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KATAR Skip to content Basra körfezinde bir Arap emirliği.
Arap yarımadasının kuzeydoğu sahilinde, Basra körfezinin güneybatısındaki Bahreyn ve Bahrülbenât körfezleri arasında kuzeye doğru uzanan yarımada üzerinde olup başşehri 299.300 nüfuslu (2001 yılı tahmini) Devha (Doha/Duha), yüzölçümü 11.427 km2 , nüfusu 769.152 (2001 tah.) ve resmî dili Arapça’dır. Güneyden Suudi Arabistan ve Birleşik Arap Emirlikleri’nin çevirdiği; genelde çöl ve alçak kumlu tepelerden ibaret olan arazisi tarıma uygun değildir; iklimi sıcak ve kuraktır. Çok büyük petrol ve doğalgaz yataklarına sahip olan Katar son yıllarda sanayileşmeye de ayrıca önem vermiştir; kişi başına düşen gelir 2000 yılı tahminine göre 20.300 dolardır. XX. yüzyılın ilk yarısına kadar halkını Necid’in içlerinden gelen ve hayvancılıkla geçinen bedevîlerle balıkçılık, inci avcılığı ve ticaret yapan yarı yerleşik kabileler oluştururken bugün nüfusun çoğunluğu petrol sektöründe çalışan İran ve Pakistan kökenli göçmenlerle işçilerden meydana gelmektedir.
İlkçağ’lardan beri iskân gören Katar yarımadasının, Basra körfezinde Osmanlı-Portekiz çekişmelerinin başlamasına kadarki tarihi hakkında fazla bilgi bulunmamaktadır. Osmanlı belgeleri arasındaki en eski örnek 1555 yılına aittir ve bölgenin ticarî önemine işaret etmektedir. Söz konusu belgede Şeyh Muhammed b. Sultan b. Müsellem’in idaresindeki Katar ahalisinin 1000 civarında gemiye sahip olduğu ve ticaretle uğraştığı belirtilmektedir (BA, KK , Ruûs, nr. 213, s. 18). Basra körfezinde Portekizliler’e karşı üstünlük sağlayan Osmanlı Devleti önce Lahsâ beylerbeyiliğini, arkasından da Katar sancağını kurarak buraya idareciler tayin etti (1559). Ancak sancak beyinin Katar’a giderken Lahsâ Beylerbeyi Bıyıklızâde Mustafa Paşa’nın Bahreyn seferine katılması ve seferde ölen Mustafa Paşa’nın yerine ordunun başına geçmek zorunda kalması esas görev yerine ulaşmasını engelledi. Böylece burada doğrudan bir Osmanlı idaresinin tesisi girişimi yarım kalmış oldu; ancak Benî Müsellem’e mensup mahallî idarecilerin Lahsâ ile ilişkileri sebebiyle burası da tartışmasız biçimde Osmanlı hâkimiyetindeki topraklar içinde yer almıştır.
1776’da Küveyt’ten gelen Utûb kabilesine mensup Âl-i Halîfe’nin Katar’ın batı sahillerindeki Zübâre’yi işgal etmesi ve burayı kısa zamanda bölge limanlarına rakip bir ticaret merkezi haline getirmesi (BA , Y. MTV, 31/33), Katar’ı yöneten Benî Müsellem’in ve İran’ın rahatsızlık duymasına yol açtı; Benî Müsellem, Âl-i Halîfe’den vergi talebinde bulunurken İran’ın Bûşehr hâkimi Zübâre’ye bir saldırı düzenledi (1783). Bunun üzerine Âl-i Halîfe kendisine bağlı kabilelerle birlikte Zübâre’nin karşısında yer alan ve o sıralarda İran’ın nüfuzu altında bulunan Bahreyn adasını ele geçirip yurt edindi. Aynı ticarî faaliyetleri Bahreyn’de de sürdüren Âl-i Halîfe’nin bu tarihten sonra daima Katar üzerinde ve özellikle Zübâre bölgesinde söz sahibi olmak ve orada bir nâib bulundurmak istemesi Katar aşiretleriyle Bahreyn arasında sürekli bir çekişme doğurdu ve Bahreyn şeyhleri Katar üzerinde zaman zaman nüfuz kurmayı başardılar. O yıllarda Necid bölgesinde önemli bir güç olarak ortaya çıkan Âl-i Suûd da kısa zamanda nüfuzunu Körfez’e, dolayısıyla Bahreyn ve Zübâre’ye kadar yaydı. 1843-1849 yılları arasında Bahreyn’de meydana gelen iç karışıklıklar ve Âl-i Halîfe içindeki çekişmeler sırasında Katar kabileleri Muhammed el-Halîfe’nin yanında yer aldılar. Bu durum Bahreyn şeyhi ile Osmanlılar’ın Necid kaymakamı Emîr Faysal b. Türkî arasında Katar’a karşı bir ittifakın doğmasına sebep oldu. Bu gelişmeler, XVIII. yüzyılın sonlarında Orta Arabistan’dan Katar’a göç ederek buranın ticarî hayatında ön plana çıkan Benî Temîm’in bir koluna mensup Âl-i Sânî’nin güç kazanmasına imkân verdi. Benî Müsellem’in siyaset sahnesinden çekilmesinden sonra zaman zaman Bahreyn Şeyhliği ile Suud Emirliği’nin bölgedeki vergi tahsildarlığını sürdüren Âl-i Sânî 1860’lı yıllardan itibaren bölge politikalarında etkili olmaya başladı. Bu ailenin tarihi aynı zamanda modern Katar’ın tarihi demektir.
1820’li yıllardan itibaren körfezdeki şeyhliklerle münasebet kuran İngiltere, Bahreyn ile olan ilişkilerini yeterli gördüğünden Katar’la herhangi bir antlaşma yapmamıştı. Ancak 1860’lardan sonra hem Necid’deki Suud ailesi hem de Bahreyn’deki Halîfe ailesi içinde yaşanan ihtilâflar Katar’ı İngilizler için ön plana çıkardı. Ayrıca Katar’ın Necidli muhaliflere lojistik destek sağlayacak yolun üzerinde bulunması (BA , Ayniyat Defteri , nr. 851, s. 35) ve Bahreyn’den kaçan muhaliflerin burada üstlenmesi de bunda etkili oldu. Bu sebeple İngilizler, bölgenin Bahreyn’in nüfuzu altında kalmasını menfaatlerine uygun bulduklarından 1868 sonbaharında Katar’a gemi göndererek Muhammed b. Sânî’yi Bahreyn emîrlerine vergi vermeye mecbur bıraktılar. Bu durum, İngilizler’in özellikle Bahreyn üzerinde kurdukları nüfuzu tehlikeli bulan ve mutlaka yayılmalarının durdurulması gerektiğine inanan Bağdat Valisi Midhat Paşa’yı harekete geçirdi. Midhat Paşa öncelikle Küveyt şeyhlerinin itaatlerini sağladı; arkasından Lahsâ taraflarındaki asayişsizliği bertaraf etmek ve orada da merkezî hükümetin gücünü hissettirmek için 1871 baharında Nâfiz Paşa kumandasındaki birliklerle Lahsâ’ya bir sefer düzenledi. İngilizler’in tepkisine rağmen Osmanlılar Lahsâ sahillerinde kontrolü ele geçirdiler. Bunu fırsat bilen Katar şeyhi Câsim b. Sânî, İngilizler’in tehdidinden kurtulmak için Osmanlı askerlerini ülkesine davet etti. Katar, esasen bu seferin planları içinde yer alıyordu (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 44196, lef.1); böyle bir davetin gelmesi işi daha da kolaylaştırdı. Böylece 1871 sonbaharında Katar’da da Osmanlı kontrolü sağlandı ve burası Necid sancağına bağlı bir kaza olarak teşkilâtlandırılıp Câsim b. Sânî fahrî kaymakam tayin edildi. Baştan beri askerî sefere karşı çıkan İngilizler fiilî durum karşısında çaresiz kaldılar; fakat Osmanlı hâkimiyetini kabullenen Sânî ailesi üzerinde dolaylı yollarla baskı uygulamayı sürdürdüler. Diğer taraftan düzenli bir hükümete alışkın olmayan bedevîler yeni durumu benimseyemediler. Osmanlılar’ı davet etmesine rağmen Câsim b. Sânî de kendi nüfuzunun zedeleneceği endişesine kapıldı ve yapılmak istenen bazı idarî düzenlemelere karşı çıktığı gibi zaman zaman Necid ve Basra’daki yöneticilerle anlaşmazlığa düşüp kaymakamlık görevinden istifa etme girişimlerinde bulundu (BA , İrade-Şûrâ-yı Devlet, nr. 2158610, lef.15). 1888 yılında bazı rütbe ve pâyelerle Câsim’in devlete bağlılığı arttırılmaya çalışıldıysa da gerek İngilizler’in çeşitli vesilelerle uyguladıkları baskılarda gerekse Ebûzabî şeyhiyle Udeyd bölgesi üzerinde çıkan ihtilâflarda Osmanlı Devleti’ni kendi istekleri doğrultusunda yönlendiremeyen Câsim bölgede başına buyruk hareket etmeye başladı. Çeşitli teşebbüslerden bir sonuç alınamaması üzerine Basra Valisi Hâfız Mehmed Paşa, padişahın muvafakatini almadan 1893 başlarında 200 kişilik bir tabur ile Devha’ya girdi. Bunun üzerine Câsim kendisine bağlı kabilelerle Vecebe Kalesi’ne çekildi. Çıkan çatışmada Hâfız Mehmed Paşa büyük bir hezimete uğradı. Durumdan haberdar olan padişah meseleyi gönderdiği bir heyete inceletti ve bir daha böyle bir olayın tekrarlanmaması şartıyla Câsim’i affederek görevinde bıraktı. Bu tarihten sonra Osmanlı Devleti bölgede varlığını daha fazla hissettirmek için bir dizi tedbire başvurduysa da daima İngilizler’le karşı karşıya geldi; hatta Katar’a tâbi bir nahiye olarak teşkilâtlandırmaya çalıştığı Zübâre 1895 sonbaharında İngilizler’in saldırısına uğradı (BA, BEO , nr. 59642).
Bâbıâli, 1897’den itibaren Osmanlı-İngiliz münasebetlerinde Küveyt’in birinci plana çıkmasından istifade ile Katar bölgesinde birtakım yeni idarî düzenlemeler yapmak istedi, fakat pek başarılı olamadı. II. Meşrutiyet yıllarında dış politikada içine düşülen yalnızlıktan kurtulmak için 1910’da İngilizler’le başlatılan görüşmelerde Katar’ın statüsü yeniden gündeme geldi. 29 Temmuz 1913’te Londra’da imzalanan, ancak yürürlüğe girmeyen antlaşmanın ilgili maddesinde Osmanlı Devleti Katar yarımadası üzerindeki bütün taleplerinden feragat etti, buranın Şeyh Câsim b. Sânî ve halefleri tarafından yönetilmesi konusunda mutabakata varıldı. Ancak Şeyh Câsim’in ölmesi üzerine yerine oğlu Abdullah’ın tayin edilmesi yine Osmanlı Devleti’nin muvafakatiyle oldu. I. Dünya Savaşı ile birlikte bölgedeki Osmanlı varlığı tamamen sona erdi.
I. Dünya Savaşı sırasında Basra körfezinde büyük etkinlik gösteren İngilizler, 3 Kasım 1916’da Katar Emîri Abdullah ile diğer Körfez şeyhleriyle yaptıklarına benzer bir himaye antlaşması imzaladılar. Bu tarihten bölgede petrolün bulunduğu 1940 yılına kadar milletlerarası politikada gündeme gelmeyen Katar, komşuları Bahreyn ve Suudi Arabistan ile arasında çıkan bazı küçük anlaşmazlıkların dışında önemli bir olayla karşılaşmadı. İngilizler’in 1971’de bölgeyi terketmesinden sonra bağımsızlığına kavuşan Katar (3 Eylül 1971) hemen arkasından Arap Birliği’ne ve Birleşmiş Milletler’e üye oldu. 22 Şubat 1972’de Şeyh Halîfe b. Hamed bir darbe ile emirliği ele geçirdi. Devlet başkanlığının yanı sıra başbakanlık görev ve yetkilerini de elinde toplayan Şeyh Halîfe, öncelikle bütün üyelerini kendi seçtiği bir danışma meclisi kurarak bir anlamda parlamenter rejime doğru bir adım attı. 1974’te ülkedeki petrol şirketlerinin tamamını denetimi altına aldı. Bahreyn’le ilişkileri Havar adaları anlaşmazlığı sebebiyle iyi gitmeyen Katar, 1991 Körfez Savaşı’nda Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nin tarafını tuttu. Suudi Arabistan’la olan bazı sınır anlaşmazlıkları ise 20 Aralık 1992’de dostane bir çözüme kavuşturuldu. Katar halen mutlak monarşi ile yönetilmekle birlikte Körfez ülkeleri arasında birtakım anayasal düzenlemelere giden ilk emirlik olarak dikkat çekmektedir. 1995 yılında Hamed b. Halîfe babasını iktidardan uzaklaştırıp yerine geçti.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, KK , Ruûs, nr. 213, s. 18.
BA, Y.MTV , nr. 31/33.
BA , Meclis-i Vükelâ, nr. 162, s. 39.
BA, BEO , nr. 59642.
BA , İrade-Şûrâ-yı Devlet, nr. 2158610, lef.15.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 44196, nr. 44930, lef.1, nr. 83926.
BA , Ayniyat Defteri , nr. 851, s. 35.
BA, YEE , nr. 250/14/126/8.
The Persian Gulf Pilot, The Gulf of Oman and Makran Coast , London 1989 (London 1883), s. 119.
Süleyman Nutkī, Basra Körfezi Rehberi , İstanbul 1317, s. 198-199.
Ahmed Reşîd, Bağdat Hattı ve Basra Körfezine Müteallik İngiltere Metâlibâtı Hakkında Lâyiha ve Merbûtâtı , İstanbul 1327, s. 18-37.
Rumbeyoğlu Fahreddin – Mehmed Nâbî, el-Katar Sevâhili Meselesi , İstanbul 1334/1917, tür.yer.
a.mlf.ler, Bahreyn Adaları Meselesi , İstanbul 1334/1917, tür.yer.
G. P. Gooch – H. Temperley, British Documents on the Origins of the War , London 1938, X, 183-198.
Ahmed Mustafa Abu Hakima, “The Development of the Gulf States”, The Arabian Peninsula Society and Politics (ed. D. Hopwood), London 1972, s. 44-46.
Abdülazîz Muhammed el-Mansûr, et-Teṭavvürü’s-siyâsî li-Ḳaṭar fi’l-fetreti mâ beyne 1869-1916 , Küveyt 1980, s. 23-48.
Sh. K. Asopa, Oil, Arms and Islam in the Gulf , Jaipur 1988, s. 28-29.
F. F. Anscombe, The Ottoman Gulf and the Creation of Kuwait, Saʿudi Arabia and Qatar , New York 1997, s. 94-99.
Zekeriya Kurşun, Necid ve Ahsa’da Osmanlı Hâkimiyeti: Vehhabî Hareketi ve Suud Devleti’nin Ortaya Çıkışı , Ankara 1998, tür.yer.
Cengiz Orhonlu, “1559 Bahreyn Seferine Aid Bir Rapor”, TD , XVII/22 (1968), s. 1-16.
İdris Bostan, “The Uprising in Qatar and Sheikh Al Sani’s Letter to Abdulhamid II”, Studies on Turkish-Arab Relations , II, İstanbul 1987, s. 81-89.
a.mlf., “Devha”, DİA , IX, 228-229.
A. Nizar Hamzeh, “Qatar: The Dualitiy of the Legal System”, MES , XXX/1 (1994), s. 79-90.
Kāmûsü’l-a‘lâm , s. 3675.
Besim Darkot, “Katar”, İA , VI, 420-422.
T. M. Johnstone, “Ḳaṭar”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 750-752.
“Qatar”, The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archeology in the Near East , New York 1997, IV, 384.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 29-31 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.