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KAVAS Skip to content İç güvenlik ve asayişi sağlamak üzere daha çok elçiliklerde görevlendirilen silâhlı muhafız.
Sözlükte kavs kökünden fâil olan kavvâs “ok yapan ve ok atan kimse, okçu” demektir. Kelime Fransızca’ya cawas , Almanca’ya kawasse şeklinde geçmiştir (EI2 [İng.] , IV, 808). Kâtib Çelebi’ye göre kavas ok atıcıdan ziyade “ok yapan kimse” anlamını taşımaktadır (Süllemü’l-vüṣûl , III, 505; Gibb – Bowen, I, 152). Terim olarak “tüfekli asker, silâhlı asker, silâhlı muhafız”, özellikle yüksek düzeydeki devlet görevlileriyle sefir, konsolos ve mübâşir gibi hariciye yetkililerinin maiyet ve hizmetlerinde, daha çok elçilik ve konsolosluklarda, bunun yanında, banka ve patrikhâne gibi resmî dairelerde görevli, özel elbisesi olan “yasakçı, polis-asker (inzibat askeri)” ve “koruma görevlisi” anlamlarını ifade eder. Kaynaklarda, “Solaklar taifesi ki pâdişâh-ı âlem-penâh hazretlerinin kavvaslarıdır” şeklinde solakları ifade etmek üzere de kullanılmıştır (Kitâbü Mesâlihi’l-müslimîn , s. 98). Kavaslar için muhafızlık görevleri dolayısıyla yasakçı , harbe taşımaları sebebiyle harbeci , ellerinde gümüş değnek bulundurmaları dolayısıyla değnekçi , bazan da çavuş tabirinin kullanıldığı görülmektedir.
Kavasların başında bulunan kimseye kavasbaşı adı verilir. Başlangıçta vezir, serasker, paşa ve kadıların dairelerinde ve maiyetlerinde sayıları dört ile altı arasında değişen, paşaların yanında yaver, emîr subayı olarak bulunan, bunlara hizmetkârlık ve uşaklık eden, önlerinde ok atan, ateşli silâhların icadından önce ok, yay ve ok takımı, daha sonraları silâh taşıyan kavaslar bulunmaktaydı. Vezir dairelerinde bulunan kavasların sayısı zamanla artmıştır (Mustafa Nûri Paşa, III, 82). Kavaslar sonraları daha ziyade sıradan ulaklar olarak da istihdam edilmiştir.
Kavas terimi önce Dîvân-ı Hümâyun’da, çavuşbaşının yönetimi altındaki çavuşların bir alt seviyesindeki silâhlı kişiler için kullanılmıştır. Esas itibariyle Bâbıâli çavuşbaşılık teşkilâtı personelinden olan ve muhzırbaşına bağlı bulunan Bâbıâli kavaslarının Paşakapısı veya Bâbıâli’nin ayrı olan harem kısmında, muhzır ve yoldaşlarının yerlerinden sonra kendilerine ait odaları vardı (Uzunçarşılı, Merkez-Bahriye , s. 266). Bunların seraskerlik maiyetinde de koğuşları mevcuttu (BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 7173). Kavasların çavuşbaşının görevleri çerçevesinde muhtelif hizmetlerde bulunduğu görülmektedir. Polis teşkilâtının ilk nüvesini teşkil eden Bâbıâli kavasları yeniçeriliğin ilgası üzerine bir ara geçici olarak sefârethânelerde de görevlendirilmiştir. Bâbıâli kavaslarının sadâretin bir birimi olan teşrifat kaleminde de görev yaptıkları bilinmektedir. Kavas teşkilâtının II. Mahmud zamanında kurulan özel polis biriminde önemli bir yeri olmuş, bu dönemde yeniçeri ve bostancı ocakları kaldırılıp Asâkir-i Mansûre-i Muhammediyye teşkil edilirken bu çerçevede ilga olunan muhzır ağalığında ağanın maiyetinde, “harbeci” adı verilen, suçluların tevkif ve hapsiyle görevli, özel elbiseleri, bellerinde asılı birer baltaları, ellerinde harbeleri olan kimselerin unvanı kavasa dönüştürülmüş, ayrıca İstanbul’daki bir karargâhta 150 kavas ve 500 seymenden oluşan özel bir polis birimi oluşturulmuştur (J. Shaw – K. Shaw, II, 76). İstanbul’da bulunan bu kavasların ellerinde gümüş değnek bulunurdu.
Osmanlılar’da ne zaman kurulduğu açık bir şekilde bilinmemekle birlikte önceleri yasakçı, değnekçi, harbeci ve kavas, 1826’dan itibaren daha çok kavas, bazan da çavuş adıyla anılan bu teşkilâtın yeniçeri teşkilâtıyla birlikte mevcut olduğu tahmin edilebilir. Kavas teşkilâtı, Osmanlı Devleti ve kapitülasyon rejimiyle ilgili bir eserde “agents de police ou cawas” ifadesiyle polis teşkilâtı olarak takdim edilmektedir (Rausas, s. 29). Osmanlı idarî literatüründe bu terim daha çok elçi, konsolos, konsolos vekili ve konsolos memuru gibi yabancı devlet temsilci ve temsilcilikleri hizmetinde bulunan özel polisleri ifade etmektedir. Osmanlı ülkesindeki elçi ve konsolosların her birinin birer çavuşu ile bir veya daha çok yeniçerisi bulunmakta, bunlara yasakçı veya kavas denilmekteydi. Elçilik kavasları 1826 yılına kadar yeniçeriler arasından seçilir ve görevlendirilirdi. Evli yeniçerilerden ailesi kalabalık olanlar sefirlerin maiyetine muhafızlık hizmetiyle verilir, görevlendirilmeleri süresinde odabaşılarına bağlılıkları devam ederdi. Vazifeleri sefirler, konsoloslar ve maiyetleriyle birlikte sefârethâne ve konsoloshâneleri korumak, resmî veya gayri resmî şekilde ikametgâhlarını terkeden diplomatlara ve eşlerine himaye amacıyla refakat etmek, önlerinde gitmek suretiyle onlara yol açmak, ülkeye geldiklerinde karşılamaktan ibaretti. Bâbıâli’de sadrazamı ziyaret eden bir sefirin önünde kılıçlı ve tabancalı bir kavas yürür, ona kalabalıkta yol açar ve yol gösterirdi. Elçiliklerde görevlendirilmiş olan kavaslar yalnız elçiliğin koruması ile değil elçi ve eşinin özel işleriyle de ilgilenmek durumundaydı (Montagu, s. 47, 48).
Fransa’ya verilen 1740 kapitülasyonundan itibaren yabancı diplomatlara kendi kavaslarını seçme yetkisi tanınmıştır. 1740 kapitülasyonunda geçen “Françeviyyü’l-asl olan Françe kavasları” tabirinden, elçilik ve konsolosluklara istedikleri yeniçerileri seçebilme yetkisi yanında Osmanlı tebaası dışında kavas istihdam etme imkânının da sağlandığı, bu suretle elçilik ve konsolosluklarda iki tip muhafız bulunduğu, bunlardan ilkinin yasakçı Osmanlı yeniçerisi, ikincisinin ise Fransız kavaslar olduğu sonucu çıkmaktadır. Bu kapitülasyonla hem Osmanlı hem de Fransız konsolosluk yasakçı-kavaslarına imtiyazlar sağlandığı da anlaşılmaktadır.
Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kaldırılmasından sonra Galata voyvodası maiyetindeki askerden muhafız verilmeye başlanması bazı problemlere yol açmıştır. İngiliz sefiri buna itiraz ederek sefârethâneyi kapatmış, verilen muhafızları kabul etmemiş, hükümet de sefârethâneye geçici olarak Bâbıâli kavasları göndermiş, bu defa Fransa sefiri daha ileri gidip eğer asker verilmezse Fransa’dan muhafız getirteceğini Bâbıâli’ye yazarak bu askerleri getirtmişti (Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , I, 564, 565).
23 Safer 1280 (9 Ağustos 1863) tarihli nizamnâmeyle başkonsolosluklar ve eyalet merkezlerinde bulunan konsolosluklar için dört, diğer konsolosluklar için üç, konsolos vekillikleri ve konsolos memurlukları için de ikişer kavas görevlendirilebileceği öngörüldü. Bunların tayini hükümet tarafından ilgili taşra yöneticilerine bildirildi. Sefâretlerde kavaslar, Yeniçeri Ocağı’ndaki yevmiyelerinden başka sefârethânelerden de gayri resmî olarak 4’er, 5’er akçe yevmiye alırlardı. İstanbul’a gelen elçilerin kaldığı Elçi Hanı’nda, kapılarda yılda bir değiştirilmek suretiyle nöbet görevi yapan bir çavuşla dört yasakçı ise yılda 50 duka alırdı. Kavaslar kendilerini diğer personelden ayıran bir tür fantezi üniforma giyerlerdi.
1740 kapitülasyonunun elçiliklere tanıdığı Osmanlı tebaası dışında kavas istihdam edebilme imtiyazının istismarı ve bunun önlenemeyişi, devletin güç kaybına uğraması, Bâbıâli’de 1908-1909’da gerçekleştirilen tasfiye ve düzenlemeler gibi sebeplerle elçilik ve konsolosluk muhafız ve hademesi olarak çalışan, elçi ve konsolosların önünde silâhlı olarak dolaşan kavaslar tamamen yabancılardan teşekkül etmiştir. Osmanlı Devleti ve halkı için bir külfet ve kapitülasyonların âdeta ayakta gezen alâmeti haline gelen (Pakalın , III, 606) elçiliklerdeki kavas teşkilâtının 1923 Lozan Antlaşması ile muhtemelen birinci ve yirmi sekizinci maddelere istinaden ortadan kalktığı anlaşılmaktadır. Özellikle yirmi sekizinci maddeyle kapitülasyonların kaldırılması, elçilerin ve kavaslarının halkı kendi tebaası gibi gören tavır ve statülerinin sona ermesini sağlamıştır. Ancak kavas veya benzeri bir terim bugün için hâlâ kullanılmakta ve gerek Türkiye gerekse diğer İslâm devletlerinde yabancı sefâretlerin muhafız ve hizmetkârlarını, yabancı temsilcilerle Arap ülkelerinde bulunan papaz, vâiz ve rahip gibi dinî yetkililerin bir nevi kapıcılarını ifade etmektedir (CEAC , s. 284).
Kavas ve kavasbaşı istihdam eden diğer birimler şehremaneti ve sıhhiye teşkilâtlarıdır. Şehremaneti teşkilâtı içerisinde bulunan belediye kavasları, belediye zâbıtası görevinin polislere devredildiği tarihe kadar bu görevi sürdürmüş, görevleri esnasında beyaz kayışlı bir pala taşımış ve belediye çavuşu olarak anılmıştır. Belediye kavaslarının isimleri sonradan “komisyon çavuşu”, en son olarak da “zâbıta-i belediyye memuru”na dönüşmüştür. Bu kavas veya çavuşların üniformasız ve sivil gezenlerine “tebdil”, bunların en büyüğüne “baştebdil” veya “tebdil eskisi” denirdi (Pakalın , II, 215; III, 428).
Sıhhiye teşkilâtı içerisinde iki şube halinde düzenlenmiş olan karantina meclisinin ikinci şubesinde, “müdîr-i kavvâs-ı sıhhiyye” adıyla 500 kuruş maaşlı bir görevli ile buna bağlı olarak “kavvâs-ı sıhhiyye” adıyla otuz kişiden ibaret olan ve kendilerine toplam 5000 kuruş maaş verilen kavaslar bulunmaktadır. Bu çerçevede kurulmuş olan Kuleli Tahaffuzhânesi’nde kendilerine toplam 2250 kuruş maaş ödenen on beş kavasla bunların âmiri durumunda olup 500 kuruş maaş alan bir kavasbaşı yer almaktadır (Sarıyıldız, LVIII/222 [1994], s. 339, 370-371). Kavasların kısa bir süre için İstanbul’da Tophane ve Beyoğlu taraflarının zâbıtasına memur edilerek kendilerine maaş tahsis edildiği de görülmektedir (Tongur, s. 147).
Kavaslar taşra teşkilâtında da çeşitli görevler üstlenmiştir. Taşra zaptiye teşkilâtındaki kavasların zaptiye işinde görev alan müşir, ferik ve diğer subayların emrinde görev yaptıkları, aylık olarak aldıkları maaşlarının muhassıllar tarafından tahsil edilen vergilerden bulundukları mahalde karşılandığı, maaş aldıklarına dair kendilerinden birer makbuz alındığını gösterir belgeler düzenlendiği bilinmektedir (Orhonlu, s. 152).
Kavas ve kavasbaşılar taşrada valiler nezdinde görev yapardı. Meselâ Şam valisi nezdindeki kavasbaşı valinin muhafız alayı şefi durumundaydı (Koury, X, 33). Valilerin maiyetinde bulunan kavaslar ellerinde gümüş değnek taşırlardı. Taşrada istihdam edilen kavasların beylerbeyilerinin belirlediği yerlerde hizmet ettikleri, hizmet yerleri ve sayıları merkez tarafından belirtilmek suretiyle daha çok Şam, Halep, Hama ve Selemiye gibi Arap diyarlarından talep edildikleri, iyi yetişmiş, iyi ok atan kimseler olmalarının, at ve silâhlarıyla birlikte güvenilir kefiller alınmak suretiyle gönderilmelerinin istendiği, yirmi hâneden bir kavas alındığı (BA, MD , nr. 7, hk. 2123, 2251), bunların 5’er akçe ulûfe aldıkları, mevâciblerinin reâyâ tarafından karşılandığı, kavas toplanan yerde veya yakın bir bölgede zeâmete mutasarrıf yahut bey olan birinin merkez tarafından başlarına serdar tayin edildiği, sadece Anadolu’da değil Gürcistan’da ve Arabistan’daki Ulyanoğlu isyanı gibi bazı isyanlarda görev yaptıkları da anlaşılmaktadır (BA, MD , nr. 7, hk. 1174, 1176, 1250, 1256, 1278, 1465, 1750, 2026, 2079, 2123, 2251; MD, nr. 44, hk. 153). Taşrada kavaslar ayrıca sâlyâne toplamak, vali ve kadıların konaklarında hizmet etmekle de görevlendirilmekte, konaklarda görev yapan kavasların bir çavuş nezâretinde veya onunla iş birliği içerisinde faaliyetlerini yürüttükleri kaydedilmektedir. XIX. yüzyıl sonlarına doğru Mekke emirliğine bağlı olarak bir kavasbaşı ile maiyetinde kavasların bulunduğu bilinmektedir.
Mütesellimler iç güvenliği temin görevlerini, özellikle Yeniçeri Ocağı’nın kalkmasından sonra yanlarında barındırdıkları kapı halkıyla yürütmeye başlamış, bu çerçevede sekban, tüfenkçi veya kavas denilen askerler kullanmıştır (Çadırcı, s. 25). Eyaletlerde redif teşkilâtı kuruluncaya kadar iç güvenlik hizmetleri de bunlar tarafından yürütülmüştür.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
BA, MD , nr. 5, hk. 1686; nr. 7, hk. 1174, 1176, 1250, 1256, 1278, 1465, 1750, 2026, 2079, 2123, 2251; nr. 44 (haz. M. Ali Ünal), İzmir 1995, hk. 153.
BA , İrade-Dahiliye, nr. 2452, 2466, 3040, 3095, 3281, 3552, 7173.
Kitâbü Mesâlihi’l-müslimîn ve menafii’l-mü’minîn (haz. Yaşar Yücel, Osmanlı Devlet Teşkilâtına Dair Kaynaklar içinde), Ankara 1988, s. 98.
Kâtib Çelebi, Süllemü’l-vüṣûl ilâ ṭabaḳāti’l-fuḥûl , Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 1887, III, 505.
Lady M. Montagu, Türkiye Mektupları: 1717-1718 (trc. Aysel Kurutluoğlu), İstanbul, ts. (Tercüman 1001 Temel Eser), s. 47, 48.
Mustafa Nûri Paşa, Netâyicü’l-vukūât (nşr. Mehmed Gālib Bey), İstanbul 1327, III, 82.
G. P. du Rausas, Le régime des capitulations dans I’Empire ottoman , Paris 1911, s. 29.
Lozan Sulh Muâhedenâmesi, Mukavelât ve Senedât-ı Sâire 24 Temmuz 1339/1923 , İstanbul 1339, s. 5, 11.
Uzunçarşılı, Kapukulu Ocakları , I, 564, 565.
a.mlf., Merkez-Bahriye , s. 256, 265, 266.
Hikmet Tongur, Türkiye’de Genel Kolluk Teşkil ve Görevlerinin Gelişimi , Ankara 1946, s. 147.
H. A. R. Gibb – H. Bowen, Islamic Society and the West , London 1957, I, 152, 153.
S. J. Shaw – E. K. Shaw, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu ve Modern Türkiye (trc. Mehmet Harmancı), İstanbul 1983, II, 76.
Cengiz Orhonlu, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nda Derbend Teşkilâtı , İstanbul 1990, s. 152.
Musa Çadırcı, Tanzimat Döneminde Anadolu Kentleri’nin Sosyal ve Ekonomik Yapıları , Ankara 1991, s. 25, 151, 157.
Halil İnalcık, Osmanlı İmparatorluğu: Toplum ve Ekonomi , İstanbul 1993, s. 367.
Gündüz Ökçün, “Kapitülasyonlar Hakkında Bâb-ı Âlî’nin Sefaretlere Gönderdiği 7 Temmuz 1867 Tarihli Muhtıra”, SBFD , XXII/3 (1968), s. 139-151.
G. J. Koury, “The Ottoman Administration of the Province of Damascus at the end of the Eighteenth Century”, Studies in Islam , X, New Delhi 1973, s. 33.
Gülden Sarıyıldız, “Karantina Meclisi’nin Kuruluşu ve Faaliyetleri”, TTK Belleten , LVIII/222 (1994), s. 339, 370-371.
Mehmet Canatar, “Osmanlı Devleti’nde Kavaslar ve Kavas Teşkilatı”, İlmî Araştırmalar , sy. 4, İstanbul 1997, s. 67-86.
Pakalın , II, 215; III, 428, 606.
Ronart, CEAC , s. 284.
Cl. Huart – [B. Spuler], “Ḳawwās”, EI2 (İng.) , IV, 808.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 66-68 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.