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KARİNÂBÂD Skip to content Bulgaristan’ın doğusunda bugün Karnobat adını taşıyan eski bir Osmanlı kaza merkezi.
Yambolu’nun 50 km. kuzeydoğusunda olup Çatal Balkan adı verilen dağ sırasının güneyinde kurulmuş küçük bir tarım kasabasıdır. Sofya-Burgaz demiryolu üzerindedir. 1953-1962 arasında bir ara ismi Poljanovgrad olarak değiştirilen kasaba, ilk dönem Osmanlı belgelerinde zaman zaman Karin ovası şeklinde zikredilir. 1368-1878 yılları arasındaki Osmanlı devrinde Silistre livâsına bağlı 100 civarında köyü bulunan bir kaza merkezi idi. Osmanlı yönetiminin ilk yüzyılından itibaren Karinâbâd nüfusunun çoğunluğunu müslüman Türkler teşkil etmeye başladı. Burada bulunan cami ve tekkelerin bir kısmı hâlâ ayakta olup kasabada kalan az sayıdaki müslüman tarafından kullanılmaktadır.
Karinâbâd Osmanlılar tarafından kurulmuş bir yerleşim birimidir. Bölge daha önceki Bizans dönemlerinde çok seyrek bir nüfus yapısına sahipti. Osmanlılar burayı ele geçirince Anadolu’dan kalabalık Yörük grupları iskân ettiler. Bu durum, günümüzde tamamen Bulgarcalaştırılmış olsa da tarihî yer isimlerinden açıkça anlaşılmaktadır. Meselâ Yörük Hacı, Yörük Kasım, Yörük Orhan ve Yeni Yörük gibi köy isimleri bunlar arasındadır. Ahlatlı, Germiyanlı, Maraşlı ve Saruhanlı gibi köy adları da burada iskân edilen insanların aslen nereden geldiğine işaret etmektedir. Hatta küçük derelerin, otlakların ve tepelerin bile adlarının Türkçe olması yeni gelenlerin burada yaşamaya başlayan ilk insanlar olduğunun göstergesidir. Karinâbâd, eski bir Bizans-Bulgar kalesinin kalıntıları bulunan ve Hisar adı verilen bir tepenin eteklerine kurulmuştur. Hoca Sâdeddin Efendi’ye göre I. Murad burayı 770’te (1369) bir çatışma olmadan almış ve aynen Aydos’ta olduğu gibi mahallî aristokratlar bölgenin kapılarını Osmanlılar’a açmıştır (Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 85).
Burada kastedilen bölge kapısı Karinâbâd ve yakınlarındaki Markeli kaleleri olmalıdır. Kasabanın adı “yoldaşlık, kardeşlik kasabası” anlamlarına gelir. Karinâbâd ismi bu ilişkiye, yani yeni gelen Osmanlılar’la bölgede bulunanların yakınlığına işaret edebilir. Zira bunlar daha sonra Osmanlı akıncı güçlerine katılmıştır. Evliya Çelebi Karinâbâd Kalesi’ni gördüğünü, fakat burada garnizon bulunmadığını yazmaktadır. Osmanlı yönetimini ilk zamanlarında Karinâbâd, Tuna Bulgaristanı ve Eflak topraklarına akınlarda bulunan akıncı güçlerin üssü idi. Bu akınları durdurmak isteyen Eflak Voyvadası Mirchea cel Butrin Karinâbâd’ı istilâ etti. Bunun üzerine Yıldırım Bayezid de yarı bağımsız Tirnovo Bulgar Çarlığı’nı ilhak etti (795/1393).
Karinâbâd akıncılarının ismi, Çelebi Mehmed ve Şehzade Mûsâ arasındaki taht mücadelesi sırasında Bizans imparatorunun Şehzade Orhan’ı taht için öne sürmesi vesilesiyle de geçmektedir. Âşıkpaşazâde ve Hoca Sâdeddin’e göre Orhan önce Karinâbâd’a gitmiş orada akıncılardan bir kuvvet oluşturmuş, ancak Çelebi Mehmed tarafından mağlûp edilince gözlerine mil çekilerek Bursa’ya gönderilmiştir.
Bir taşra merkezi olarak Karinâbâd, II. Mehmed ve II. Bayezid dönemi Osmanlı eşrafından Lala Rakkas Sinan Bey tarafından bir hayli geliştirilmiştir. 881’de (1476) Silistre sancak beyi olduğu bilinen Sinan Bey üç yıl sonra Amasya’da Şehzade II. Bayezid’in lalası olmuş ve Torul Kalesi’ni fethetmişti. 889’da (1484) yeniden Silistre sancak beyliğine tayin edildikten sonra Karinâbâd’da bir cami, bir mektep, bir imaret ve su kanalı ile yakınlarındaki Köpekli köyünde bir cami yaptırmıştır. Bu bilgilerin bulunduğu kendi vakıfnâmesinden anlaşıldığına göre Sinan Bey muhtemelen Köpekli köyünde doğmuş, Karinâbâd’da yaşamıştır. Daha sonra ilâve edilen bir hanla birlikte Karinâbâd’da onun inşa ettirdiği eserler buranın en önemli yapılarıdır.
936 (1529-30) tarihli tahrir defteri (nr. 370) Karinâbâd’ın bağlı olduğu Silistre sancağı hakkındaki en eski Osmanlı kaynağıdır. Buna göre nisbeten küçük olan kazada sekiz mahallede tamamı müslüman 205 hâne, yani yaklaşık 950-1000 nüfus bulunmaktadır. Ancak etrafındaki kırk dört köydeki toplam 668 hânenin 108’i hıristiyandır. Dolayısıyla kazanın toplam nüfusunun yüzde seksen dokuzunun müslüman olduğu sonucu ortaya çıkmaktadır. Silistre’nin 1006 (1597-98) tarihli mufassal tahrirleri Karinâbâd’ın nüfusunun hızlı bir artış kaydettiğini göstermektedir. 353 hâne ve 175 mücerret yaklaşık 1800-1850 nüfusuna tekabül etmekte ve bunların arasında üç hâne kadar hıristiyan nüfus bulunmaktadır. Aynı yılın Silistre vakıf defterinde Karinâbâd’da Çavuşoğlu Mehmed Bey tarafından ikinci bir cuma camii ile bir hamam daha inşa ettirildiği kayıtlıdır.
Karinâbâd’ı 1069’da (1659) ziyaret eden Evliya Çelebi burada 1000 kadar bakımsız görünümlü ev bulunduğunu söyleyerek “tarz-ı kadîm” inşa edilmiş bir caminin de dahil olduğu Sinan Bey vakıf eserlerini sıralamaktadır. Karinâbâd’dan pek fazla bilgi verilmeden birkaç başka seyahatnâmede de bahsedilmektedir. 1700’de Kont Wolfgang Ettingen buranın büyük bir çarşısı olan Türk kasabası, 1762’de Josip Boskovic geniş bir Türk yerleşim birimi olduğunu yazarken 1785’te buradan geçen Kont d’Hauterive de büyük evler ve dört minare gördüğünü söylemektedir. Karinâbâd XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında yaşanan Dağlı isyanlarından zarar görmüş ve büyük oranda tahrip edilmiştir. 1244 (1828-29) Osmanlı-Rus savaşı sırasında Rus işgaline uğrayan bölgeden binlerce hıristiyan Romanya taraflarına giderken pek çok müslüman da güneye göç etmiş ve bir daha geri dönmemiştir. Bu iki olayın ortalarında 1241’de (1825-26) Karinâbâd âyanı Halil Ağa buradaki ikinci en büyük cami olan Kara Cami’yi yeni baştan inşa ettirmiştir. Bektaşî şair Âşık Hıfzî’nin hattını ihtiva eden kitâbe bu durumu kaydetmiştir.
Karinâbâd’ı 1872’de gören Felix Kanitz, kaydettiği 700 kadar bakımsız hânenin 400’ünün müslümanlara, 200’ünün Bulgarlar’a, geri kalanın da Çingene ve yahudilere ait olduğunu belirtmektedir. Bölge Bulgaristan’a bırakılmadan hazırlanan son Edirne vilâyeti salnâmesinde Karinâbâd’da 855 hâne, 2414 müslüman, 3114 hıristiyan nüfus olduğu, dört cami, bir kilise, bir sinagog, on han, bir hamam ve 565 dükkân; Karinâbâd kaza sınırları dahilinde ise elli bir köy, 16.680 müslüman, 8616 hıristiyan ve altmış yahudi hâne bulunduğu yazılıdır. Dolayısıyla başlangıçta tamamen müslüman olan kaza merkezinde zamanla hıristiyanlar çoğunluğu teşkil etmiş, ancak köylerde bu durum farklı olmuştur. 1877-1878 Osmanlı-Rus Savaşı sırasında ve sonrasında müslüman nüfusun büyük kısmı bölgeden göç etmiş, onların terkettiği yerlere dağlık bölgelerden gelen Bulgarlar yerleşmiştir. 1887 Bulgar nüfus sayımında kaza merkezinde 5096 nüfus bulunduğu, bunlardan 1335’inin Türk olduğu tesbit edilmiştir. 1934’te ise 7660 Bulgar’a karşılık Türk nüfusu 1413’te kalmıştır. Karinâbâd XX. yüzyılın sonunda 26.000 nüfusa ulaşmıştır. Burada azınlık Türk nüfusu hâlâ yaşamaktadır. 1970’lerde restore edilen Kara Cami de ibadete açıktır. Rakkas Sinan Bey’in yaptırdığı Ak Cami ise XX. yüzyılın başlarında yıkılmış, fakat bütün Bulgaristan’ın en güzel duvar tezyinatını ihtiva eden hamam bir tarihî eser olarak koruma altına alınmıştır. Yan yana durmakta olan cami, hamam ve 1841 tarihli saat kulesi Karinâbâd’ın uzun Osmanlı geçmişiyle bağını teşkil etmektedir.
Osmanlı tarihçi ve yazarı Hüseyin Râcî Efendi Karinâbâdlı’dır. Târihçe-i Vak‘a-i Zağra (Zağra Müftüsünün Hâtıraları , İstanbul 1208) adını taşıyan ve bölge Türkler’inin trajik son dönem tarihleri ve göçlerine dair gözlemleri ihtiva eden tanınmış eserin yazarı Râcî Efendi uzun yıllar Eski Zağra (Stara Zagora) müftülüğü yapmıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, TD , nr. 370.
TK, TD , nr. 86, 561.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh , I, 85.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme , V, 330-331.
F. Kanitz, Donau-Bulgarien und der Balkan , Leipzig 1877, III, 98-99.
C. Jireček, Das Fürstenthum Bulgarien , Wien 1891, s. 515-516.
B. T. Pregled, God. 5, Knj. , Sofia 1898, IV, 43-48 (Rakkas Sinan Bey Vakfiyesi’nin Bulgarca tercümesi).
Z. Čankov, Geografski Recnik na Bǎlgarija , Sofia 1939, s. 194-195.
M. Tayyib Gökbilgin, Rumeli’de Yürükler, Tatarlar ve Evlâd-ı Fâtihân , İstanbul 1957, s. 129-133.
M. Vǎrbanova, Patevoditel Burgas , Sofia 1971.
T. Sǎbev, Iz karnobatski Kraj , Sofia 1972.
H.-J. Kornrumpf, Die Territorialverwaltung im östlichen Teil der europäischen Türkei vom Erlaß der Vilayetsordnung (1864) bis zum Berliner Kongreß (1878) nach amtlichen osmanischen Veröffentlichungen , Freiburg 1976, s. 289.
G. Zanetov, “Edno pǎtuvane ot Tsarigrad do Jaš v Moldova pres zimata na 1786 g.”, Periodičeski Spisanie , XVI/5-6, Sofia 1905, s. 391-402.
İsmail Eren, “Rucer Yosip Boşkoviç’in Hatıra Defteri”, TD , XIII/17-18 (1963), s. 192-195.
K. Veliki, “Izselvaneto ot Karnobat vǎv Vlaško prez 1830 g.”, Izvestija na Instituta po Istorija , XVI-XVII, Sofia 1966.
A. Sirkorov, “Bani ot epohata na Turskoto Vladičestvo v Burgaski Kraj”, Izvestija Naroden Muzej Burgas , II (1965), s. 130-132.
M. Kiel, “The Vakıfnâme of rakkas Sinan Bey and the Ottoman Colonisation of Bulgarian Thrace”, Osm.Ar. , sy. 1 (1980), s. 15-31.
“Karnobat”, Entsiklopedija na Balgarija , Sofia 1982, III, 357-359.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 490-492 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.