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KAYITBAY Skip to content Ebü’n-Nasr Seyfüddîn Hâdimü’l-Haremeyni’ş-şerîfeyn el-Melikü’l-Eşref Kayıtbay ez-Zâhirî (ö. 901/1496)
Memlük sultanı (1468-1496).
Çerkez asıllı olup 826’da (1423) Kafkasya’da doğdu. On üç yaşında iken Mısır’a getirildi ve Sultan Barsbay tarafından satın alındı. Daha sonra Sultan Çakmak el-Melikü’z-Zâhir’in memlüklerinden oldu. Çakmak tarafından âzat edilerek hasekiler arasına alındı ve ardından devâdâr-ı sagīr tayin edildi. Hoşkadem zamanında (1461-1467) önce tablhâne emirliğine, daha sonra binbaşılık rütbesine yükseltildi. Tahtını ancak iki ay koruyabilen Yelbay döneminde sultanın muhafız birliklerinin kumandanlığına getirildi, tahta çıkmasında etkili olduğu Temürboğa onu atabeg yaptı. Bu sırada Hayırbay’ın neticesiz kalan isyanının bastırılmasında önemli rol oynadı. Ardından arkadaşlarının ısrarı üzerine orduda fazla taraftarı bulunmayan Temürboğa’nın yerine onun da rızâsı ile tahta oturdu (7 Receb 872 / 1 Şubat 1468).
Otuz yıla yakın bir müddet saltanat süren ve Burcî Memlükleri’nin en büyük sultanı sayılan Kayıtbay’ı uğraştıran en önemli mesele Osmanlılar’la mücadelesi oldu. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed’in hac güzergâhındaki su yollarının bakımı ve yeni havuzlar inşa etme teklifinin el-Melikü’l-Eşref Seyfeddin İnal tarafından reddedilmesi yüzünden başlayan gerginlik, Karamanoğulları ve Dulkadıroğulları’na bey tayini ve bu devletleri nüfuzları altına alma mücadelesiyle giderek dolaylı da olsa çatışmaya dönüşmüştü. Kayıtbay tahta çıktığında Osmanlılar’ın desteklediği Dulkadıroğulları Hükümdarı Şehsuvar Bey Memlükler’le savaş halindeydi. Bu sırada Memlükler de Osmanlılar’a karşı Karamanoğulları’nı destekliyordu. Osmanlılar’la ilişkileri düzeltmek isteyen Kayıtbay, Karamanoğulları’nı desteklemekten vazgeçti ve Fâtih’e bir elçi gönderip ondan Memlük kuvvetlerini yenilgiye uğratmış olan Şehsuvar Bey’e yardım etmemesini rica etti. Onun Karamanoğulları’na destek vermekten vazgeçmesinden memnun kalan ve Karaman seferine katılmadığı için de Şehsuvar Bey’e kızgın olan Fâtih bu teklifi kabul ederek askerî desteğini çekti. Devâdâr Yeşbek kumandasındaki Memlük kuvvetleri yalnız kalan Şehsuvar Bey’i önce Antep’te yendi ve onu Zamantı Kalesi’nde kuşattı. Bağlılık bildirip teslim olmak zorunda kalan Şehsuvar Bey Kahire’ye getirildi ve kendisine eman verilmiş olduğu halde idam edildi (877/1472).
Şehsuvar’ın yerine Kayıtbay, önceden beri desteklediği Şahbudak’ı ikinci defa Dulkadıroğulları Beyliği’nin başına getirmişti. Fâtih Sultan Mehmed ise Dulkadıroğulları Beyliği için Alâüddevle Bey’i destekledi. Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin yardımıyla Alâüddevle kardeşi Şahbudak’ı yenerek tahtı ele geçirdi (885/1480). Gerek bu gelişmeler gerek iki hükümdar arasında teâti edilen mektuplar ve elçi kabullerinde teşrifata aykırı davranışlar Memlükler’le Osmanlılar’ı savaşın eşiğine getirdiyse de Fâtih’in ölümü Osmanlı-Memlük savaşını bir süre erteledi.
Kayıtbay’ın diğer bir tehlikeli komşusu Akkoyunlu Hükümdarı Uzun Hasan’dı. Ancak onun 1473’te Otlukbeli’nde Osmanlılar’a yenilmesi bu tehlikeyi azaltmıştı. Fakat Uzun Hasan’ın 882’de (1478) ölümünden sonra yerine geçen Yâkub Bey zamanında iki ülke arasında önemli bir savaş yapıldı. Yeşbek kumandasındaki Memlük ordusu, Hama nâibini öldürdükten sonra Akkoyunlu ülkesine kaçan Hama bedevîlerinin liderini takip ederek onun sığındığı Ruha şehrini kuşatmıştı. Ruha Valisi Bayındır, bu sırada âni bir saldırıya geçerek Yeşbek kumandasındaki Memlük kuvvetlerini hezimete uğrattı. Başta Emîr Yeşbek olmak üzere Memlük ordusu çok büyük kayıp verdi. Kayıtbay bunu sineye çekmek zorunda kaldı ve Akkoyunlular’dan intikam almak yerine barış yolunu tercih etti. Zira bu sırada Osmanlı tahtına geçmiş olan II. Bayezid’i önemli bir tehdit olarak görüyor ve başka bir cephe açmaktan çekiniyordu.
II. Bayezid’e karşı taht mücadelesi veren Cem Sultan’ı Kayıtbay’ın ülkesine kabul ederek ona yardımcı olması iki devleti savaşın eşiğine getirdi. Çok geçmeden aynı zamanda II. Bayezid’in kayınpederi olan Dulkadırlı Beyi Alâüddevle Memlükler’in elindeki Malatya’yı kuşattı ve Kayıtbay’ın kendisine karşı gönderdiği kuvvetleri bozguna uğrattı (889/1484). Kayıtbay, bu durum karşısında bir elçilik heyetiyle Bayezid’e barış teklifinde bulundu. Ancak elçileri Osmanlı başşehrinden elleri boş döndü. Osmanlı kuvvetleri daha onlar ülkelerine ulaşmadan sınırı geçerek Memlük topraklarına girdi (890/1485). Biri Tarsus ve Adana’yı işgal eden, diğeri Malatya önlerine gelen iki Osmanlı ordusuyla Memlük orduları arasında başlayan savaşlar, 895 (1490) yılına kadar sürdü. Bu savaşlar sırasında Adana ve Tarsus birkaç defa el değiştirdi. 8 Ramazan 893’te (16 Ağustos 1488) Adana civarındaki (Ağaçayırı) savaşı kazanan Memlükler şehri tekrar ellerine geçirdiler. Dulkadırlı Beyi Alâüddevle’nin Memlükler’e iltihakı onların işini kolaylaştırmış, Çukurova’da cereyan eden bu savaşlarda üstün gelen taraf genellikle Memlükler olmuştur.
Kayıtbay, 895’te (1490) Osmanlılar’la barış yapmak için yeni bir heyet gönderdiyse de bu yeni bir savaşa yol açtı. Kayıtbay, Emîr Özbek’e Osmanlı ülkesine saldırı emri verdi. Kayseri üzerine yürüyerek karşısına çıkan Osmanlı birliklerini mağlûp eden Özbek, Osmanlı kuvvetlerinin yaklaştığını duyunca muhasarayı kaldırdı. Gülek’e çekilirken Niğde, Karaman ve Ereğli civarını yağmaladı. Çukurova savaşlarında daha başarılı olmasına rağmen Kayıtbay, askerî ihtiyaçları temin hususunda karşılaştığı zorluklar sebebiyle barış için Tunus Hafsî sultanı başta olmak üzere bazı hükümdarların aracılığına başvurdu. Sonuçta Osmanlılar’la on beş yıl süreli bir barış imzalandı (896/1491). Dulkadırlı Beyi Alâüddevle de bundan sonra iki tarafla dostane ilişkiler kurmaya çalıştı. Kayıtbay ertesi yıl, Endülüs’teki son İslâm devleti olan Nasrîler’in (Benî Ahmer) yardım talepleri karşısında ülkesindeki hıristiyanları cezalandırmaya veya hıristiyanların Suriye ve Filistin’e girmesini yasaklamaya yönelik neticesiz kalan birtakım tehditler dışında bir şey yapamadı. Zira o sırada devletinin güçlü bir donanması da bulunmuyordu. Kayıtbay 27 Zilkade 901’de (7 Ağustos 1496) vefat etti.
Saltanatının son dört yılını savaşsız geçiren Kayıtbay, gerek savaş masraflarını gerekse sayıları büyük rakamlara ulaşan eserleri için yapılan büyük harcamalar yüzünden iyice bozulan ekonomiyi düzeltmek amacıyla çok gayret göstermişti. Kaynaklarda, mevcut gelirlerin yetmemesi üzerine Kayıtbay’ın para toplamak hususunda zora başvurduğu, zenginleri sıkıştırıp mal müsâderelerinde bulunduğu, vakıf veya şahıslara ait gayri menkullerden vergiler aldığı, hububat tâcirleri üzerine ağır vergiler koyduğu ve yine bir nevi ihtiyat kuvveti olan evlâdü’n-nâsı cepheye göndermekten muaf tutmak karşılığında vergiye bağladığı belirtilir. Onun saltanat dönemi bazı tarihçilerce Burcî Memlükleri’nin en parlak devri sayılır.
Kaynaklarda âdil, cesur, ileri görüşlü, ilme ve ilim adamlarına değer veren bir hükümdar olarak tanıtılan Kayıtbay pek çok imar hareketinde bulunmuştur. Ülkesindeki maddî sıkıntılara rağmen Mısır, Hicaz ve Suriye’de pek çok cami, medrese, tekke, köprü ve kale inşa ettirmiştir. Yangın geçiren Mescid-i Nebevî’yi yenilemiş, Mekke ve Medine’de Harem’e bakan birer medrese yaptırmıştır. Bu eserlerden bazıları günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bunlar arasında özellikle türbesinin de içinde bulunduğu Kahire kapısındaki camisi en tanınmış olanıdır. Bu külliye, sadece Memlük mimarisinin değil aynı zamanda İslâm mimarisinin en güzel örneklerinden sayılır (bk. KAYITBAY KÜLLİYESİ ). Seyahati seven Kayıtbay Dicle ve Fırat boylarına kadar seyahatler yaptı. Bu arada hac görevini de ifa ederek Burcî Memlükleri döneminin bu görevi yerine getiren tek sultanı olma özelliğini kazandı. Kayıtbay, hayatı boyunca tek bir kadınla evli kalması ve tahttan indirilmiş sultanlara, yakınlarına ve isyan eden bazı emîrlere iyi davranmasıyla da tanınır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbn Ecâ, el-ʿIrâḳ beyne’l-Memâlîk ve’l-ʿOs̱mâniyyîne’l-Etrâk maʿa rıḥleti’l-emîr Yaşbek min Mehdî ed-Devâdâr (nşr. M. Ahmed Dehmân), Dımaşk 1406/1986.
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Abdülbâsıt el-Malatî, Nüzhetü’l-esâṭîn fî men veliye Mıṣr mine’s-selâṭîn (nşr. M. Kemâleddin İzzeddin Ali), Kahire 1987, s. 143-146.
İbn İyâs, Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 3-332.
Hoca Sâdeddin, Tâcü’t-tevârîh (nşr. İsmet Parmaksızoğlu), İstanbul 1979, III, 208, 242-243, 250, 266-273.
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Saîd Abdülfettâh Âşûr, el-Eyyûbiyyûn ve’l-Memâlîk , Kahire 1990, s. 286-291.
İsmail Yiğit, Siyasî-Dinî-Kültürel-Sosyal İslâm Tarihi: Memlûkler , İstanbul 1991, VII, 120-123.
G. Wiet, “Deux princes ottomans à la cour d’Egypte”, BIE , XX (1938), s. 137-150.
M. C. Şehabeddin Tekindağ, “II. Bayezid Devrinde Çukur-Ova’da Nüfuz Mücadelesi”, TTK Belleten , XXXI/123 (1967), s. 345-373.
İsmâil Ahmed İsmâil, “Medresetü’s-Sulṭân Ḳāyıtbay fî Mescidi’l-Ḥarâm”, el-ʿArab , XIV, Riyad 1979-80, s. 82-95.
Sobernheim, “Kayıtbay”, İA , VI, 462-464.
a.mlf. – [E. Ashtor], “Ḳāʾit Bāy”, EI2 (Fr.) , IV, 483-484.
Refet Yinanç, “Dulkadıroğulları”, DİA , IX, 553-557.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 80-81 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.