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KÂRİMÎ Skip to content Eyyûbîler ve Memlükler devrinde ülkeler arasında baharat ticareti yapan müslüman tüccar.
Kaynaklarda kârim , kârimiyye , ekârim şeklinde geçen kelimenin kökeni hakkında çeşitli görüşler vardır. Memlükler dönemi müelliflerinin ileri sürdüğü, Batı Sudan’da bir bölge olan Kânim’den geldiği yolundaki görüş en çok kabul edilen görüştür. Bazılarınca bu tüccarlara Sudan karşılığında kullanılan Tekrûr bölgesine nisbetle Tekrûrî denilmesi de bu görüşü desteklemektedir. Kelimenin divanlarda böyle geçtiği ve Arapça’da bir anlamının olmadığı da belirtilmiştir (diğer görüşler için bk. Çetin, XXII/35 [2004], s. 74-75). Genel anlamda baharat ticaretiyle uğraşan kârimîler, Fâtımîler döneminde Mısır ve Aden’de ortaya çıkan tüccar loncalarını teşkil ediyordu. Aynı dönemde Mısır’da Kahire ve Kūs’ta merkezleri bulunuyordu. Fâtımîler devrinde bu grubun, Ayzâb ile Sevâkin arasındaki ticaret yolculukları esnasında komşu adaların korsanlarından korunabilmek için bir filo oluşturulmasından itibaren kârimî kavramı “ticaret filosu” anlamını da kazanmıştır. Kūs valisinin sorumluluğundaki bu deniz gücü önceleri beş gemiden meydana gelirken sonraları gemi sayısı üçe düşmüştür (Kalkaşendî, III, 597).
Özellikle XII. yüzyılda Eyyûbîler’in kurulmasıyla birlikte ticaretin yönü Hint Okyanusu’ndan Akdeniz’e kayınca diğer tüccarlar gibi kârimîler de Mısır’a yöneldi. Kârimîlerin bu dönemde Kızıldeniz ile Hint Okyanusu’ndaki ticarî faaliyetlerinde önemli bir gelişme kaydedildi. Selâhaddîn-i Eyyûbî’nin Haçlılar karşısında kazandığı zafer Haçlılar’ı Batı-Uzakdoğu arasındaki bu en önemli ticaret yolundan uzaklaştırdı ve kârimî tüccarların güçlenmelerine yardımcı oldu. Selâhaddin’in yeğeni ve Mısır’daki temsilcisi el-Melikü’l-Muzaffer Takıyyüddin Ömer’in 1183’te Kahire’nin liman bölgesi Fustat’ta Nil nehri kenarında hanlardan oluşan Funduku’l-kârim’i inşa ettirmesi kârimî tüccarların önemini daha da arttırdı. Bunlar, doğudan getirdikleri malları dört önemli sahil limanından Funduku’l-kârim adlı ticaret merkezlerine ulaştırıyorlardı. Bu gelişmenin ardından yahudi ve Kıptî tâcirleri Kızıldeniz ticaretiyle ilgili büyük yatırımlara son vermek zorunda kaldılar, onların yerini kârimîler başta olmak üzere müslüman tüccarlar aldı.
Kârimîler, Eyyûbîler ve daha sonra Memlükler’in önemli ticaret merkezlerinde, genellikle Batılı tüccarların büyük ilgi gösterdiği baharat ticareti üzerine faaliyette bulunan bir tüccar loncası oluşturmuştu. Bundan dolayı baharat ticaretiyle uğraşanlara “kârimiyye” adı veriliyordu. Baharat maddelerini daha ziyade Yemen, Çin ve Hindistan’dan getiren kârimîler ipek, kumaş, kereste, silâh, buğday, pirinç, un, şeker, yağ ve bal ticaretiyle de uğraşırlardı. Kârimî tüccarların büyük bir kısmı Memlükler zamanında kendilerine merkez olarak Saîd bölgesindeki Kūs şehrini seçti. Kūs Orta Afrika, Yemen, Hindistan ve Habeşistan’dan gelen mallar için Mısır’ın en önemli pazarı durumundaydı. Memlük sultanları kârimî tüccarları korumak için çeşitli tedbirler aldılar. Önemli devlet görevlilerinden biri olan nâzırü’l-bahâr ve’l-kârim, devlet adına kârimîlerin Kızıldeniz’de ve Mısır’daki menfaatlerini korumaktan sorumluydu, buna karşılık onlardan çeşitli vergiler toplardı. Bu önemli görevli bazan vezire yahut nâzırü’l-hâssa bağlanır, bazan da müstakil olarak çalışırdı. Kūs şehrindeki kârimî tüccarların “reîsü’l-kârimiyye (kebîrü’t-tüccâr, reîsü’t-tüccâr) unvanı verilen başkanlarının da Memlük sultanları huzurunda büyük itibarları vardı.
Devlet önemli ticaret merkezlerinde, bilhassa Kūs, İskenderiye ve Kahire’de hıristiyan ve müslüman tüccarlar lehine bazı ticarî tedbirler aldı, birtakım imtiyazlar bahşetti. Kârimî tüccarlar, bu imtiyazlar sayesinde özellikle XIV. yüzyılın ortalarında ve ikinci yarısında çok güçlendiler, öncekilerle kıyaslanamayacak derecede büyük sermayeler elde ettiler. Kârimîlerin faaliyetleri Mısır başşehrinin gelişimi ve ticarî finansman tarihinde yeni bir sayfa açtı. Daha önce Mısır’da toptancı bir tüccarın sermayesi 10.000-30.000 dinar arasında tahmin edilirken bir kârimî tüccarın serveti 1 milyon dinara, hatta daha fazlasına ulaşıyordu. Nitekim Tâceddin el-Kârimî geride 100.000 dinar miras bırakmış, 10 milyon dinara ulaşan servetiyle kârimî Nasreddin Muhammed el-Bâlisî’nin ünü Mısır’ın tüccar çevrelerinin ötesine ulaşmıştı. Kârimîler, ellerinde toplanan büyük paralar sayesinde Mısır’ın para piyasası üzerinde nüfuz sahibi oldular, ticarî faaliyetlerinin yanı sıra devlet finansörü olarak da bankacılık imkânlarından yararlanıp rakiplerine üstünlük sağladılar. Memlük sultanları ekonomik sıkıntılar esnasında kârimî tüccarlardan borç para alırlardı. Sultan Berkuk 1394 yılında Timur’la savaşmak için üç kârimî tüccardan senet karşılığında 1 milyon dirhem borç almıştı. Ekonomik sıkıntıya düşen Yemen hükümdarı, hatta zengin altın madenleriyle tanınan Mali Sultanı Mense Mûsâ hac dönüşünde kârimî bir tâcirden borç aldı. Neticede kârimîler, milletler arası ticarete damgalarını vurdukları gibi devletler arası ilişkilerde de etkili olacak kadar önemli bir mevki kazandılar. Bu sebeple kârimî tüccarlar zaman zaman elçi sıfatıyla görevlendiriliyordu.
Kârimîler ticarî faaliyetlerini genelde aile işletmeleri şeklinde yürütüyordu. Ailede gençler kârimî organizasyonunun çeşitli pazarlarında eğitilmek için gönderilir, yeni nesle bir önceki neslin mallarının yanı sıra tecrübeleri ve müşterileri de miras kalır, böylece aile mesleği devam ettirilirdi. Kârimî ailesinin köleleri de firmaları temsil edebilir, malların ithalât ve ihracatını yapabilirlerdi. Babası, dedesi ve amcası tâcir olan kârimî tüccar Nasreddin Muhammed el-Bâlisî’nin kölelerinden birinin Hindistan, Yemen, Etiyopya, Mali ve Bilâdüttekrûr’da onun adına ticaret yaparken öldüğü kaydedilir. Sultan Muhammed b. Kalavun devrinde sayıları 200’e ulaşan kârimî tâcirlerin iş seyahati yapmaya izinli en az 100 köle sahibi oldukları bildirilmektedir.
Burcî Memlükleri döneminde kârimîler, özellikle XV. yüzyılın ortalarında Memlük sultanlarının biber ve baharat ticaretine el atmalarıyla sarsılmaya başladılar. Devletin koyduğu ağır vergiler, ithalât ve ihracata uyguladığı baskı ve ihtikâr politikaları sebebiyle kârimîler hızlı bir güç kaybına uğradılar. 1429’da Sultan Barsbay’ın baharat ticaretini devlet tekeline alarak bu faaliyeti kendi denetiminde bir grup tüccarla yürütmesi kârimîlerin çöküşünün başlangıcı oldu. Bu uygulama kârimîlerin yanı sıra Batılı tüccarların ticaret hayatını da etkiledi. Yasak yüzünden Avrupalı tüccarlarla baharat ticaretini gizli yürütmeye çalışan kârimîler ticarî faaliyetlerinin tamamen yasaklanmasıyla tehdit edildiler. Sultan el-Melikü’z-Zâhir Çakmak, Batılı tüccarların Mısır limanlarında kalış süresini altı ayla sınırlandırıp ticarî hayat için yeni bir sorun çıkarmıştı.
XV. yüzyılda Memlük Devleti’nin kuzey sınırlarında yaşanan gerginlik üzerine bölgeye düzenlenen seferlerde yapılan harcamalar maddî sıkıntıya yol açtı. Zorda kalan yöneticiler ticarî faaliyetlerden ilâve harçlar alınmasına karar verdi. Bu durum, başta kârimîler olmak üzere ülkedeki bütün tüccar gruplarının çalışmalarını sekteye uğrattı. Mısır ve Suriye’de yaşanan ekonomik krizin gittikçe artmasının yanı sıra Memlük sultanlarıyla Aden hâkimleri arasındaki anlaşmazlık da kârimî tüccarları, Kızıldeniz’deki en önemli merkezlerinden biri olan Aden’den ayrılıp Cidde’ye gitmek mecburiyetinde bıraktı. Cidde’ye geçmek için yaptıkları harcamalara sultanların aldıkları vergiler de eklendi. Ayrıca papalığın, Avrupalı tâcirlere Memlük Devleti ile ticareti yasaklayarak Memlükler’i güçsüz duruma düşürme çabalarının da bunda etkili olduğu söylenebilir. Aynı yüzyılda artan korsan saldırıları da onların ticaretine darbe vurdu. Kârimîler bu gelişmeler üzerine işlerini hızlı bir şekilde kaybetmeye başladılar. Birçoğu çaresiz kalıp sultanın hizmetine girdi ve Mısır’ın toptancı tâcirleri arasında yer aldı. Diğer bir grup ise Mısır dışında Hindistan gibi bazı ülkelerde faaliyet göstermeyi tercih etti. Bir kısmı da devlet için önemli ekonomik sıkıntılara yol açan para ticaretine yöneldi. Nitekim kârimîler, Barsbay döneminde büyük miktarda bakır para ihraç ettiklerinden sultan bu para ihracını tamamıyla yasakladı. Bu süreç, kârimîlerin güçlerini tamamıyla yitirmesine ve ticarî faaliyetlerinin durma noktasına gelmesine zemin hazırladı. Dönemin kaynaklarında 1484 yılından sonra kendilerinden bahsedilmemesi bunun açık bir delilidir. Diğer taraftan 1498’de Ümitburnu’nun keşfi Memlükler’in ticaret hayatı için ayrı bir darbe oldu, Mısır ve Suriye’nin dış ticareti bütünüyle çöktü.
Kârimî tüccarlar ticarî faaliyetlerinin yanında kültürel faaliyetlerde de etkin rol oynadılar. Vakıflar kurup kütüphaneler açtılar; âlimleri, edebiyatçı ve mutasavvıfları desteklediler; mimari değeri yüksek camiler, medreseler yaptırdılar; hankahlar, çeşmeler, hamamlar, yetimhaneler, hastahaneler ve dinlenme evleri inşa ettirdiler; bunları kurdukları vakıflarla destekleyerek işler halde tuttular. Yine ticaret yolları üzerinde kervansaraylar yaptırdılar. Kârimî tüccarlar ayrıca İslâmiyet’in Afrika’dan Uzakdoğu’ya, Güneydoğu Asya’ya, Sudan, Habeşistan, Sumatra, Cava, Bruney, Kuzey Keşmir, Tibet, Filipinler gibi ülkelerde ve Moğollar arasında yayılmasında önemli rol oynadılar.
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 26-28 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.