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KĀSIMİYYE Skip to content XVII ve XVIII. yüzyıllarda Mısır’ın idaresinde söz sahibi olan Memlük fırkalarından biri.
Kasım Bey adında birine nisbet edilen bu zümre XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısında ortaya çıkmış ve XVIII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısına kadar yaklaşık bir asır kadar Osmanlı dönemi Mısır’ının siyasî, içtimaî ve iktisadî hayatında etkili olmuştur. Ortaya çıkışı hakkında iki farklı rivayet vardır. Bunlardan biri, Yavuz Sultan Selim’in Mısır’da bulunduğu sırada Memlük emîrlerinden Sûdûn’un cesaretleriyle tanınan oğulları Kasım ile Zülfikar’ın padişahın huzurunda bir gösteri yapmaları, bunlara taraftar olanların iki fırkaya ayrılması, Kasım’ı tutanlara Kāsımiyye (Osmanlı kaynaklarında Kasımlı), Zülfikar’ı destekleyenlere de Zülfikāriyye veya Zülfikarlı (Râşid, III, 380) fırkası denilmesi şeklindedir. Fakat bunların XVII. yüzyılın ikinci yarısı gibi oldukça geç bir dönemde ortaya çıktığı düşünüldüğünden ʿAcaʾibü’l-âs̱âr ’da zikredilen bu rivayetin (krş. Cevdet, I, 304 vd.) zayıf olduğu anlaşılmaktadır. Aynı eserde bahsedilen ikinci rivayete göre ise Kāsımiyye fırkası Mısır defterdarı Kasım Bey’e nisbet edilmiş ve 1640’larda ortaya çıkmıştır. Zira Kasım Bey’in Zülfikāriyye fırkasının reisi Rıdvan Bey ile olan rekabeti de XVII. yüzyıl ortalarında başlamaktadır.
Mısır’da Osmanlı hâkimiyeti sağlandığı halde Memlük Sultanlığı’nın eski nizam ve teşkilâtı yürürlükten kaldırılmamış, itaat eden emîrler eyaletin idarî ve malî işlerinin başında bırakılmıştı; hatta ilk beylerbeyi olarak da öteden beri Yavuz Sultan Selim’e bağlılığı olan Hayır Bey tayin edilmiş, o da eyaleti Memlük dönemindeki gibi idare etmişti. Hayır Bey’in ölümünden sonra eyaletin mahallî idarecileri Osmanlı Devleti’ne baş kaldırarak tekrar eski Memlük Devleti’ni kurmaya kalkışınca nüfuzlu Memlük beyleri bertaraf edilmişti. Vezîriâzam Makbul İbrâhim Paşa’nın bizzat Kahire’ye gidip Mısır Kanunnâmesi’ni tertibinden sonra Osmanlı idaresine bağlı Cânım el-Hamzavî gibi Memlük ümerâsından birçok kimse Mısır defterdarlığı, emîr-i haclık, Saîd hâkimliği ve beylerbeyi kaymakamlığı gibi önemli mevkilere yükselmişti. Fakat Osmanlı merkez idaresinin Mısır’daki otoritesi zayıflayınca nüfuzları artan Memlük emîrleri arasında rekabet başlamış ve çeşitli fırkalar ortaya çıkmıştır.
Bu fırkaların en büyüklerinden olan Kāsımiyye ve Zülfikāriyye arasındaki rekabet, Rıdvan Bey el-Fikarî’nin emîr-i haclık makamını uzun süre (1631-1656) elinde tutmasıyla başladı. Kāsımiyye reisi Boşnak Ahmed Bey ve Mamay Bey, Mısır Beylerbeyi Haydarzâde Mehmed Paşa’yı ve asker ocaklarını yanına çekmiş, Kansuh el-Kāsımî’yi kaymakamlığa tayin ettirmişlerdi. Ancak Rıdvan Bey buna karşı çıkarak içlerinde Mamay Bey, Kansuh Bey ve Muhammed Bey’in de bulunduğu bazı Kāsımiyye ileri gelenlerinden on yedi kişiyi öldürtmüş, bazılarını da Kahire dışına sürdürmüştü. Rıdvan Bey’in 1656’da ölümü üzerine Boşnak Ahmed Bey el-Kāsımî hac emirliğine getirilirken Saîd’in idaresi ve Mısır beylerbeyi kaymakamlığı da Kāsımiyye fırkasının eline geçmiştir.
Fakat çok geçmeden iki fırka arasındaki rekabet savaşa dönüşmüş, Ahmed Bey el-Kāsımî devlet kuvvetlerinin başına geçerek Cîze ve Circe’de bulunan Zülfikāriyye fırkası mensuplarından çoğunu öldürtmüştür. Ayrıca emîr-i haclığın Zülfikar el-Fikarî’ye, kaymakamlığın da Kıtas (Kaytas) el-Kāsımî’ye verilmesi rekabeti yeniden şiddetlendirmiş, bu durum XVIII. yüzyıl başlarına kadar devam etmiştir.
1711 yılında Kāsımiyye taraftarı Azeban Ocağı ile Zülfikāriyye taraftarı Müstahfızân Ocağı arasında çıkan bir anlaşmazlık ve Mısır beylerbeyi ile kadısının Zülfikāriyye tarafına meyletmesi iki fırka arasında yeni bir savaşın çıkmasına sebep oldu. Savaş sonunda galip gelen Kāsımiyye mensupları Halil Paşa’yı beylerbeyilikten indirip Kansuh el-Kāsımî’yi kaymakamlığa getirdiler. Ancak aynı yılın haziran ayında Kāsımiyye reisi İvaz Bey’in bir suikast neticesi öldürülüp yerine Yûsuf Bey el-Cezzâr’ın seçilmesi üzerine nüfuzları daha artan Kāsımiyye taraftarları Müstahfızân Ocağı’na yeni bir kethüdâ tayin ettiler. Bu tayinin müstahfızlar tarafından kabulünden sonra Zülfikāriyye reisi Eyyûb Bey önce Şam’a, oradan İstanbul’a kaçmıştır. Saîd hâkimi Muhammed Bey el-Fikarî’nin memleketine dönmesi, Kal‘atülcebel’de bulunan beylerbeyilik sarayının Kāsımiyye taraftarlarınca topa tutulması ve beylerbeyinin de Mısır’ı terketme sözü vermesi, bu fitnenin müsebbibi sayılan Efrenc Ahmed’in taraftarlarıyla birlikte öldürülmesinin ardından Zülfikāriyye fırkasına büyük darbe vurulmuş ve Kāsımiyye fırkası Mısır’da tek nüfuz sahibi olmuştur. Osmanlı idarecilerinin Mısır’da Memlük zorba fırkalarının faaliyetlerini sona erdirememeleri zaman zaman bir fırkayı desteklemeleri sonucunu doğurmuştur.
Mısır’ın idaresinde tek nüfuz sahibi olan Kāsımiyye fırkası, İsmâil Bey b. İvaz’ın başkanlığında İvaziyye ve İbrâhim Bey Boşnak (Ebû Şeneb) ve daha sonra tâbii Çerkez Muhammed Bey liderliğinde Şenebiyye adlarıyla kendi içinde bölünmüş, bu fırkalar da önemli mansıp ve makamları elde etmek için birbirlerine düşmüşlerdir. On yıl kadar devam eden rekabet emîr-i haclığın İbn İvaz’a, Circe hâkimliğinin Çerkez Muhammed Bey’e tevcihiyle başlamış, 1719 Temmuzunda Çerkez Bey’in İbn İvaz’a suikast düzenlemesinin ardından çatışmaya dönüşmüş, sonunda İbn İvaz Çerkez Bey’i yenerek Kıbrıs’a sürdürmüştür.
Receb Paşa, Mısır beylerbeyiliği zamanında (1720-1721) İvaziyye ve Şenebiyye fırkalarını ortadan kaldırmaya kalkışınca bu iki fırka birleşmiş, sancak beyleri, âyanlar ve yerli ocak ağalarından oluşan mecliste paşanın azline karar verilip İvaziyye’den Yûsuf Bey el-Cezzâr kaymakamlığa getirilmiştir (1721). Fakat tehlike sona erince Kāsımiyye fırkaları arasındaki rekabet tekrar canlanmış ve Şenebiyye fırkasının Mısır beylerbeyi ile kadısını elde edip Fikariyye fırkasıyla birleşerek İbn İvaz Bey’i öldürmesiyle sonuçlanmıştır (8 Kasım 1723). Böylece Mısır’da tekrar nüfuz kazanan Zülfikāriyye fırkası kısa bir süre sonra Çerkez Bey’in gayretleriyle bertaraf edilmiştir. İvaziyye mensuplarını affeden, Saîd’de Hevvâre kabilesiyle alâkasını güçlendiren ve Mısır’da nüfuzunu arttıran Çerkez Bey, Mısır’dan uzaklaştırılmak için merkezî hükümetçe Cidde livâsı beyliğine tayin edilmek istenmişse de bu mümkün olmamıştır. Zamanla beylerbeyi divanına da katılmaya başlayan Çerkez Bey yedi ocak ağalarını, eyalet ileri gelenlerini ve âlimleri tehdit ederek 1725’te paşayı azle zorlamış ve Muhammed b. Ebû Şeneb’i kaymakamlığa getirtmiştir.
Çerkez Bey ve adamları yüzünden karışıklıklar içinde bulunan Mısır’da halk topraklarını satarak köylerini terke başlamış, şehirlilerin ise ev ve dükkânları yağmalanmış, buna bağlı olarak eyalet gelirleri azalmıştır. Bunun üzerine Osmanlı hükümeti Mısır defterdarlığını Ahmed Bey el-Aşer’e, şeyhülbeledliği Muhammed Bey b. Ebû Şeneb’e tevcih etmiş, fakat Çerkez Bey’in paşaya ve divan üyelerine kıymetli hediyeler sunması üzerine bu tayinler gerçekleşmemiş, hatta beylerbeyi tarafından Çerkez Bey’in padişaha bağlı ve Mısır’daki istikrarın sebebi olduğuna dair İstanbul’a bir rapor gönderilmiştir. Ancak bir süre sonra Mısır beylerbeyi, Zülfikāriyye ve Şevâibiyye fırkalarının mensuplarıyla birleşerek Çerkez Bey’i Gazze beyliğiyle Mısır’dan uzaklaştırmak isteyince Kahire’de büyük karışıklıklar çıkmış, sonunda Çerkez Bey ve taraftarları yenilmiştir. 1726 Şubatında Kahire’den kaçarak Buhayre urbânlarına sığınan Çerkez Bey ve bazı taraftarları oradan Fas’a geçmiştir. 1727 yılı sonlarında gizlice Mısır’a dönen Çerkez Bey, rakibi Zeynülfikar Bey ile aralarında çatışmalar çıkınca 18 Nisan 1729’da İlminye’de öldürülmüştür. Onun öldürülmesiyle Mısır’da Kāsımiyye fırkasının nüfuzu sona ermiş, Zülfikāriyye fırkası ve Kazdoğliyye (Kazdağlılar) gibi önemli taraftarı XVIII. yüzyıl sonlarına kadar varlığını sürdürmüştür.
Kāsımiyye’nin bazı kolları Saîd’e kaçarak burada Hevvâre şeyhi Hümâm’ın hizmetine girmiştir. Kāsımiyye fırkasının son meşhur adamı olan Sâlih Bey el-Kāsımî Circe hâkimi olmuş, 1758’de emîr-i haclığa yükselmiştir. Saîd’de oturan Sâlih Bey ve yetiştirmeleri Hevvâre kabilesiyle kaynaşmışlardır. Hümâm’ın Kahire’de işlerini yürüten Sâlih Bey Kazdağlı, Bulutkapan Ali Bey’in üç rakibinden biri olduğu için Gazze’ye sürülmüş ve sonunda Ali Bey’in adamı olan Ebü’z-Zeheb Muhammed Bey tarafından öldürülmüştür (1768).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2001 yılında İstanbul’da basılan 24. cildinde, 552-553 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.