesi Beyliği karışıklıklar içine düştü. Demirhan Bey ile Dursun Bey arasında meydana gelen olaylar, aynı zamanda beyliğin Osmanlı idaresi altına girişinin de başlangıcını teşkil etti. Demirhan Bey’in idaresinden memnun olmayan Vezir Hacı İlbey ve Karesi ümerâsından Evrenos Bey, Gazi Fâzıl Bey, Ece Bey gibi ileri gelenler, halk tarafından çok sevilen Dursun Bey’i (halen adı Balıkesir’in Dursunbey ilçesinde yaşamaktadır) Karesi tahtına davet ettiler ve bu hususta Orhan Bey’den yardım istediler; daveti kabul eden Dursun Bey de Orhan Bey’e kendisine yapacağı yardım karşılığında Bergama, Edremit ve Balıkesir’i vermeyi önerdi. Teklifi olumlu karşılayan Orhan Bey onu da yanına alarak Ulubat’ı ele geçirdikten sonra Balıkesir’e geldi. Demirhan Bey karşı koyamayacağını anlayarak Bergama Kalesi’ne çekildi. Orhan Bey daha sonra Bergama’yı kuşatmak üzere harekete geçti; bu arada Dursun Bey’den ağabeyi ile görüşerek onu barışa ikna etmesini istedi. Fakat Demirhan Bey’le konuşmak için Karesi âyanı ile birlikte Bergama surlarının önüne gelen Dursun Bey ansızın kaleden atılan bir okla öldürüldü. Bunun üzerine Orhan Bey’den korkan Bergamalılar Demirhan Bey’i teslim olmaya zorladılar; böylece kaleden anlaşma yoluyla çıkan Demirhan Bey Bursa’ya gönderildi; iki yıl sonra da orada öldü. Böylece Karesi Beyliği Osmanlı Beyliği topraklarına katılmış oldu (746/1345 veya hemen sonrası). Orhan Bey ele geçirdiği Karesi topraklarını oğlu Süleyman Paşa’ya (Rumeli fâtihi) iktâ etti.
Kısa süren hâkimiyetine rağmen Karesi Beyliği, bulunduğu mevki açısından hem kara hem de deniz devleti olma özelliğinden dolayı önem taşımaktaydı. Beylik, 40.000 atlı askerden oluşan bir kara ordusuna ve etkili bir donanmaya sahipti. Karesi Beyliği’nin denizcilikteki ileri seviyesi Osmanlı bahriye teşkilâtı için bir kaynak ve örnek teşkil etmiştir denilebilir. Balıkesir’de bol miktarda ipek ve ladin reçinesi üretilmekte ve Avrupa pazarlarına gönderilmekteydi. İstanbul kumaşları da çoğunlukla Balıkesir ipeğinden dokunuyordu. Günümüzde Karesi Beyliği’nden kalan herhangi bir mimari eser yoktur; sadece Bergama’daki Güdük Minare’nin XIV. yüzyıl başlarında Karesi Beyliği zamanında yapıldığı ileri sürülmektedir. Karesioğulları’ndan Yahşi Bey ile oğlu Beylerbeyi’ne ait gümüş ve bakır sikkeler mevcuttur.
Karesi soyunun hemen hemen XVIII. yüzyıla kadar devam ettiği ve mensuplarından bazılarının kendilerine Osmanlı sultanları tarafından verilen vakıfları yönettikleri, bazılarının da timar sahibi ve yaya müsellem sıfatıyla Osmanlı devlet teşkilâtında görev aldıkları bilinmektedir. Balıkesir’de Zağanos Paşa Camii civarında Karesi Dede adıyla ziyaretgâh haline getirilmiş, Karaisa adıyla da anılan bir türbe ve içinde biri büyük, altısı küçük yedi kitâbesiz sanduka bulunmaktadır.
Karesi Beyliği’nin tarih sahnesinden çekilmesi ve yerini Osmanlı Beyliği’ne bırakması, Osmanlılar için askerî ve siyasî genişleme açısından önemli bir merhale teşkil eder. Süleyman Paşa, Rumeli’ye geçişinin gerek hazırlık döneminde gerekse gerçekleşmesi sırasında Karesi ümerâsının büyük yardım ve desteğini görmüştür. Yeni fethedilen Rumeli topraklarını Türkleştirmek maksadıyla Anadolu’dan getirilen Türk nüfusu arasında Karesi ilinden gelenler Süleyman Paşa zamanında Gelibolu yarımadası ile kuzeyine yerleştirildiler. Hasköy’deki Balıkesirli, Karasili, Gönenli, Dânişmendli ve Dimetoka’daki Karesiyurdu gibi yer adları o tarihten kalmadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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a.mlf., Karesi Vilâyeti Tarihçesi , İstanbul 1341, s. 71, 76, 85.
a.mlf., Kitâbeler , İstanbul 1345/1927, I, 43-45.
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Ahmed Tevhîd, “Balıkesir’de Karasioğulları”, TOEM , II/9 (1327), s. 563-568.
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İbrahim Artuk, “Karesi-Oğulları Adına Basılmış Olan İki Sikke”, TD , sy. 33 (1982), s. 283-284.
Halil İnalcık, “The Rise of the Turcoman Maritime Principalities in Anatolia, Byzantium, and the Crusade”, Byzantinische Forschungen , IX, Amsterdam 1985, s. 192, 208.
Cl. Cahen, “Ḳarasi”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 628.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 488-489 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.