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KAYNAK, Sadettin Skip to content (1895-1961)
Hânende, bestekâr.
15 Nisan 1895’te İstanbul Fatih’te Sarıgüzel semtindeki Lutfi Paşa mahallesinde doğdu. Hacıoğulları diye tanınan bir ailedendir. Babası 1862’de okumak için Rize’den İstanbul’a gelen ve Fâtih Camii dersiâmlığı, huzûr-ı hümâyun hocalığı ve Tedkîkāt-ı Şer‘iyye Ahkâm-ı Şahsiyye (Temyiz Mahkemesi) üyeliği yapan müderris Ali Alâeddin Efendi, annesi Havva Hanım’dır. Alâeddin Efendi’nin hastalığı sebebiyle bir ara Rize’ye dönen aile, onun 1905’te vefatı üzerine tekrar İstanbul’a gelerek Küçükpazar semtine yerleşti. Sadettin ilk ve orta öğrenimini civardaki okullarda sürdürürken dokuz yaşında Kur’an’ı ezberledi. Mercan İdâdîsi’ni bitirdikten sonra Balkan Harbi sıralarında Dârülfünun İlâhiyat Fakültesi’ne girdi. I. Dünya Savaşı’nda öğrenim çağındaki gençlerin de askere çağrılması üzerine 1917’de fakülteyi bitiremeden askere alındı ve ihtiyat zâbiti olarak Diyarbekir’e gönderildi. Mardin, Elazığ ve Harput’ta bulundu. Cumhuriyet’in ardından Odesa’ya sefer yapan gemilerde bir müddet kâtip olarak çalıştı ve asıl arzu ettiği mesleğine Yavuz Sultan Camii imamlığı ile başladı. 1928’de aynı caminin başimamı oldu. Bestekâr ve icracı kimliğinin zaman zaman ön plana çıkması onu bir tercihle karşı karşıya bıraktı ve imamlık görevinden istifa etti. Daha sonra kendini tamamen mûsiki çalışmalarına verdi. 1953 yılında Sultan Ahmed Camii’nin ikinci imamlığına getirildi. Bu görevde iken yürüttüğü “Yavuz Sultan Selim Ağlıyor” filminin müzik çalışmaları sırasında felç oldu. 14 Ağustos 1954’te yapılan jübilesinin ardından Kadıköy Koşuyolu’ndaki evine çekildi. 3 Şubat 1961’de Haydarpaşa Numune Hastahanesi’nde üreden öldü ve ertesi gün vasiyeti üzerine Nuruosmaniye Camii’nde kılınan cenaze namazından sonra Merkezefendi’deki aile kabristanına defnedildi. 1926 yılında Zehra Hanım’la evlenmiş, bu evlilikten Cavidan, Yavuz, Feyyaz ve Günaydın adında dört çocuğu olmuştur.
Cumhuriyet dönemi mûsiki tarihinin en önemli simalarından biri olan Sadettin Kaynak hânendeliğinin yanı sıra bestekârlığıyla da tanınmış, bu iki özelliğinden hangisinin ön planda olduğu konusu öteden beri tartışılagelmiştir. Küçük yaşta sesinin güzelliğiyle dikkati çekmesi üzerine on yaşlarında iken Hâfız Melek Efendi’den ilk mûsiki derslerini almaya başladı. Ardından çalışmalarını Kasımpaşa’da Küçük Piyâle Paşa Camii imamı Şeyh Cemâleddin Efendi ile devam ettirdi. Kemal Batanay vasıtasıyla başladığı bu derslerde dört fasıl, birçok durak ve ilâhi meşketti. Cemâleddin Efendi’den geçtiği ilk eser Tab‘î Mustafa Efendi’nin “Çıkmaz derûn-i dilden efendim muhabbetin” mısraı ile başlayan bayatî ağır semâisidir. Askerliği sırasında Doğu illerinde görev yaparken folklorik unsurları ve özellikle halk mûsikisinin bölgesel motiflerini inceleme fırsatı buldu. Bu motifler, onun ilerideki bestecilik çalışmalarında ustaca yoğrularak şarkı ve türkü arası özellik taşıyan eserlerinin şekillenmesinde önemli rol oynamıştır. Askerlik dönüşü mûsiki çalışmalarını 1920’li yıllarda Mehmet Emin Dede (Yazıcı) ve Kâzım Bey’den (Uz) dersler alarak sürdürdü. Birçok Mevlevî âyini, ilâhi ve mi‘râciyenin ilk kısımlarını öğrendiği Emin Dede’den meşkettiği ilk eser Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin “Ey habîb-i kibriyâ ve’y matla‘-ı nûr-ı hüdâ” mısraıyla başlayan hüzzam durağıdır. Kâzım Bey’den (Uz) Zekâi Dede’nin sabâ kâr-ı nâtıkını öğrenerek başladığı meşk çalışmalarının yanı sıra onunla birlikte İbnülemin Mahmud Kemal’in Beyazıt’taki konağında düzenlenen mûsiki toplantılarına katıldı; dönemin ünlü edebiyat, sanat ve mûsiki çevreleriyle tanışma imkânı buldu.
Sadettin Kaynak bestekârlığa, 1926 yılında plak doldurmak için Berlin’e giderken, “Hicrân-ı elem sîne-i pürhûnumu dağlar” mısraıyla başlayan bir şiiri hüzzam makamında besteleyerek başladı. Eserlerinde geçmişi bugüne ve geleceğe bağlayan bir bestekâr olarak dikkati çekti. Klasik formlarda şahsî üslûbunu ortaya koyan dinî ve din dışı eserlerinin yanı sıra geleneksel şarkı formunun dışında bestelediği fantezi nitelikli eserlerinde erişilmesi güç başarılara ulaştı. Usul, ritim, tempo değişiklikleri ve makam geçkileri yönünden zengin örnekler ortaya koydu. Kendine has bir tarzda bestelediği eserlerinde amaç sadece usul ve makamın tanımı değil aynı zamanda mûsikinin üstün ifade gücü olmuştur. Mûsikinin çeşitli unsurları bu amaç doğrultusunda kullanılan etkin birer vasıta haline gelmiş, şiirin lafzı kadar anlamını da terennüm eden ve yansıtan bir özellik kazanmıştır.
Herhangi bir enstrüman çalmadığı halde Sadettin Kaynak’ın eserlerinde son derece parlak ve orijinal enstrümantal giriş ve bağlantı bölümleri dikkat çekmektedir. Bestelerinde saz unsuru satır aralarındaki küçük bağlantı parçası olmaktan çıkmış, gerektiğinde kelime aralarına girebilen, başta, ortada, sonda söz unsurlarıyla yarışan, onlarla eşdeğer bir nitelik kazanmıştır. Eserlerinin ses ve saz bölümlerinde icranın alışılmış sınırlarını zorlayan bir seviyeye ulaştığından gerek teknikte gerekse nüansta onun bestelerini icra edebilmek bir ustalık ölçüsü kabul edilmiştir.
Eserleri tabiat tasvirlerinden (Enginde yavaş yavaş günün minesi soldu / hicaz şarkı) hamâsî destanlara (Yanık Ömer / hüseynî şarkı), lirik fantezilerden (Gönlüm özledikçe görürdüm hele / muhayyer kürdî şarkı) halk türkülerine (İncecikten bir kar yağar / segâh şarkı; Gemim geliyor baştan / uşşak şarkı), ilâhilerden (Doğmazdı kalbe îman / rast ilâhi) revü müziklerine (Alabanda revüsü) kadar içinde resitatiflerin de yer alabildiği rahat anlaşılabilecek sadelikteki güftelere yer verilmiş, ses ve saz unsurlarının ayrılmaz bir bütün halinde kaynaştırıldığı kompozisyonlardır. Klasik mûsiki eğitimiyle yetişmiş olmasına rağmen halk sanatındaki gücü keşfetmiş ve halk mûsikisinin geleneksel şekillerini kendine özgü tavrıyla bestelerinde yorumlamıştır. Sadettin Kaynak eserlerinde, klasik ve folklorik müzik alanları arasındaki kültürel köprüyü nitelik zaafına düşmeden ustalıkla kurabilmiş ender sanatçılardandır. İlk defa Tanbûrî Cemil Bey’in dehasıyla klasik Türk mûsikisinin anlatım araçları arasına sokulan folklor müziğinin içine bu derece duygu ve cesaretle girebilen, klasik mûsiki eğitimiyle yetişmiş ilk söz müziği bestecisidir. Türkü tarzı eserlerinde daha çok Erzurumlu Emrah, Âşık Ömer ve Karacaoğlan gibi Türk halk edebiyatı şairlerinin manzumelerini tercih etmiştir.
Sadettin Kaynak’ın bir besteci olarak üstün başarılarının görüldüğü diğer bir alan film müziği bestekârlığıdır. 1939 yılından itibaren Türkiye’ye girmeye başlayan Mısır ağırlıklı yabancı filmler yanında bir müddet sonra bunların yerini alan yerli filmlerin müziğinin yapımı konusunda dönemin ünlü bestekârlarından yararlanma yoluna gidilmişti. Bu şekilde Münir Nurettin Selçuk, Artaki Candan, Şerif İçli, Sadi Işılay, Şükrü Tunar, Kadri Şençalar, Selâhattin Pınar ve Sadettin Kaynak film müziği çalışmalarına yönelmişlerdir. Bu besteciler içinde çalışmalarını en uzun ve en başarılı biçimde sürdüren sanatkâr Sadettin Kaynak olmuştur. Hatta onun eserlerinin pek çoğu bu filmlerin ürünüdür. Kendi ifadesine göre seksen beş filme müzik yapmış ve her film için on-yirmi civarında eser bestelemiştir. Sadettin Kaynak’ın müziğini yaptığı filmlerden bazıları şunlardır: Leylâ ile Mecnun, Allah’ın Cenneti, Vicdan Borcu, Binbir Gece, Meçhul Gazi, Beyaz Zambak, Selâhaddin Eyyûbî, Çanakkale Geçilmez, Düğün Gecesi, Endülüs Geceleri, Yayla Kartalı, Hârûnürreşîd’in Gözdesi, Arzu ile Kamber, Ferhad ile Şîrin, Yavuz Sultan Selim Ağlıyor.
Kaynak’ın Mısır filmleriyle olan bu münasebeti, sonraları kendisine Arap filmlerindeki melodilerin taklitçisi olmak ve bugün arabesk denen bir türün oluşmasına katkı sağlamak gibi birtakım haksız suçlamaların yöneltilmesine yol açmıştır. Bu ithamlara bizzat verdiği cevapta, o sıralarda ülkeye gelen Mısır filmlerinin sadece diyaloglarının Türkçe’ye çevrildiğini, şarkıların Arapça söz ve müziklerinin aynen kaldığını, bazı filmcilerin bu filmlerin daha çok tutunabilmesi için ayrıca şarkı sözlerinin Türkçeleştirilmesi şeklinde bir uygulama başlattığını ifade etmiştir. Kendisi ise film müziklerinin Türk mûsikisi formunda ve Türkçe sözlerle yeniden bestelenmesi yolunu teklif etmiş ve bunu başarılı şekilde uygulamıştır. O dönem için gerçekten büyük sorumluluğu gerektiren böyle bir çalışma içine çekinmeden giren Kaynak filmlerin şarkı ve müziklerini yeni baştan bestelemiştir. Filmler bir yandan orijinal Arap müziğiyle, öte yandan Sadettin Kaynak’ın yaptığı müzikle aynı anda gösterime girmiş, zamanla müziği Kaynak tarafından bestelenen filmlerin halk arasında daha çok rağbet kazandığı görülmüş, bu durum onun çalışmalarının devam etmesine sebep olmuştur.
Kendi ifadesine göre 1000’in üzerinde eser besteleyen Sadettin Kaynak beste çalışmalarını ölümünden iki yıl öncesine kadar sürdürmüştür. Bazılarının güftesi kendisine ait olan eserlerinde daha çok Vecdi Bingöl’ün manzumelerini tercih etmiştir. Besteleri halk tarafından çok beğenilen sanatkârın eserleri arasında, “Beklerim her gün bu sâhillerde mahzun böyle ben”; “Gönlüm seher yeli gibi daldan dala essem diyor” ve, “Çıkar yücelerden haber sorarım” mısralarıyla başlayan hüzzam fantezileri; “Batan gün kana benziyor, yaralı cana benziyor” mısraıyla başlayan muhayyer şarkısı; “Bahar bitti, güz bitti, artık bülbül ötmüyor” mısraıyla başlayan nihavend fantezisi; “Ağlarım çağlar gibi” mısraıyla başlayan hüseynî türküsü; “Muhabbet bağına girdim bu gece” ve, “Yeşil gözlerini ufkuma ger ki” mısralarıyla başlayan hicaz şarkıları; “Hoy deniz Karadeniz”; “Gül derler bana gül derler” mısralarıyla başlayan uşşak türküleri ve, “Gördüm seni bir gün yeni açmış güle döndüm” mısraıyla başlayan uşşak şarkısı; “Ben güzele güzel demem” ve, “Hoş geldin evimize” mısralarıyla başlayan mâhur türküleri; “Derman kâr eylemez, ferman dinlemez”; “Leylâ bir özge candır” ve, “Dertliyim, rûhuma hicranımı sardım da yine” mısralarıyla başlayan segâh şarkıları, “Yâd eller aldı beni” mısraıyla başlayan uzzâl türküsü sayılabilir. Ayrıca, “Ey âşık-ı sâdıklar gelin Allah diyelim” mısraıyla başlayan hicaz, “Alma tenden cânımı” mısraıyla başlayan hüzzam ilâhileriyle, “Yâ sâhibe’l-cemâl ve yâ seyyide’l-beşer” mısraıyla başlayan hüzzam şuğulü de çok tanınmış dinî eserlerindendir.
Sadettin Kaynak’ın bestelerinin pek çoğu plaklara okunmuş; Münir Nurettin Selçuk, Müzeyyen Senar, Safiye Ayla, Hamiyet Yüceses, Şükran Özer, Muallâ Mukadder gibi dönemin ünlü sanatçılarının seslendirdiği eserleri satış rekorları kırmıştır. İstiklâl Marşı’nı besteleyenler arasında bulunan Kaynak’ın yukarıda zikredilen formlar dışında klasik formda iki bestesi bulunmaktadır. Onun bestelerinden 267 adedinin listesi Yılmaz Öztuna’nın ansiklopedisinde yer almaktadır (bk. bibl.).
Onun bir diğer özelliği de “hâfız / hânende” kuşağının son ve en başarılı temsilcilerinden olmasıdır. Bir ses sanatçısı olarak 1926-1935 yıllarında doldurduğu taş plaklar koleksiyonların en değerli eserleri arasında yer alır. 1926-1927 yıllarında önce Dârütta‘lîm-i Mûsikî heyetiyle Pathé, ardından tek başına, ayrıca Hâfız Kemal ile birlikte Odeon ve Columbia firmaları için pek çok plak doldurmuştur. Plağa okuduğu ilk eser Kazasker Mustafa İzzet Efendi’nin, “Ben dost hevâsına düştüm gayri hevâ neme gerek” mısraıyla başlayan bayâtî durağıdır. Plaklarında kendisine daha çok ûdî Yorgo Bacanos ile kemençeci Aleko Bacanos eşlik etmiştir. Kaynak, Berlin’den başka çeşitli tarihlerde plak doldurmak üzere gittiği Viyana ve Milano’da Batı müziğini inceleme imkânı bulmuş ve Paris’te bir konser vermiştir. Onun besteci olarak tanınıp sevilmesi okuyuculuğu bıraktığı yıllardan sonrasına rastlar. Hazırlamakta olduğu müzik tarihine dair çalışmasını bitiremeyen Kaynak’ın beş defterden oluşan ve bizzat kendi kaleminden çıkmış olan geniş bir nota koleksiyonu bugün Alâaddin Yavaşça’da bulunmaktadır. Sanatçının ayrıca bir hâtıra kaleme aldığı söylenmekteyse de bu esere henüz ulaşılamamıştır.
Sadettin Kaynak, Atatürk’ün 1932 yılında başlattığı ibadet dilinin Türkçeleştirilmesi uygulamasına bizzat onun direktifiyle hazırlık safhasından itibaren katılmıştır. Ezan ve kāmetin Türkçe’ye çevrilmesi için oluşturulan komisyonda yer aldığı gibi (DİA , XII, 39) bu uygulamanın İstanbul camilerindeki tatbikatında, Kur’an meâlinin cemaat huzurunda aşır olarak okunmasında, namazın bu meâlin tilâvetiyle Türkçe kıldırılmasında, sarık ve cübbe giymeden Süleymaniye Camii minberine çıkarak cuma hutbesinin bütün dualarıyla birlikte Türkçe irat edilmesi (a.g.e. , XVIII, 428) uygulamalarında devrin diğer hâfızlarıyla birlikte yer almıştır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
İbnülemin, Hoş Sadâ , s. 251-253.
Mustafa Rona, Yirminci Yüzyıl Türk Mûsikisi , İstanbul 1970, s. 401-421.
Mehmet Nazmi Özalp, Türk Mûsikîsi Tarihi , İstanbul 2000, II, 228-231.
Cinuçen Tanrıkorur, Mûsikî Kimliğimiz Üzerinde Düşünceler , İstanbul 1998, s. 295, 336-342.
a.mlf., “Osmanlı Mûsikîsi”, Osmanlı Devleti ve Medeniyeti Tarihi (ed. Ekmeleddin İhsanoğlu), İstanbul 1998, II, 514.
Zeki Tükel, “Üstad Bestekâr Saadettin Kaynak’ın Evinde Bir Saat”, Radyo Haftası , sy. 131, İstanbul 1952, s. 27-29.
Hayri Yenigün, “Sadettin Kaynak”, MM , sy. 244 (1969), s. 10-11.
“Sâdeddin Kaynak: Eserleri ve Görüşler”, Musikî ve Nota , sy. 5, İstanbul 1970, s. 10-11.
“20. Ölüm Yıldönümünde Kaynak’ı Anıyoruz”, MM , sy. 377 (1981), s. 21-28.
Öztuna, BTMA , I, 435-439.
Mehmet Güntekin, “Kaynak, Sadeddin”, DBİst.A , IV, 507.
Halis Ayhan – Mustafa Uzun, “Ezan”, DİA , XII, 39.
Mustafa Baktır, “Hutbe”, a.e. , XVIII, 428.
Kendi Sesinden Hafız Sadettin Kaynak , Kitap ve CD, Kalan Müzik Arşiv Serisi.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 85-87 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.