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KASÂME Skip to content Fâili meçhul cinayetlerde cezaî ve malî sorumluluğu tesbit amacıyla cinayetin işlendiği bölge insanlarının veya maktulün yakınlarının yemin etmesi usulünü ifade eden fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “yemin etmek, yemin eden topluluk; barış ve yüz güzelliği” gibi anlamlara gelen kasâme İslâm hukukunda, fâilin kesin delille belirlenemediği bir cinayet işlendiğinde suç mahallinden sınırlı sayıda bir topluluğun haklarındaki suç isnadını defetmek veya maktulün yakınlarının suç isnadında bulunmak amacıyla mahkeme huzurunda yaptığı özel yeminlerin adıdır.
Ceza ve ispat hukukunun birçok kurumu gibi kasâme de İslâm öncesi döneminin Hicaz-Arap toplumundan devralınarak iyileştirilmiş bir usul olup kökü Sâmî geleneğe kadar uzanır. Eski Ahid’deki, fâili meçhul cinayetlerde fâilin bulunabilmesi amacıyla daha önce işe koşulmamış genç bir ineğin boğazlanması ve maktulün bulunduğu yere en yakın şehrin ihtiyarlarının bu ineğin üzerinde elini yıkayarak ellerinin kan dökmediğine, gözlerinin onu görmediğine yemin etmesi usulünden söz eden ifadeler (Tesniye, 21/1-9) kasâmenin yahudi hukukunda mevcut olduğunu gösterir. Kur’an’da da İsrâiloğulları arasında vuku bulan bir cinayette fâilin teşhisi için benzeri şekilde bir ineğin kesilmesine yemin unsuruna yer vermeksizin temas edilmektedir (el-Bakara 2/72-73).
Hicaz Arapları, yalan yere yeminin dünyevî kötü sonuçları olacağına dair köklü inanışları sebebiyle ispat hukukunda yemine sıkça başvuruyor, yemin etmesi istenen kimsenin yeminden kaçınmasını sübût yönünde önemli bir delil sayıyordu. Bunun için de fâili meçhul cinayetlerde cinayetin işlendiği veya cesedin bulunduğu yerdeki insanların cinayeti işlemediğine ve görmediğine dair yemin etmesi veya yeminden kaçınması suçu ispat veya suç isnadını defetmek açısından önemliydi. İkinci bir yol olarak da maktulün yakınlarının cinayeti belli bir şahsın işlediğine inanmaları ve böyle bir iddiada bulunmaları halinde bu defa onlardan cinayeti o şahsın işlediğine dair yemin etmesi isteniyor, yemin ederlerse sanığa diyet ödetiliyordu (Cevâd Ali, V, 524). Ancak bunlardan hangi usule öncelik verileceği kaynaklarda açık değildir. Fâili meçhul cinayetlerde tarafların bu iki türlü yeminleşme usulü İslâm döneminde nefy ve ispat kasâmesi şeklinde fıkıh mezheplerince sistemleştirilerek korunmuştur. Kaynaklarda, Câhiliye dönemi kasâme uygulamasına örnek olarak Ebû Tâlib’in Hâşimoğulları’ndan bir işçinin öldürülmesi üzerine zanlı şahsın kabilesinden elli kişiye yemin ettirmesi olayı aktarılır (Buhârî, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 27; İbn Habîb, s. 335-336).
Câhiliye Arapları tarafından bilindiği ve yer yer başvurulduğu anlaşılan kasâmeye Kur’an’da temas edilmez. Hadis mecmualarında Hz. Peygamber’in kasâmeyi Cahiliye’deki şekliyle devam ettirdiği rivayeti yer alır (Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 7; Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 2) ve bu kaynakların kasâme, diyât, eymân gibi bölümlerinde konuya ilişkin sınırlı bilgiler ve uygulama örnekleri verilir. Bunlardan birinde, ensardan Abdullah b. Sehl b. Zeyd’in Hayber hurmalıklarında öldürülmüş olarak bulunması üzerine maktulün yakınlarıyla yol arkadaşı olan Muhayyisa b. Mes‘ûd cinayeti Hayber yahudilerinin işlemiş olma ihtimalini dile getirdiler. Resûl-i Ekrem, onlardan bu cinayeti Hayber yahudilerinin işlediğine dair elli defa yemin etmelerini istediğinde onlar yanında bulunmadıkları ve görmedikleri bir cinayet hakkında yemin edemeyeceklerini bildirdiler. Bunun üzerine Hz. Peygamber yahudilerin elli yeminle cinayet suçundan berat edeceğini açıkladı ve aradaki gerginliği gidermek için de maktulün diyetini beytülmâlden ödedi (Buhârî, “Diyât”, 22; Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 1). Bir diğer rivayette Resûlullah’ın, yahudilerden elli erkeğe cinayeti işlemediklerine ve işleyeni de bilmediklerine dair yemin ettirerek diyet ödettiği, yahudilerin de, “Gerçekten o, nebîmiz Mûsâ’nın hükmettiğiyle hüküm vermiştir” dedikleri aktarılır (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, VIII, 123).
Hz. Peygamber’in ve Hulefâ-yi Râşidîn’in uygulamalarında kasâme usulüyle diyete hükmedildiğine dair muhtelif rivayetler mevcutsa da kısasın uygulandığına dair rivayetlerin sıhhati ve içeriği tartışmalıdır (Buhârî, “Diyât”, 22; “Meġāzî”, 36; Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 9; Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, X, 37-44; Serahsî, XXVI, 109). İslâm toplumunda fıkhî düşüncenin gelişimine ve ekolleşmesine paralel olarak fakihler, kasâmenin meşruiyetinden uygulanış şekline ve sonuçlarına kadar birçok yönünü tartışıp zengin bir doktrin geliştirmişler, bunun sonucu olarak da kasâme fıkıh literatüründe bu adı taşıyan bağımsız bir bölüm veya cinâyet bölümünün alt konusu olarak, ayrıca “eymân, nükûl, diyât, da‘vâ” gibi başlıklar altında dolaylı bilgiler verilerek ayrıntılı biçimde işlenmiştir.
Mahiyeti ve Çeşitleri. Aksi ispat edilmediği sürece kişilerin suçsuzluğu asıl olduğundan ceza yargılaması hukukunda delile dayalı ispat merkezî bir önem taşır. Klasik doktrinde beyyine denince şahitliğin anlaşılması ve ispata elverişli delillerin başında şahitliğin veya suçlunun itirafının gelmesi de ispatın açık ve mümkün olduğunca şüpheden uzak bir delile dayanması ilkesinin gereğidir. Ancak şahidin ve suç itirafının bulunmadığı durumlarda hakların zayi olmaması ve suçların önlenmesi için yardımcı delillere başvurulur. Yemin ve yeminden kaçınma bu yardımcı delillerden biri olup toplumda ahlâkî ve şahsî faziletlerin canlılığına da bağlı olarak belli bir ispat gücü taşır. Özel bir yemin türü olan kasâme, toplumda can güvenliğinin sağlanması ve korunmasında bölge halkının duyarlılık kazanması ve ortak sorumluluk bilincinin güçlenmesi, cinayet zanlılarının haksız töhmetten kurtulması, maktulün yakınlarının acısının hafifletilmesi, adaletin gerçekleşmesi ve kamu vicdanının rahatlatılması gibi önemli işlevler üstlenmiştir.
Kasâmenin İslâm döneminde cinayetlerde sorumluyu belirleme yöntemi olarak uygulama alanı bulması ve gerekçelendirilmesi de bu çizgide olmuş, bunun için fakihler kasâmenin genel ispat hukukundan bir istisna olduğu, genel kuralı tahsis ettiği, kıyasa ve suçların şahsîliği ilkesine aykırı düşse de kanların heder olmasını önleme amacıyla maslahata binaen ve Hz. Peygamber’in sünnetiyle meşruiyet kazandığı gibi açıklamalar yapmışlardır. Ancak kasâme fakihlerin büyük çoğunluğunca meşrû bir delil sayılsa da azınlığı teşkil eden bazı tâbiîn ve sonrası nesil âlimleri, kasâmeyi meşrû bir ispat vasıtası veya kısas ve diyete hüküm için yeterli sebep görmezler. Bu fakihler, kasâmenin genel ispat kurallarıyla çeliştiği ve olaya tanıklığı bulunmayan kimselerin yeminine dayalı olarak hüküm vermenin doğru olmayacağı görüşündedir (İbn Rüşd, II, 357-358; Şevkânî, VII, 41).
Kasâmenin mahiyeti ve işlevi konusunda Hanefîler’le cumhur arasında esaslı bir görüş ayrılığı mevcut olduğundan fıkıh literatüründe kasâmenin iki farklı tanımına rastlanır. Hanefîler’e göre kasâme, bir bölgede bir kimse öldürülmüş olarak bulunduğunda bölge halkından elli erkeğin o kimseyi öldürmediğine ve öldüreni de bilmediğine dair Allah adına yemin etmesidir (Serahsî, XXVI, 106; Kâsânî, VII, 286). Zeydiyye ve İbâzıyye mezheplerinin görüşleri de bu çizgidedir. Buna göre kasâme suçu ispata yarayan bir delil değil, cinayet bölgesi insanlarına üzerlerindeki kısası gerektirici bir suç isnadını defetmek üzere tanınmış bir yemin hakkıdır. Buna doktrinde “nefy kasâmesi” adı verilir ve bu haliyle kasâme beyyinenin davacıya, yeminin de davalıya ait olması genel kuralına aykırı düşmez.
Mâlikî ve Şâfiîler ise kasâmeyi “maktulün yakınlarının edeceği elli yemin”, Hanbelîler “cinayet davasında yapılan mükerrer yeminler” şeklinde tanımlar. Zâhirî ve Ca‘ferî mezhepleri de bu grupta yer alır. Çoğunluğu teşkil eden bu fakihlerin tanımladığı şekliyle kasâme, maktulün velilerinin cinayeti belli bir şahsın işlediğine dair ettikleri elli yemin olup suçu ispata yarayan yeterli delil bulunmadığında başvurulmak üzere meşrû kılınmıştır. Buna da “ispat kasâmesi” adı verilir. Kasâmenin mahiyeti ve işlevi konusunda iki ekol arasındaki temel görüş ayrılığı kasâmenin uygulanış şartları, usulü ve hükümleri de dahil birçok konuda bir dizi farklı görüşün de kaynağını oluşturur.
Şartları. Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre kasâmeye sadece adam öldürme suçunda gidilebilir; ölümle sonuçlanmayan yaralamalarda ve diğer müessir fiillerde kasâme söz konusu olmaz. Zeydîler baştaki ağır yaralamalarda, Ca‘ferîler organlara yönelik müessir fiillerde, İbn Kayyim el-Cevziyye mallara karşı işlenen cürümlerde de kasâmeyi mümkün görür. Maktulün kendiliğinden ölmediğinin ve haksız yere öldürüldüğünün bilinmesi yeterli olup öldürmenin kasten, kast benzeri veya hataen olması önemli değildir. Öte yandan cinayetin fâilinin meçhul olması veya kesin delille sabit olmaması da gerekir. Kasâme yardımcı bir ispat vasıtası olduğundan cinayeti işleyenin kimliği ve ona suç isnadı hakkında yeterli delil bulunduğunda kasâmeye gidilmez.
Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre öldürülen kimsenin can dokunulmazlığına sahip bulunması yeterli olup köle, zimmî veya deli gibi belli konularda ehliyeti kısıtlı kimselerden olması kasâmeye engel teşkil etmez. Mâlikîler maktulün köle veya gayri müslim olması, Hanefîler’den Ebû Yûsuf ve İbâzıyye mezhebi ise maktulün köle olması halinde kasâmeyi câiz görmezler.
Hanefîler, maktulün bir şahsın mülkiyet veya zilyedliği altındaki bir mahalde bulunmuş olmasını şart koşar, maktulün kamuya ait bir arazide bulunması halinde ise buralarda can güvenliğini sağlama devletin görevi olduğundan kasâmeye değil doğrudan hazineden diyet ödemesine gidilmesini savunurlar (Kâsânî, VII, 289). Kamuya ait çarşı ve caddeler, hapishaneler ve umuma açık mescidlerde işlenen fâili meçhul cinayetlerde de durum böyledir.
Hanefîler’e göre kasâmede fâilin meçhul olması, onu suçu ispat aracı olarak gören Mâlikî, Hanbelî ve Şâfiîler’e göre ise cinayet davasının muayyen bir şahıs aleyhinde açılması gerekir. İkinci gruptaki fakihlerin çoğunluğu davalının tek bir şahıs olmasını şart görürken bazıları birden fazla şahıs aleyhine açılmış davalarda da kasâmeye imkân tanır. Kasâmenin asıl amacı diyet sorumluluğunu belirlemek olduğundan Hanbelîler ve Şâfiîler hariç fakihler davalının tam eda ehliyetinin bulunması şartını genelde aramazlar.
İslâm hukukunun klasik doktrininde adam öldürme suçu temelde maktulün yakınlarına ait şahsî hakkın ihlâli olarak görüldüğünden kasâmede maktulün velilerinin davalı aleyhine dava açmış olmaları şartı aranmış, hatta fakihlerin önemli bir grubu kısasta olduğu gibi kasâmede de maktulün velilerinin tamamının bu yöndeki talebini gerekli görmüştür. Ayrıca davacıların davalı ve suç isnadı konusunda görüş birliği içinde olması da gerekir.
Kasâmenin şartları arasında belki de en tartışmalısı, ortada davacının suç iddia ve isnadını destekleyecek güçlü bir karînenin bulunması şartıdır. Hanefîler’in dışındaki çoğunluğun kasâme anlayışının bir parçası olarak gündeme getirilen bu şart doktrinde “levs” adıyla anılır ve “davacının iddiasını doğrulayan galip zan” şeklinde açıklanır. Bunun da öldürülenle davalılar arasında süregelen düşmanlık, maktulün ölüm öncesi yaptığı açıklama, cinayet fâiline ilişkin olarak halk arasında yaygın kanaat, bir âdil şahidin tanıklığı, bir şahsın üzerindeki boğuşma izi, çatışma sonrası vuku bulan ölüm gibi hayat tecrübelerinden çıkarılan örnekleri veya delil yetersizliğinden kaynaklanan sebepleri vardır. Kasâme, delilin bulunmadığında gidilen ve genel ispat kurallarına aykırı düşen bir usul olduğundan fakihler levsin örneklendirmesine ve bu konuda bazı ölçütler geliştirmeye ayrı bir önem vermiş ve böylece ciddi hiçbir veri olmaksızın sırf davalının yeminine dayalı olarak hüküm verilmesini önlemek istemişlerdir (çeşitli örnekler için bk. Sümeyre Seyyid Süleyman el-Beyyûmî, s. 78-89). Hanefîler’in kasâmede davacıların ispat yeminine değil davalıların def yeminine itibar etmesi biraz da suç isnadında ve levs takdirinde objektif ve tatminkâr bir usulü korumanın zorluğunu görmüş olmaları sebebiyledir.
Usulü. Kasâmenin rüknü sayılan yeminlerin şekil şartları, yemin hak ve yükümlüğünde öncelik ve yeminden kaçınmanın sonuçları gibi hususlar kasâmenin mahiyet ve işlevi konusundaki iki farklı görüşe bağlı olarak fakihlere ve ekollere göre değişiklik gösterir. Hanefîler, Zeydî ve İbâzîler ile İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Şa‘bî, Hasan-ı Basrî, Süfyân es-Sevrî gibi müctehidlere göre kasâmede yemin davalılara gerekir. Bu fakihler, Hz. Peygamber’in Abdullah b. Sehl’in Hayber’de öldürülmesi hadisesinde önce davacılardan iki şahitten, sonra yahudilerden yemin istediği, onlar kaçınınca davacılardan yemin istediği rivayetini ve bu yöndeki sahâbe uygulamasını esas alır (Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 9; Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, X, 29, 35; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, VIII, 120-122; hadisin farklı rivayetleri için bk. Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 391-397), davalarda beyyine getirmenin davacıya, yeminin de davalıya gerektiği genel kuralına (Buhârî, “Rehn”, 6; Tirmizî, “Aḥkâm”, 12) dayanırlar. Buna göre yemin maktulün bulunduğu bölge halkından elli erkeğe yöneltilir ve yemin yükümlülüğünün tesbitinde de bir kimsenin cinayetin işlenmesi esnasında maktule yardım edebilecek durumda olması ölçüsü kabul edilir. Bunun için kadınlardan, küçük ve deli gibi edâ ehliyeti bulunmayanlardan yemin istenmezken fâsık ve gayri müslimler kasâmeye iştirak ederler.
Fakihlerin çoğunluğuna göre kasâmede yemin etme öncelikli olarak davacılara aittir. Bu görüş sahipleri yukarıdaki hadisede Resûl-i Ekrem’in önce davacılara yemin teklif ettiği, bir başka hadiste de kasâmeyi genel kuraldan istisna ettiği rivayetlerini esas alır, hatta yemine önce davacıdan başlanacağında icmâın bulunduğunu ileri sürerler (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḳasâme”, 1; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, VIII, 123; Şevkânî, VII, 44-45). Bu fakihlere göre yemin bir ispat aracı (hüccet) olduğundan yemin edecek olan kimsenin teklife muhatap olması yani akıllı ve bâliğ olması gerekir. Kadınların yemini Şâfiîler’e göre hem kasten hem de hatâen katillerde, Mâlikîler’e göre ise sadece hatâen katilde kabul edilir. Hanbelîler ise kasâmeyle ilgili hadiste elli erkeğin yemininden söz edilmesini delil alarak, ayrıca katil suçunda şahitliğe kıyas yaparak kadınların kasâmeye iştirakini doğru bulmazlar.
Kasâmede kural ilgili taraftan elli kişinin yemin etmesi olmakla birlikte iki ekole göre de şahıs sayısı elliden az olduğunda mevcutlar kalan yemini tekrar ederek yemin sayısını elliye tamamlar. Hanefîler’e göre maktulün velisinin davalılardan dilediği kimselere tekrar yemin ettirerek sayıyı tamamlatma hakkı vardır. Cumhura göre maktulün bir vârisi varsa onun elli yemini yeterli sayılmakla birlikte Mâlikîler kasten adam öldürmelerde en az iki vârisin bulunması şartını ararlar. Ahmed b. Hanbel’den bir rivayette maktulün vârisleri elliden az ise yemin en yakın asabe ile elliye tamamlanır. Ca‘ferîler’e göre kasten adam öldürmelerde elli, hatâende yirmi beş yemin gerekir. Organlara yönelik yaralama ve sakat bırakmalarda yemin sayısını cezanın tam diyete oranına göre tesbit edenlerin yanı sıra altı olarak belirleyenler de vardır. İbn Hazm, yemin edeceklerin sayısının elliden az olması halinde kasâmeyi geçersiz sayar.
Hanefîler’in önderlik ettiği birinci grup fakihlere göre davalılardan her biri maktulü öldürmediğine ve öldüreni de bilmediğine Allah’ın adını zikrederek yemin eder. Çoğunluğu teşkil eden ikinci gruba göre ise maktulün velileri Allah’ın adını anarak maktulü filân şahsın öldürdüğüne yemin ederler. Şâfiîler’e göre bu esnada katlin kasten mi hatâen mi olduğunun da belirtilmesi gerekir. Kaynaklarda, yemin esnasında hâkimin yalan yere yeminin kötü sonuçları hakkında ilgilileri uyarması, yeminin tekitli lafızlarla ve kalabalık bir topluluk önünde yapılması gibi müstehaplardan söz edilir; yeminlerin peş peşe, ayakta veya oturarak yapılması gibi ayrıntılarda farklı görüşler vardır. Kasâme yeminleri yardımcı delil niteliği taşıdığından daha kuvvetli karşı delille çürütülebilir. Meselâ ispat kasâmesinde davalıların yemininden sonra sanık cinayetin işlendiği esnada başka bir bölgede olduğunu beyyine ile ispatladığında kasâmenin hükmü geçersiz olur.
Sonuçları. Kasâmede yeminden kaçınmanın da yemin etmenin de önemli hukukî sonuçları vardır. Bu ise yeminde hangi tarafa öncelik verileceğine göre değişen bir husustur. Hanefîler’e göre yeminde önceliği bulunan davalılar yemin ettiklerinde kısas düşer, fakat diyet ödemekle yükümlü olurlar. Kasâmenin istisnaî bir usul oluşunun bir sebebi budur. Davalılar yeminden kaçınırlarsa yemin edinceye veya suçu ikrar edinceye kadar hapsedilirler. Çünkü yeminden kaçınma tek başına kısasa hüküm vermeyi mümkün kılacak güçte bir delil değildir. Önemli bir hakkın askıda kalmasına da razı olunamaz. Bunun için davalılar bir seçim yapmaya zorlanır. Yeminde davacılara öncelik tanıyan cumhura göre ise davacıların yemin etmesiyle suç ispat edilmiş sayılır; onlar yemin etmeye yanaşmazlarsa davalılara yemin teklif edilir. Hanbelîler bunun için davacıların rızâsını ararlar. Davalılar yemin ederlerse beraat eder, yeminden kaçınacak olurlarsa diyet beytülmâlden ödenir. Cumhur arasında bu durumda diyeti davacıların ödeyeceği veya yeminden kaçınan davalıların yemin edinceye kadar hapsedileceği görüşleri de vardır.
Usulüne uygun şekilde tamamlanan kasâmenin hukukî sonucunun (hükmü) diyet mi kısas mı olacağı işlenen cinayetin türüne göre değiştiği gibi kasâmeyle kısasa hüküm verilmesinin cevazı da fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Mâlikîler, Hanbelîler, Zâhirîler, Ca‘ferîler, eski görüşünde İmam Şâfiî, Zührî, Ebû Sevr, Leys b. Sa‘d, Evzâî, İbnü’l-Münzir en-Nîsâbûrî dahil fakihlerin önemli bir kesimi kasten öldürmelerde kasâme ile kısasa hüküm verilebileceği görüşündedir. Bu fakihler, Hz. Peygamber’in kasâmeyi kısas kasâmesi de dahil Câhiliye dönemindeki şekliyle devam ettirdiği ve kasâme ile kısas uyguladığı rivayetlerini (Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 7; Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, VIII, 122), Abdullah b. Sehl hadisesinde de, “Sizden elli kişi bir adam aleyhine yemin eder ve o ipiyle -tamamen- teslim edilir” dediğini delil alırlar. Hasan-ı Basrî, İbrâhim en-Nehaî, Şa‘bî, Süfyân es-Sevrî, Hanefîler, yeni görüşünde İmam Şâfiî, Zeydîler ve İbâzîler ise kasâme ile kısasa hüküm vermeyi doğru bulmaz ve kasten öldürmede de diyetin gerekeceğini söylerler. Delil olarak yine Resûl-i Ekrem’e, Hz. Ebû Bekir, Hz. Ömer, Abdullah b. Abbas gibi sahâbîlere isnat edilen bu yöndeki söz ve uygulamaları almışlardır (Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, VII, 127-129; Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, IV, 391-396).
Kaynaklarda, kasâme konusunda kısas yanlılarını da karşı görüşte olanları da destekleyen sahâbe ve tâbiîne ait birçok görüş ve uygulama aktarılır (İbn Hazm, XII, 445-452). Ancak kısasa karşı çıkanların asıl göz önünde bulundurduğu kasâmenin zayıf bir delil olması ve böyle bir delile dayanarak kısas uygulamanın doğru olmayacağı, diyet cezasının can güvenliğini sağlamada yeterli sayılabileceği gibi hususlar olmalıdır. Kasâmenin suçu ispatta taşıdığı bu zaaf sebebiyledir ki kasâme ile kısasın verilebileceği görüşünde olanlardan Zührî, Ebû Sevr, İbn Hazm ve bazı Şâfiîler hariç çoğunluk kasâme sonunda sadece bir kişiye kısas uygulanabileceğini savunmuşlardır.
Kasâme sonucu diyete hüküm verildiğinde diyeti suçlunun kendisinin mi yoksa âkılesinin mi ödeyeceği ise cinayetin türüne ve mezheplere göre değişen bir konudur (bk. DİYET ). Cinayetlerde öncelikle şahsî hakkın ihlâl edildiği kabul edildiğinden kasâme maktulün velilerinin açıkça veya delâleten ibrâ etmesiyle, şikâyetini geri almasıyla düştüğü gibi nisbeten zayıf bir delil olduğundan şahitlik ve ikrar gibi daha kuvvetli bir delille çatıştığında da kasâmeyle hüküm verilmez.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḳasâme”, 1-5, Buhârî, “Diyât”, 22, “Menâḳıbü’l-enṣâr”, 27, “Meġāzî”, 36, “Rehn”, 6.
Müslim, “Ḳasâme”, 1, 7.
Ebû Dâvûd, “Diyât”, 9.
Tirmizî, “Aḥkâm”, 12.
Nesâî, “Ḳasâme”, 2.
Abdürrezzâk es-San‘ânî, el-Muṣannef , X, 27-48.
İbn Habîb, el-Muḥabber , s. 335-336.
Ahmed b. Hüseyin el-Beyhakī, es-Sünenü’l-kübrâ , Haydarâbâd 1344, VIII, 117-130.
İbn Hazm, el-Muḥallâ , Kahire 1391/1971, XII, 441-493.
Şîrâzî, el-Müheẕẕeb , II, 317-320.
Serahsî, el-Mebsûṭ , XXVI, 106-121.
Kâsânî, Bedâʾiʿ , VII, 286-296.
İbn Rüşd, Bidâyetü’l-müctehid , İstanbul 1985, II, 357-361.
İbn Kudâme, el-Muġnî , Kahire 1389/1969, VIII, 487-512.
Nevevî, Ravżatü’ṭ-ṭâlibîn (nşr. Âdil Ahmed Abdülmevcûd – Ali M. Muavvaz), Beyrut 1412/1992, VIII, 235-253.
Abdullah b. Yûsuf ez-Zeylaî, Naṣbü’r-râye , [baskı yeri yok] 1393/1973 (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), IV, 389-397.
İbnü’l-Murtazâ, el-Baḥrü’z-zeḫḫâr , San‘a 1366/1947, V, 295-302.
Şevkânî, Neylü’l-evṭâr , VII, 38-45.
Cevâd Ali, el-Mufaṣṣal , V, 524-525.
Sümeyre Seyyid Süleyman el-Beyyûmî, el-Ḳasâme ve aḥkâmühâ fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye , Kahire 1411/1990.
Ahmed Fethî Behnesî, el-Mevsûʿatü’l-cinâʾiyye fi’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî , Beyrut 1412/1991, IV, 208-217.
Cemalettin Şen, İslâm Hukukunda Kasame (yüksek lisans tezi, 1996), MÜ Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü.
P. Crone, “Jāhilī and Jewish Law: The Qasāma”, Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam , IV, Jerusalem 1984, s. 153-201.
“Ḳasâme”, Mv.F , XXXIII, 166-182.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 528-530 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.