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KATTÂN, Mennâ‘ Halîl Skip to content (1925-1999)
Mısırlı İslâm hukukçusu.
Ekim 1925’te Menûfiye vilâyetinde Üşmûne şehrine bağlı Şinşevr köyünde doğdu. Burada Kur’an’ı ezberledikten sonra ilk eğitimini tamamladı. Şebînülkûm şehrinde Ezher’e bağlı el-Ma‘hedü’d-dînî’de okudu; bu dönemde Abdürrezzâk Afîfî, Abdülmüteâl Seyfünnasr, Ali Şelebî gibi hocaları tanıdı. Ardından Kahire’de kaydolduğu Külliyyetü’l-usûli’d-dîn’den 1951’de âlimiyye diplomasıyla mezun oldu. Buradaki hocaları arasında Muhammed Zeydân, Muhammed Kâmil el-Behî, Muhammed Yûsuf Mûsâ’yı anar. Kendi ifadesine göre en çok etkilendiği kimseler özellikle babası Halîl el-Kattân, köyünde tanışıp Riyad’da bir arada bulunduğu Abdürrezzâk Afîfî ve Kahire’de tanıştığı İhvân-ı Müslimîn’in lideri Hasan el-Bennâ’dır. Daha lise yıllarında iken katıldığı İhvân-ı Müslimîn’le ilişkisi Kahire’de ilerledi ve aktif biçimde teşkilâtın faaliyetlerine katıldı. Usûlüddin Fakültesi öğrenci sorumlusu seçildi, teşkilâtın görüşleri doğrultusunda Ezher’de eğitim reformunu savundu, bu amaçla eş-Şihâb dergisiyle el-İḫvân gazetesinde yazılar yazdı. Mısır’daki İngiliz askerlerinin 1946’da ülkeyi terketmesi sürecinde İhvân-ı Müslimîn’in düzenlediği etkinliklerde yer aldı. 1946-1950 arasında Arap Talebeleri Mısır Birliği genel sekreterliği görevinde bulundu. 1948’de Filistin cihadına gönüllü olarak katıldı. İbrâhim Abdülhâdî Paşa hükümeti sırasında İhvân-ı Müslimîn’e yönelik baskı sürecinde birçok cemaat mensubuyla birlikte hapse atıldı. 1949-1950’de Ezher Talebeler Birliği başkanlığı yaptı. İngilizler’in Süveyş Kanalı çevresindeki askerî gücüne karşı 1951-1952 yıllarında İhvân-ı Müslimîn ve diğer milliyetçi çevrelerin kurduğu Millî Kurtuluş Ordusu’nun gizli faaliyetleri içinde yer aldı. Muhammed el-Gazzâlî, Seyyid Sâbık ve Ahmed Hasan el-Bâkûrî bu dönemde sıkı ilişki kurduğu şahsiyetlerdir.
Kattân, Cemal Abdünnâsır’ın İhvân-ı Müslimîn mensuplarına yönelik baskıları ve Suudi hükümetinin hem Abdünnâsır’ın politikalarına karşı tavır alması hem de yetişmiş Mısırlı akademisyenlerden faydalanmak istemesi üzerine 1953’te Suudi Arabistan’a giderek çeşitli okullarda ders verdi. 1958’de Riyad’da İmam Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi’ne temel teşkil edecek olan Şeriat Fakültesi ve Arap Dili Fakültesi’nde hocalık yaptı. 1965’te Kral Faysal’ın emriyle teşkil edilen eğitim komisyonuna raportör seçildi. 1970’te bu komisyon Suudi Arabistan Eğitim Siyaseti Komisyonu’na dönüştüğünde burada çalışmaya devam etti. Kurulduğu sırada el-Ma‘hedü’l-âlî li’l-kazâ’da (1965) üyelik ve ardından müdürlük (1973) görevlerini üstlendi. İmam Muhammed b. Suûd Üniversitesi açıldığında (1974) üniversite meclisinde üyelik, Külliyyetü’l-benât’ta ilim komitesi başkanlığı, ed-Dirâsâtü’l-ulyâ bölümünde müdürlük (1978-1996) yaptı. İlmî ve fikrî yetkinliği, ahlâkı ve istikametiyle Kral Faysal’ın takdirini kazanması üzerine 1974’te Suudi vatandaşlığına kabul edildi ve kendisine diplomatik pasaport verildi. Uzun yıllar eski Riyad Havaalanı’ndaki büyük camide hutbe okudu. Birçok İslâm ülkesinde düzenlenen kongreye ve sempozyumlara katıldı. Riyad İmam Muhammed b. Suûd, Mekke Ümmülkurâ ve Medine İslâm üniversitelerinde doktora ve yüksek lisans tez jürilerinde bulundu; kendisi de çok sayıda doktora ve yüksek lisans tezleri yönetti. Tanınmış öğrencileri arasında Suudi Adalet Bakanı Abdullah b. Muhammed b. İbrâhim Âlü’ş-Şeyh, akademisyen ve yönetici İbrâhim es-Semârî, Abdullah b. Cibrîn, Suudi başmüftüsü Abdülazîz Âlü’ş-Şeyh anılır. 19 Temmuz 1999’da Riyad’da vefat eden Kattân, Mekābirünnesîm’e defnedildi. 1958’de evlendiği, daha sonra lise ve üniversite tahsilinin ardından doktorasını tamamlayıp Külliyyetü’l-âdâb li’l-benât’ta Arap dili bölüm başkanlığı yapan Mısırlı eşi Recâ Muhammed Şibl’den üç erkek ve iki kız çocuğu olup hepsi de tıp doktorudur.
Bazı kaynaklarda Kattân’ın Suudi Arabistan’da İhvân-ı Müslimîn’in ilk temsilcisi olduğu ve teşkilâtla Suudi Devleti arasındaki ilişkileri yürüttüğü, ancak bu ülkede İhvân-ı Müslimîn’in kurumsal yapılanmasına izin verilmediği zikredilir (Lacroix, Zemenü’ṣ-ṣahve , s. 64, 66, 89). Bazı araştırmacılar da onun Mısır’da Suudi öğrencileriyle ilgilenip İhvân-ı Müslimîn teşkilâtıyla ilişkilerini sağlayan ilk kişi olduğu, daha sonra Suudi Arabistan’a gittiğinde de teşkilât tarafından resmî bir görevlendirme olmadan bu ilgisini sürdürdüğü bilgisini verir (Ali Aşmâvî, s. 62, 104; Lacroix, Zemenü’ṣ-ṣaḥve , s. 89). Yûsuf el-Kardâvî, Usûlüddin Fakültesi’ni kendisinden iki yıl önce bitiren, okul ve ev arkadaşı Kattân’ın Suudi Arabistan’da yöneticilerle kurduğu yakın ilişki sayesinde ülkedeki İhvân-ı Müslimîn mensuplarının problemlerini doğrudan onlara arzederek çözmeye çalıştığını, devletin isteklerini de teşkilât yöneticilerine ulaştırdığını, böylece İhvân’ın resmî makamlar nezdinde temsilcisi olduğunu belirtir (İbnü’l-ḳarye , III, 82-83).
Eğitim öğretim faaliyetleri yanında İslâm dünyasının problemleriyle de ilgilenen Kattân, Batılılar’ın İslâm toplumlarının kalkınmasına imkân tanımayıp sürekli kendi hâkimiyet ve kontrolleri altında kalmaları için fikrî, iktisadî ve siyasî bir mücadele sürdürdüğüne, içeriden bazı kesimlerin de bunlara destek verdiğine, ancak kendi tarihî kimliğinin bilincinde olan, İslâm kültürünün ve medeniyetinin değerlerini özümseyen yeni bir gençlik yetiştiğine, İslâm esaslarına dayalı çağdaş bir toplumun kurulması için ümitlerin belirdiğine dikkat çeker. Bu gençliğe gerçek İslâmî değerleri anlatma hususunda âlimlere büyük görev düştüğünü, topraklarının işgal edilmesine ve ekonomik bakımdan geri kalmış olmalarına rağmen inançları sayesinde varlıklarını sürdüren İslâm toplumlarının özgüvenlerini kaybetmesi halinde bunun yerini alacak başka bir şeyin bulunamayacağını söyler. Ona göre İslâm âlimleri ilk esas olarak bu gerçeği şiâr edinmelidir. İkinci esas, aralarındaki küçük ictihad farklılıklarının ümmetin birliğine engel teşkil etmemesi, üçüncü esas sosyal bilimler, ekonomi, felsefe, enformasyon gibi alanlarda büyük gelişme kaydeden insanlık tecrübesinden faydalanıp onların kendi toplumlarına özgü çözümler üretmeye çalışmaları, dördüncüsü engelleri sabır ve metanetle aşmaya çalışarak ümitsizliğe asla kapılmamalarıdır. Her toplumda hayatın sosyal, siyasal, ekonomik vb. alanlarıyla ilgili yaklaşımların ve faaliyetlerin özelliğini o toplumun inancından, varoluş, insan ve hayat tasavvurundan aldığını, buna bağlı olarak farklılıkların ortaya çıktığını ileri süren Kattân aslında İslâm’ın, temel prensiplerinden kaynaklanan İslâm iktisat düşüncesinin de aslî/hakiki mülkiyet (Allah’a ait) ve ârızî mülkiyet (kula ait), istihlâf fikri (kulun Allah adına tasarrufta bulunması) ve hilâfete ancak sâlihlerin lâyık olması gibi kavramlara dayandığını, mülkiyet konusunda insanın mal edinme arzusunu tanıma, helâl-haram ve ahlâkî değerler çerçevesinde iktisadî hürriyeti savunma, insanların birbirinden farklı olmaları sebebiyle ekonomik alanda doğacak farklılıkların toplumsal etkilerini azaltacak denge ve sosyal dayanışma prensipleri gibi yöntemlerle diğer sistemlerden ayrıldığını belirtir.
Eserleri. İslâm Hukuku: Niẓâmü’l-üsre fi’l-İslâm (Riyad 1961); Mevḳıfü’l-İslâm mine’l-İştirâkiyye ev naẓariyyetü’t-temellük fi’l-İslâm (Riyad 1963); et-Teşrîʿ ve’l-fıḳh fi’l-İslâm târîḫen ve menhecen (Kahire 1976, 1422/2001; Beyrut 1985; müellif bu eserini daha sonra gözden geçirerek Târîḫu’t-teşrî ʿi’l-İslâmî: et-Teşrî ʿ ve’l-fıḳh adıyla yayımlamıştır: Kahire 1989; Beyrut 1993; Riyad 1417/1996, 2002); Vücûbü taḥkîmi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye (Riyad 1979, 1405/1985; Kahire 1987); eş-Şerîʿatü’l-İslâmiyye: Şümûlühâ ve ʿâlemiyyetühâ ve vücûbü taṭbîḳihâ (Cidde 1980); Refʿu’l-ḥarec fi’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye (Cidde 1982); Ḥarbü’l-Ḫalîc fî mîzâni’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî (Kahire 1411/1991); Muʿavviḳātü taṭbîki’ş-şerîʿati’l-İslâmiyye (Kahire 1411/1991); en-Niẓâmü’l-ḳażâʾî fi’l-ʿahdi’n-nebevî ve ʿahdi’l-ḫilâfeti’r-râşide (Kahire 1413/1993); İḳāmetü’l-müslim fî beledin ġayri müslim (Paris 1993); İslam’da Mülkiyet Nizamı (trc. Mustafa Varlı, Ankara 1967; Medine İslâm Üniversitesi’nde verdiği bir konferanstır). Boşnakça bir ilmihal olan Islamsko znanje adlı eserin (trc. Muhamed Duliman, Sarajevo 1998) Kur’an’la ilgili bölümünü Kattân yazmıştır.
Diğer Eserleri: Tefsîru âyâti’l-aḥkâm (Kahire 1975); el-Vecîz fî uṣûli’t-tefsîr (Riyad 1400/1980); Mebâḥis̱ fî ʿulûmi’l-Ḳurʾân (Kahire 1981, 1987; Beyrut 1986, 21. bs.; Riyad 1421/2000; Endonezyaca trc. Mudzakir AS, Studi ilmu-ilmu Qur’an , Bogor 1992, 2009, 2013; Jakarta 2000; Endonezyaca trc. H. Aunur Rafiq el-Mazni, Pengantar studi ilmu Al-Quran , Jakarta 2006; İng. trc. Ahmad von Denffer, An Introduction to Sciences of the Quran , London 1983); Nüzûlü’l-Ḳurʾân ʿalâ sebʿati aḥruf (Kahire 1991); Mebâḥis̱ fî ʿulûmi’l-ḥadîs̱ (Kahire 1987, 1992, 1993, 2007); el-Ḥadîs̱ ve’s̱-s̱eḳāfetü’l-İslâmiyye (Riyad 1403/1983, 1405/1985; lise sınıfları için hazırlanmış üç kitaptan oluşmaktadır); ed-Daʿve ile’l-İslâm (Dımaşk 1969); el-İslâm risâletü’l-ıṣlâḥ (Riyad 1963).
Kattân’ın bazı makaleleri de şunlardır: “Neşʾetü’l-fıḳhi’l-İslâmî ve uṣûli meẕâhibihî” (Mecelletü’l-vaʿyi’l-İslâmî , VI/68 [Küveyt 1390/1970], s. 28-35; VI/70, 1390/1970, s. 40-49); “Dirâsât fi’s-sîre” (Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , sy. 6 [Riyad 1395/1975], s. 26-80); “Dürûs mine’l-hicre” (Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , sy. 7 [1396/1976], s. 28-43); “Siyâsetü’l-mâl fi’l-İslâm” (Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , sy. 8 [1397/1977], s. 52-62); “Es̱erü’l-îmân ve’l-ʿibâdât fî mükâfeḥati’l-cerîme” (Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , sy. 9 [1398/1978], s. 385-404); “Les effets de la foi et de la pratique du culte dans la lutte contre la criminalité” (Les effets de la législation islamique sur la prévention du crime en Arabie saoudite: Actes du symposium tenu à Riad, 16-21 shawal 1396 [9-13 octobre 1976] , Riyad 1980, s. 197-251); “ʿAvâmilü’n-nehḍati’l-İslâmiyye” (Mecelletü Külliyeti’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , I/1 [Ahsâ 1401/1981], s. 13-37); “el-ʿAḳīde ve’l-müctemaʿ” (Mecelletü Külliyeti’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , II/2 [1403/1983], s. 697-731); “el-Ḥâcetü ile’r-rusül fî hidâyeti’l-beşeriyye” (Mecelletü’l-buḥûs̱i’l-İslâmiyye , sy. 7 [Riyad 1403/1982], s. 172-199); “el-İctihâdü’l-fıḳhî li’t-teberruʾ bi’d-dem ve naḳlih” (Mecelletü’l-Mecmaʿi’l-fıḳhiyyi’l-İslâmî , II/3 [Mekke 1989], s. 52-65); “el-İstiʿâne bi-ġayri’l-müslimîn” (Mecelletü Külliyeti’ş-şerîʿa ve’d-dirâsâti’l-İslâmiyye , III/5 [1411/1991], s. 195-203).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Mennâ‘ Halîl el-Kattân, “Mefhûm ve menhecü’l-iḳtiṣâdi’l-İslâmî”, el-İḳtiṣâdü’l-İslâmî: Buḥûs̱ muḫtâre mine’l-Müʾtemeri’l-ʿâlemî el-evvel li’l-iḳtiṣâdi’l-İslâmî , Mekke 1400/1980, s. 132-142; a.mlf., “Siyâsetü’l-mâl fi’l-İslâm”, Eḍvâʾü’ş-şerîʿa , VIII, Riyad 1397, s. 52-62; Muhammed el-Meczûb, ʿUlemâʾ ve müfekkirûn ʿareftühüm , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-i‘tisâm), I, 447-460; Ali Aşmâvî, eṭ-Ṭarîḳu’s-sirrî li-cemâʿati’l-İḫvâni’l-müslimîn: Müẕekkirât , Kahire, ts. (Dârü’l-hilâl), s. 62, 104; Ahmed el-Alâvine, et-Teẕyîl ve’l-istidrâk ʿalâ Muʿcemi’l-müʾellifîn , Cidde 1423/2002, s. 341-342; M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîne’l-muʿâṣırîn: Vefeyât 1315-1424 (1897-2003) , Riyad 1425/2004, II, 786; Yûsuf el-Kardâvî, İbnü’l-ḳarye ve’l-küttâb: Melâmiḥ sîre ve mesîre , Kahire 1427/2006, III, 82-83; Abdullah el-Akīl, Min Aʿlâmi’d-daʿve ve’l-ḥareketi’l-İslâmiyyeti’l-muʿâṣıra , Amman 1429/2008, II, 1182-1191; ʿUlemâʾ ve aʿlâm ketebû fî mecelleti’l-Vaʿyi’l-İslâmî el-Küveytiyye , Küveyt 1432/2011, II, 178-244; Stéphane Lacroix, Zemenü’ṣ-ṣaḥve: el-Ḥarekâtü’l-İslâmiyyetü’l-muʿâṣıra fi’s-Suʿûdiyye (trc. Abdülhak ez-Zemmûrî v.dğr.), Beyrut 2012, s. 64, 66-67, 89-90, 95; a.mlf., “No Spring in Riyadh: Saudi Arabia’s Seemingly Impossible Revolution”, Taking to the Streets: The Transformation of Arab Activism (ed. Lina Khatib – Ellen Lust), Baltimore 2014, s. 303; “eş-Şeyḫ Mennâʿ Ḫalîl el-Ḳaṭṭân”, Mecelletü’l-buḥûs̱i’l-İslâmiyye , I/1, Riyad 1395, s. 78; “Ḥaflü tekrîmi fażîleti’ş-Şeyḫ Mennâʿ Ḫalîl el-Ḳaṭṭân”, el-İs̱neyniyye , XI/142 (1414/1993), http://www.alithnainya.com/tocs/default.asp?toc_id=169&toc_brother=-1&path=0;1;15;169 (05.03.2015); “el-Ḳāḍî eş-Şeyḫ Mennâʿ Ḫalîl el-Ḳaṭṭân”, http://www.ikhwanwiki.com/index.php?title=%D9 (05.03.2015); Bedr M. Bedr, “Fi’ẕ-Ẕikre’l-ḥâdiyete ʿaşer li-vefâti’l-ʿâlimi’l-celîl eş-Şeyḫ Mennâʿ Ḫalîl el-Ḳaṭṭân”, http://www.odabasham.net/show.php? sid=37430 (05.03.2015); Ali el-Garîb Fâtin el-Hindî, “eş-Şeyḫ Mennâʿ el-Ḳaṭṭân min ḥalebâti’l-cihâd ilâ ḫaleḳāti’l-ʿilm”, http://www.lahaonline.com/articles/view/297.htm (05.03.2015).
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 30-32 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.