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KARS Skip to content Doğu Anadolu bölgesinde şehir ve bu şehrin merkez olduğu il.
Kars çayı vadisiyle yüksek platodan ayrılmış bir tepenin üzerinde ve bu tepenin eteklerindeki düzlükte yer alır. Birbirinden farklı iki kısımdan oluşan şehrin eski bölümü Kars çayının açtığı derin vadinin kenarında bulunmakta olup buranın ana merkezini Kars Kalesi oluşturur. Başlıca tarihî yapılar bu kısımdadır. Yeni mahalleler eski kısımla istasyon arasında yer almaktadır. Kars adının Gürcüce kari (kapı) kelimesinden geldiği, buranın Ermenistan ile Gürcistan arasında bulunması sebebiyle “kapıdaki şehir” anlamında Kariskalaki şeklinde anıldığı ileri sürülür. Ayrıca bu adın Türkçe Karsak kelimesine dayandığı ve Bulgar Türkleri’nin Karsak boyunun bölgedeki hâkimiyetinin (m.ö. II. yüzyıl) bir hâtırası olduğu da öne sürülmüştür (İA , VI, 361). Kars adına Bizans literatüründe ilk defa Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos’un eserinde rastlanır. Ortaçağ mahallî kroniklerinde burası için Karuts veya Karuc adının kullanıldığı belirtilir. Bizans kaynaklarında kullanılan Kars adı Arap kaynaklarında da aynı şekilde yer alır. Şehri İbnü’l-Esîr ve Yâkūt el-Hamevî Kars, Fârikī ise Gars adıyla zikreder. Osmanlı kaynaklarında da Kars imlâsıyla geçer. Osmanlı coğrafyacılarının eserlerinin pek çoğunda burası “Türkmen ülkesi”nde muhkem bir kaleye sahip şehir olarak gösterilmiştir.
Paleolitik çağlara ait izlere de rastlanan Kars çevresi İlkçağ’larda Hititler, Urartular ve Sâsânîler’in hâkimiyetinde kaldı. İlk İslâm fetihleri esnasında Kars yöresinin bir bölümü Arap hâkimiyetine geçmişse de bölgede Bizans’la girişilen rekabet sonucu Araplar’ın kesin hâkimiyeti ancak VIII. yüzyılda gerçekleşebildi. Bu dönemde Araplar’ın da desteğiyle Kars’a Bagratlılar hâkim oldu. Bagratlılar soyundan III. Aşot, 962’de beyliğinin merkezini Ani’ye taşıdıktan sonra kardeşi Muşeg’e merkezi Kars olmak üzere Vanand bölgesini verdi.
Arslan b. Selçuk’un oğlu Kutalmış 1049 ve 1053 yıllarında düzenlediği iki seferde de Kars’ı ele geçiremedi. 450’de (1058) Çağrı Bey’in oğlu Yâkūtî’nin emrindeki Selçuklu kuvvetleri Kars’ın kenar mahallelerini ele geçirip yağmaladı, ancak şehri zaptedemeden Ani üzerine yürüdü. 456’da (1064) Alparslan’ın Ani üzerine hareketi esnada Kars’ta hüküm süren Vanand Prensi Gagik, Alparslan’a ve Selçuklu ailesine itaatini bildirdi. Bu suretle Kars herhangi bir askerî harekât olmadan Selçuklu topraklarına katıldı. Gagik ise Alparslan’ın bölgeden çekilmesinden sonra Bizans imparatoru ile anlaşarak Kayseri yakınlarındaki Zamantı suyu çevresinde bazı kasabaların kendisine verilmesi karşılığında ülkesini Bizans Devleti’ne dahil etti (Yinanç, s. 51). 1074’te Gürcü Krallığı’na bağlı olan şehir Sultan Melikşah zamanında kesin olarak Selçuklu hâkimiyeti altına alınmıştır (472/1080).
Selçuklular’ın zayıflamasından sonra Kars ve çevresi Gürcüler ile Türk beylikleri arasında rekabet sahası durumuna geldi. Bu dönemde şehrin bir müddet Saltuklular’ın hâkimiyetinde kaldığı ve İzzeddin Saltuk’un veziri Fîrûz tarafından kalesinin tamir ettirildiği Kars Kalesi’nde bulunan 548 (1153) tarihli bir kitâbeden anlaşılmaktadır. İbnü’l-Ezrak İzzeddin için Kars hâkimi tabirini kullanmaktadır (Meyyâfârikîn ve Âmid Tarihi , s. 127). Şehir, VI. (XII.) yüzyıl ortalarında Ani emîrleri olan Şeddâdîler’in hâkimiyet alanına dahil oldu. Ancak bu durum uzun sürmedi ve Kars, Ahlatşahlar’ın elinde bulunduğu sıralarda yine Gürcüler tarafından istilâ edildi (Ebü’l-Ferec, II, 487). Celâleddin Hârizmşah, Moğollar karşısında dayanamayarak Azerbaycan’a çekildiği esnada bölge Gürcüler’in elinde bulunuyordu. Onun Kars ve çevresini yeniden fethetmesi (623/1226) İslâm dünyasında sevinç uyandırdı. Ancak ölümünden sonra şehir yeniden Gürcüler’in eline geçti. 636’da (1239) Curmagan Noyan kumandasındaki Moğol ordusu Gürcistan seferi sırasında Kars’ı alarak tahrip etti. Şehir 1336 yılına kadar İlhanlılar’ın, ardından da mahallî hânedanların idaresinde kaldı. 1356’da kısa bir süre Altın Ordu hâkimiyetine girdiyse de 759’da (1358) Celâyirliler tarafından ele geçirildi, 782’de ise (1380) Karakoyunlu idaresi altındaydı. 788’de (1386) Timur tarafından alındığında Fîrûzbaht adlı biri tarafından yönetiliyordu. Timur vergi ödemesi şartıyla Fîrûzbaht’ın idaresine dokunmadı, hatta Anadolu üzerine seferler yaptığı sıralarda bir müddet Kars’ta ikamet etti. Timur’un ölümünden sonra ortaya çıkan karışıklık döneminde Karakoyunlular Kars’ı yeniden hâkimiyetlerine aldılar ve onardılar. Şehir 871’de (1467) Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan tarafından ele geçirildi. 907’de (1501) Akkoyunlu Devleti’nin Safevîler tarafından yıkılmasıyla Kars bir müddet Avşar Türkmenleri’nden Sevündük Han Kurçibaşı’nın elinde kaldı. Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın Irakeyn Seferi sırasında (940/1534) Pasin, Şüregel, Oltu gibi kalelerin Osmanlılar tarafından ele geçirildiği esnada Kars Kalesi’nin de Osmanlılar’a bağlanmış olması kuvvetle muhtemeldir. Bununla birlikte Kars, Osmanlı hizmetine girmiş olan Dulkadırlı Mehmed Han tarafından kesin olarak 944’te (1537) Osmanlı topraklarına dahil edilmiştir (Aydın, s. 89). Uzun mücadeleler ve istikrarsızlıklar döneminde Kars şehri ve kalesi büyük ölçüde harap olduğundan Osmanlılar zamanında hızlı bir tamirata girişildi. 955’te (1548) Kars Kalesi’nin tamiri ve güçlendirilmesi sırasında Safevîler şehre saldırdılar ve kaleyi yeniden tahrip ettiler.
Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın oğlu Şehzade Bayezid’in isyan edip Safevîler’e sığınmasından sonra onun Osmanlı Devleti’ne teslim edilmesine karşılık olarak yüklü miktarda altınla birlikte Kars şehrinin İran’a verilmesi vaad edildi. Ancak Osmanlılar Kars’ın teslimi hususunda yavaş davrandılar. Bununla birlikte 972’de (1565) yapılan sınır tashihinde Kars İran’a bırakıldı. 984’ten (1576) az önce yeniden Osmanlı topraklarına dahil oldu. Kars gerek Anadolu’dan İran, Azerbaycan ve Gürcistan üzerine yapılacak seferlerde gerekse adı geçen yerlerden Anadolu’ya yapılacak saldırılarda önemli bir stratejik konuma sahip olduğundan sık sık baskına ve tahribata uğradı. 987’de (1579) büyük bir ordu ile Kars’a gelen Lala Mustafa Paşa, kalenin ve şehrin tamirine çalıştı bu sırada şehirde cami, okul, hamam, su yolu, değirmen ve evler yapıldı.
Şehir, 1013’te (1604) Şah Abbas tarafından ele geçirildikten sonra ağır bir şekilde tahrip edildi. 1025’te (1616) ve 1046’da (1636) Osmanlılar Kars’ın yeniden imarına çalıştılar. 1049 (1639) Osmanlı-İran anlaşmasının ardından uzun bir sükûnet dönemine girildi. 1074 Şevvalindeki (Mayıs 1664) deprem şehri oldukça etkiledi, birçok cami, ev yıkıldı. Nâdir Şah, yeniden başlayan Osmanlı-İran mücadelesi sırasında 1147 (1734) yılında iki defa, 1158’de (1745) bir defa burayı kuşattıysa da ele geçiremedi.
Kars 1828, 1855 ve 1877’de Rus işgaline uğradı. 1878 Berlin Antlaşması sonucunda Rusya’ya bırakıldı. Böylece Osmanlı Devleti, Kafkasya sınırında önemli bir stratejik mevkiye sahip olan şehrini kaybetmiş oldu. Ruslar Kars’ı, merkezi Tiflis olan Zakafkasya genel valiliğine bağlı bir vilâyet durumuna getirdiler. Tiflis-Gümrü demiryolunu Kars’a kadar uzattılar. 3 Mart 1918’de imzalanan Brest-Litovsk Antlaşması ile Kars, Ardahan ve Batum Osmanlı Devleti’ne verildi. Ancak Ruslar geri çekilirken yerlerini Ermeniler’e bıraktıklarından Türk ordusu 23 Nisan 1918’de ileri harekâta geçerek Kars’ı Ermeniler’den aldı.
Mondros Mütarekesi imzalandıktan sonra Türk ordusunun 1914 sınırlarına geri çekilmesi hükmü gereği Kars boşaltıldı. Bu esnada Kars’ta bulunan Yâkub Şevki Paşa şehri teslim etmemek için direnmişse de İstanbul’un işgal edilmesine bahane oluşturacağı bildirildiğinden daha fazla karşı koyamamıştı. Kars ve çevresini Ermeni ve Gürcü saldırılarına karşı korumak ve bölgenin haklarını milletlerarası alanda savunmak amacıyla Karslılar tarafından 5 Kasım 1918’de Kars İslâm Şûrası kuruldu. Şûra, 17-18 Ocak 1919’da topladığı kongre ile adını Cenûb-ı Garbî Kafkas Hükûmet-i Muvakkate-i Milliyesi olarak değiştirdi. 12 Nisan 1919’da Kars İngiliz işgaline uğradı. Hükümet dağıtıldığı gibi üyeleri tutuklanarak Malta’ya sürgüne gönderildi. İngilizler Kars’ın denetimini Ermeniler’e bıraktılar. I. Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi kurulduktan bir müddet sonra, XV. Kolordu kumandanı Kâzım Karabekir Paşa’yı doğu cephesi kumandanlığına tayin etti. Kâzım Karabekir Paşa 30 Ekim 1920’de Kars’a girdi. Ermeniler’le 3 Aralık 1920’de imzalanan Gümrü Antlaşması ile bölge Ermeni tehdidinden kurtulmuş oldu. Moskova (16 Mart 1921) ve Kars (13 Ekim 1921) antlaşmalarıyla yapılan son sınır tashihleri sayesinde Kars yeni Türk devletinin sınırları dahilinde kaldı. Cumhuriyet devrinde il merkezi oldu.
Kars Osmanlılar tarafından fethedildikten sonra Erzurum beylerbeyiliğine bağlı bir sancağın merkezi durumundaydı. Kars Kalesi oturulamayacak kadar harap olduğundan Kars sancak beyi bir ara Bardız (günümüzde Gaziler) ya da Döşkaya’da ikamet etmek zorunda kaldı. 967 (1560) yılında Kars sancak beyi olan Kazan Bey’in ölümünün ardından Kars sancağı Dulkadıroğlu Ali Bey’in oğlu Şah Mehmed Bey’e verildi. Kars’ın merkez olduğu Kars sancağı, 988’de (1580) Erzurum eyaletinden ayrılarak ayrı bir beylerbeyilik haline getirildi ve ilk beylerbeyi de Silistre sancağı beyi Hızır Bey oldu. Kars şehri “paşa sancağı” olarak eyaletin merkezi durumuna geldi. Kars beylerbeyiliği bu durumunu XIX. yüzyılın başlarına kadar korudu. Bu yüzyılın ortalarından itibaren Erzurum eyaletine bağlanarak yeniden sancak statüsüne döndürüldü.
Kars şehri ve çevresi uzun süreli savaşların devamlı etkisi altında kaldığından büyük nüfus ve gelir kaybına uğramıştır. 1560’tan sonra civardaki aşiretlerin bölgeye gelip yerleşmeye başlamasıyla yavaş yavaş şenlendi. Çevredeki bu gelişmeler Kars şehrinin de gelişmesinin yolunu açtı. 1580’li yılların hemen başlarında yapılan tahrirde Kars mahalleleri sadece kale içinde bulunan cami veya mescid isimleriyle kaydedilmiş (TK, TD , nr. 175, s. 29 vd.), ancak nüfus ve vergi miktarları yazılmamıştır. Bu tahrire göre Kars’ta kale içinde yer alan mahalleler Câmi-i Kebîr, Câmi-i Sagīr, Câmi-i Bayram Paşa, Câmi-i İbrâhim Paşa, Mescid-i Mûsâ, Mescid-i İsmâil ez-Zâim, Mescid-i Molla Mehmed, Mescid-i Kara Bey ve Mescid-i Câfer Yeniçeri idi. Kars’ın bu dönemdeki nüfusu hakkında bilgi yoktur. Askerî bir özelliğe sahip olduğundan XVI. yüzyılın son çeyreğindeki savaş yıllarında burada sivil iskânın çok az olduğu tahmin edilebilir. 1057’de (1647) Kars’ı gören Evliya Çelebi şehirde 3000 ev bulunduğunu yazar. 1694’te bir Batılı seyyah ise burada askerî bir garnizonun yer aldığını, Safevî sınırını kontrol ettiğini, şehrin büyük olmasına karşılık nüfusun çok az olduğunu belirtir. Şehrin nüfusu hakkında sağlıklı bilgilere XIX. yüzyılda ulaşılabilmektedir.
1831’de yapılan ilk nüfus sayımında Kars’ta 17.580 erkek nüfus tesbit edilmiştir. Ancak bu rakamın şehre ait olmadığı açıktır. 1828’de uğradığı Rus işgalinin ardından tahrip edilmiş olan şehri 1842’de gören bir seyyah Kars’ta 12.000 dolayında nüfusun var olduğunu belirtir. 1872’de 519’u hıristiyan olmak üzere 11.629 erkek nüfus bulunuyordu. Rus işgali döneminde 1897’de yapılan sayımlarda Kars sancağının genel nüfusunda anormal bir artış gözlenmektedir. Bu hususa, Rusya’nın kolonizasyon politikasının bir sonucu olarak bölgeye göç ettirilen Alman, Osetin, Rum, Malakan, Ermeni, Polonez gibi gayri müslim topluluklar sebep olmuştur. Buna karşılık müslüman nüfusta görülen düşüş, Rus işgali sırasında bölgeden çok sayıda Türk’ün Anadolu’ya göç etmesinden kaynaklanmıştır. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda ve ardından Rus ve Ermeni işgalleri döneminde Kars’taki Türk ve müslüman nüfus soy kırımından kurtulmak için daha güvenli merkezlere göç etmiş, Kars’ın kurtuluşundan sonra ise yeniden eski yurtlarına dönmüştür.
Kars, XVII. yüzyılda Erzurum yolu ile gelen Acem kervanlarının uğrak yeri olmasına rağmen bedesteni yoktu. Buna karşılık Hint, Mısır, İran ve Çin mallarının bulunduğu 200 civarında dükkânı olan bir çarşıya sahipti. Ayrıca esnafın büyük çoğunluğu kale içinde yer alıyordu. Evliya Çelebi şehri gezdiğinde bağ ve bahçelerin olmayışı dikkatini çekmişti. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Kars’ta 600’den fazla dükkân vardı. Kars esnafı çoğunlukla şehrin ve kırsal kesimin ihtiyaçlarına yönelik üretim yapmaktaydı. Dış pazarlara yönelik üretim daha çok köylerde dokunan halı, kilim, keçe gibi mallardan oluşuyordu (Erzurum Vilâyeti Salnâmesi [1288] , s. 162). 1870’te Şaranpol mahallesinde ticarî mallar ve hayvan alışverişi için mayıs başından haziranın on beşine kadar süren bir panayır kurulmasına izin verildi (TK, TD , nr. 175, s. 30).
III. Murad Kars Kalesi’ni tamir ettirdiği esnada burada cami, medrese ve hamam yaptırmıştı (TK, TD , nr. 175, s. 30, 113). Evliya Çelebi şehri ziyaret ettiğinde Kars’ta kırk yedi adet mihraplı cami bulunuyordu, ancak sadece sekiz tanesinde cuma namazı kılınıyordu. Onun bildirdiğine göre Hüseyin Kethüdâ Camii halk arasında Kızıl Kilise olarak da biliniyordu. Ayrıca Kaltakçı Camii mimari ve işçilik bakımından diğerlerinden farklıydı. Meydan semtinde bulunan Ulucami de kiliseden camiye çevrilenlerdendi. Bu dönemde Kars’ta iki hamam, on sekiz sıbyan mektebi ve bir medrese yer alıyordu. XIX. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde ise, kırk cami, bir rüşdiye, otuz sekiz medrese, yedi kilise, dört han ve beş hamam vardı (Erzurum Vilâyeti Salnâmesi [1293] , s. 148). Şehrin sembolü durumunda olan Kars Kalesi uzun savaşlar ve sık sık yaşanan istilâlar yüzünden pek çok defa tamir görmüştür.
Günümüzde Kars şehri görünüş itibariyle tamamen birbirinden farklı iki kesimden oluşur: Tepedeki eski kesim ve düzlükte yayılan yeni kesim. 1878’den sonra kurulan yeni kesim birbirini dik olarak kesen muntazam planıyla dikkati çeker. 1950’de 21.130 olan nüfus 1960’ta 32.141’e, 1980’de 58.799’a, 1997’de ise 93.038’e yükselmiştir. Kars şehrinin merkez olduğu Kars ili Ardahan, Erzurum, Ağrı ve Iğdır illeriyle çevrilmiştir. Ayrıca doğudan Ermenistan ile sınırı vardır. Merkez ilçeden başka Akyaka, Arpaçay, Digor, Kağızman, Sarıkamış, Selim ve Susuz adlı yedi ilçeye ayrılır. 10.126 km2 genişliğindeki Kars ilinin sınırları içinde 1997 genel nüfus sayımına göre 322.973 kişi yaşıyordu, nüfus yoğunluğu ise otuz iki idi. Diyanet İşleri Başkanlığı’na ait 2000 yılı istatistiklerine göre Kars’ta il ve ilçe merkezlerinde yetmiş, kasabalarda dört ve köylerde 389 olmak üzere toplam 463 cami bulunmaktadır. İl merkezindeki cami sayısı otuz sekizdir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
TK, TD , nr. 175, s. 29 vd., 113.
BA, MD , nr. 3, s. 360.
Erzurum Vilâyeti Salnâmesi (1288) , s. 162; a.e. (1293) , s. 148.
İbnü’l-Ezrak el-Fârikī, Meyyâfârikîn ve Âmid Tarihi: Artuklular Kısmı (trc. Ahmet Savran), Erzurum 1992, s. 127.
Ahbârü’d-devleti’s-Selcûkıyye (Lugal) , s. 26 vd.
Yâkūt, Muʿcemü’l-büldân (nşr. F. Wüstenfeld), Leipzig 1867, IV, 57.
İbnü’l-Esîr, el-Kâmil , X, 27; XII, 169.
Ebü’l-Ferec, Târih , II, 487.
Nizâmeddîn-i Şâmî, Zafernâme (trc. Necati Lugal), Ankara 1987, s. 120.
Şükri-i Bitlisî, Selimnâme (nşr. Mustafa Argunşah), Kayseri 1997, s. 192.
Kâtib Çelebi, Cihannümâ , s. 407.
Evliya Çelebi, Seyahatnâme (nşr. Zekeriya Kurşun v.dğr.), İstanbul 1999, II, 168, 169.
M. Halil Yinanç, Türkiye Tarihi, Selçuklular Devri I: Anadolu’nun Fethi , Ankara 1944, s. 49, 51.
V. Minorsky, Studies in Caucasian History , London 1953, s. 90-91.
M. Fahrettin Kırzıoğlu, Kars Tarihi , İstanbul 1953.
a.mlf., 1855 Kars Zaferi , İstanbul 1955.
a.mlf., Anı Şehri Tarihi (1018-1236) , Ankara 1982.
a.mlf., “Kars”, İA , VI, 360-363.
Spuler, İran Moğolları , s. 46.
Kars İl Yıllığı (1967) .
Akdes Nimet Kurat, Türkiye ve Rusya , Ankara 1970, s. 89, 134, 259, 260, 271, 349, 408.
E. Honigmann, Bizans Devletinin Doğu Sınırı (trc. Fikret Işıltan), İstanbul 1970, s. 157, 158.
Osman Turan, Doğu Anadolu Türk Devletleri Tarihi , İstanbul 1980, s. 13, 90, 103, 105, 108.
a.mlf., Selçuklular Zamanında Türkiye Tarihi , İstanbul 1984, s. 260, 366, 367, 429.
Tuncer Baykara, Anadolu’nun Tarihî Coğrafyasına Giriş I: Anadolu’nun İdarî Taksimatı , Ankara 1988, s. 156.
Ahmet Ender Gökdemir, Cenub-i Garbî Kafkas Hükümeti , Ankara 1989, s. 63-96.
Faruk Sümer, Selçuklular Devrinde Doğu Anadolu’da Türk Beylikleri , İstanbul 1990, s. 31, 32.
Abdüsselâm Uluçam, “Kars’taki Osmanlı Eserleri”, Yakın Tarihimizde Kars ve Doğu Anadolu Sempozyumu (17-21 Haziran) , Ankara 1992, s. 147-165.
Ercüment Kuran, “Kars’ın 30 Ekim 1920’de Ermenilerden Kurtarılışı”, a.e. , s. 217-220.
Bekir Kütükoğlu, Osmanlı-İran Siyâsî Münâsebetleri: 1578-1612 , İstanbul 1993, s. 75, 112.
Fehamettin Başar, Osmanlı Eyalet Tevcihatı, 1717-1730 , Ankara 1997, s. 22.
Orhan Kılıç, XVIII. Yüzyılın İlk Yarısında Osmanlı Devleti’nin İdarî Taksimatı-Eyalet ve Sancak Tevcihatı , Elazığ 1997, s. 67, 184-187.
Dündar Aydın, Erzurum Beylerbeyliği ve Teşkilâtı, Kuruluş ve Genişleme Devri (1535-1566) , Ankara 1998, s. 89, 274-279, 476.
İlber Ortaylı, “Çarlık Rusyası Yönetiminde Kars”, TED , sy. 9 (1978), s. 343-362.
Besim Darkot, “Kars”, İA , VI, 360.
W. Barthold – [C. Heywood], “Kars”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 669-671.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 515-518 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.