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KAYSÛNÎZÂDE Skip to content Bedrüddîn Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Kūsûnî el-Mısrî (ö. 976/1568)
Hekimbaşı.
Kahire’de Memlük sultanlarının sarayında hekimlik ve hekimbaşılık yapan tanınmış bir aileye mensuptur. Klasik kaynaklarda aile fertleri hakkında verilen bilgilerin yetersiz olması ve aralarında isim benzerlikleri bulunması çağdaş çalışmaların çoğunda hatalı bilgilerin yer almasına yol açmış, ancak Rudolf Sellheim’in yaptığı kapsamlı araştırma ve Rudolf Vesely’in buna katkı mahiyetindeki çalışması (bk. bibl.) sayesinde söz konusu aileyle ilgili tatminkâr bir mâlûmat ortaya konulabilmiştir.
Kūsûnî (القوسوني) nisbesi, Şemseddin es-Sehâvî’nin (ö. 902/1497) belirttiğine göre Kahire’deki Kūsûn Camii ile ilgili olup bazan sîn harfiyle Kaysûnî (Kīsûnî) şeklinde de söylenmektedir (eḍ-Ḍavʾü’l-lâmiʿ , XI, 222). Bu cami, el-Melikü’n-Nâsır Muhammed b. Kalavun zamanında emîr-i kebîr olan Türk asıllı Seyfeddin Kūsûn tarafından 730 (1330) yılında Bâbüzüveyle dışında yaptırılmıştır (Makrîzî, II, 307-308). Adı geçen hekim ailesi de bu caminin civarında ikamet ettiğinden Kūsûnî nisbesini almıştır. Dolayısıyla bu nisbenin, varlığı bilinmeyen Kahire yakınlarındaki Kūsûn adlı bir köyle (Atâî, s. 196) veya Kosova ile ilgisi bulunmamaktadır (Sellheim, I, 203). Bazı kaynaklarda sâd harfiyle Kaysûnî şeklinde de kaydedilen nisbenin (Gazzî, I, 95; Fihristü’l-Kütübḫâneti’l-Ḫidîviyye , VI, 27). Kāṣûnî ve Karṣûnî (Gazzî, I, 82; III, 37) şeklindeki yazılışları yanlıştır. Peçevî de Kaysûnîzâde Bedreddin’in nisbesini Kāyṣûnî olarak kaydederken bu hekimbaşı ile birlikte Sigetvar’da Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın cenazesinde bulunan Selânikî ve ayrıca Atâî gibi müellifler babasıyla ilişkilendirerek nisbesini Kaysûnîzâde diye zikretmişlerdir. Selânikî’nin Târih ’inin bir başka nüshasında bu isim İbn Kaysûn (ابن قيسون) şeklinde geçmektedir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Esad Efendi, nr. 2259, vr. 24a ).
Gerek Sehâvî’nin yaptığı açıklama gerekse diğer kaynaklardan nakledilen bilgiler, Kūsûnî ve Kaysûnî nisbelerinin iki ayrı yerle ilişkili ve bunlarla anılan iki ayrı kişinin söz konusu olduğu şeklindeki değerlendirmelerin (Bayat, s. 32-33) ihtiyatla karşılanması gerektiğini ortaya koymaktadır. Kutbüddin el-Mekkî en-Nehrevâlî’nin İstanbul’a yaptığı seyahat sırasında hekimbaşı Bedreddin el-Kaysûnî’nin kendisini birkaç defa ziyaret ettiğini belirtmesi (Ekrem Kâmil, I/2 [1937], s. 64, 65, 79), bir yerde de ayrı bir tarihte kendisini ziyaret edenler arasında Mısırlı âlim Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Kūsûnî’yi zikretmesi (a.g.e. , I/2 [1937], s. 75), iki ayrı nisbe ve iki ayrı kişinin söz konusu olduğu hususunda yeterli delil sayılmamalıdır. Her iki nisbenin birbirinin yerine kullanıldığı, diğer kaynaklardan nakledilen bilgilerden anlaşıldığı gibi söz konusu seyahatnâmenin aslı incelendiğinde Nehrevâlî’nin son şahıs için “Bedrü’l-mille ve’d-dîn” sıfatını kullandığı, Mısır’da ve İstanbul’da (el-ebvâbü’s-sultâniyye) hekimbaşılık yaptığını söylediği ve onu da diğeri gibi övüp aralarında eski bir dostluk bulunduğuna işaret ettiği görülmektedir (el-Fevâʾidü’s-seniyye , vr. 141b ). Bu da Nehrevâlî’nin günlük şeklinde tuttuğu notlarla yazdığı seyahatnâmede aynı kişi için ayrı ayrı zamanlarda farklı ifadeler kullanmış olabileceğini akla getirmektedir. Nitekim Muḫtaṣarü’t-Teẕkire ’nin kapağında eserin Kaysûnîzâde’ye ait olduğu belirtilirken hemen altında, kendisinden sonra hekimbaşı olan Muhammed b. Garsüddin’e ait notta adı İbnü’l-Kūsûnî şeklinde yazılmıştır. Yâkūt el-Hamevî’nin, hakkında hiçbir bilgi vermeden Kaysûn adında bir yer zikretmesi de (Muʿcemü’l-büldân , IV, 479) bu konuda kesin bir delil olarak değerlendirilmemelidir. Ayrıca Kaysûnîzâde Bedreddin’in Hüdhüd lakabıyla tanındığına dair bilgi de (Bayat, s. 33-34) tartışma götürür. Zira bu konuda ilk kaynak sayılan Taşköprizâde, Bedreddin Hüdhüd hakkında bilgi verirken Kaysûnî nisbesinden ve hekimbaşılığından söz etmemekte, sadece İstanbul’da tabip olduğunu ve 950’den (1543) sonra vefat ettiğini belirtmektedir (eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 428).
Bedreddin Muhammed’in büyük dedesi Abdülvehhâb b. Sadaka el-Kūsûnî (ö. 835/1431) ailenin bilinen ilk ferdidir (Sehâvî, V, 100). Bunun oğlu Şemseddin Muhammed (a.g.e. , VIII, 134), İbn İyâs’ın bildirdiğine göre Cemâziyelevvel 882’de (Ağustos 1477) İbnü’l-Afîf’in yerine hekimbaşı olmuş ve 17 Rebîülevvel 917’de (14 Haziran 1511) vefat etmiştir (Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 134; IV, 218; ayrıca bk. Gazzî, I, 82; Ahmed Îsâ, s. 425, 476). Yine aynı tarihçinin bildirdiğine göre Memlük hükümdarının Şâban 902’de (Nisan 1497) bîmâristanı ziyareti sırasında babasıyla birlikte hil‘at giydirdiği bu zatın tabip oğlu Şemseddin Muhammed, Rebîülâhir 922’de (Mayıs 1516) Kansu Gavri Ridâniye’ye giderken hekimbaşı olarak onun yanında bulunmuş, Osmanlı ordusuyla Halep’te yapılan savaşta esir düştükten sonra kurtulup Kahire’ye dönmüş (14 Zilhicce 922 / 8 Ocak 1517) ve Yavuz Sultan Selim Kahire’ye geldiğinde onun maiyetinde bulunmuştur (Bedâʾiʿu’z-zühûr , III, 358; V, 43, 135, 188). Yavuz Sultan Selim’in İstanbul’a götürdüğü Şemseddin Muhammed, bu hükümdarın ölümü üzerine Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman tarafından Mısır’a gönderilen fermanla birlikte Yavuz’un vefatına dair bir rapor yollamış (a.g.e. , V, 360), Anadolu’dan döndükten sonra 11 Safer 931’de (8 Aralık 1524) Reşîd’de vefat etmiştir (Gazzî, I, 95; Ahmed Îsâ, s. 424-425).
Bu zatın oğlu olan Kaysûnîzâde Bedreddin Muhammed hakkında en geniş mâlûmatı veren Nev‘îzâde Atâî (ö. 1045/1635) adını Mahmud şeklinde kaydetmiş, daha sonraki kaynakların bir kısmı da bu bilgiyi tekrarlamıştır (Sicill-i Osmânî , IV, 312, 721; Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 413; Karabulut, s. 67). Hakkı Uzel ve ondan naklen Bedi N. Şehsuvaroğlu, Naîmâ’nın da bunun adını Mahmud olarak kaydettiğini belirtiyorsa da Naîmâ tarihinin matbu nüshasında böyle bir bilgiye rastlanmamıştır. Her iki kaynağın verdiği ayrıntılı bilgilerin Atâî’nin kaydettiği mâlûmatla aynı olması, Uzel’in Atâî yerine yanlışlıkla Naîmâ’yı zikrettiğini ve Şehsuvaroğlu’nun da bunu tekrarladığını düşündürmektedir. Atâî ile aynı dönemde yaşayan Peçevî İbrâhim ise bu zatın adını Bedreddin Muhammed b. Muhammed olarak vermekte, Sellheim, Atâî’nin bu konuda yanılmasının Âşık Çelebi’nin eş-Şeḳāʾiḳu’n-Nuʿmâniyye zeyline dayanmasından ileri geldiğini belirtmektedir (Materialien , I, 205).
Atâî’nin bildirdiğine göre Yavuz Sultan Selim Mısır’ın fethinden dönerken İstanbul’a götürdüğü âlim ve sanatkârlar arasında, Kaysûnîzâde’nin daha önce Memlük sarayında reîsü’l-etıbbâ olan amcası Alâeddin ile tabîb-i hâs olan babası da bulunuyordu. İbn İyâs’ın verdiği bilgilerden (yk.bk.) babasının da başhekimlik yaptığı anlaşılmaktadır. O tarihte yaşı küçük olduğu için Kahire’de kalan Kaysûnîzâde büyüyünce ataları gibi tıp tahsil etmiş ve Mısır Kadısı Mâlul Emîr Efendi 954 (1547) yılında Anadolu kazaskerliğine tayin edilince kendisini daha önce tedavi eden Kaysûnîzâde’yi de beraberinde götürmüştür. Kaysûnîzâde, bu sırada ağır bir hastalığa yakalanan Şehzade Bayezid’i tedavi ettiği için büyük bir üne kavuştu ve Bâbüssaâde ağalarından Câfer Ağa tarafından Hâmânoğlu adlı yahudi hekimin nikris (kut) hastalığını bir türlü iyileştiremediği Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’a takdim edildi. Padişahın Hâmânoğlu ile birlikte çalışmasını istemesine rağmen onun iyi ve güvenilir bir hekim olmadığını söyleyen Kaysûnîzâde padişahı tek başına tedavi etti; bunun üzerine ona ve evlâdına maaş bağlandı, kendilerine İstanbul ve Edirne’de evler verildi. Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Abdurrahman el-Ceznâî’nin eserine 958’de (1551) Edirne’de bir şerh yazmış olması (aş.bk.), ayrıca Edirne Beyazıt Dârüşşifâsı’na vakfedilen Edebü’ṭ-ṭabîb adlı eser üzerine kitabı okuduğuna dair 959 (1552) tarihli bir kayıt düşmüş olmasından (Bayat, s. 35) bu yıllarda Edirne’de olduğu anlaşılmaktadır.
970 (1562) yılı başlarında Mehmed Çelebi’nin ölümü üzerine hekimbaşı olan Kaysûnîzâde, Sigetvar seferinde Kanûnî’nin yanında bulunmuş ve padişahın ölümü üzerine cesedini tahnît etmiştir. Selânikî kendisi, Kaysûnîzâde, İmam Derviş Efendi ve rikâbdar ağalarla birlikte on iki kişinin padişahın naaşını yıkayıp kefenledikten sonra namazını kıldıklarını söyler. Atâî’nin yazdığına göre Yavuz Sultan Selim’in vefatında da hekimbaşı Sinan Çelebi, tabîb-i sultânîler Ahî Çelebi, Îsâ Çelebi ve Şah Muhammed Kazvînî gibi şahsiyetler hazır bulundukları halde ilmî ve ahlâkî meziyetleri sebebiyle bu hizmet Kaysûnîzâde’nin babasına tevdi edilmişti (Zeyl-i Şekāik , I, 197).
Peçevî, Kaysûnîzâde’nin padişah katında saygın bir yeri olduğunu, hatta yaşlılığında Bâb-ı Hümâyun’a geldiğinde vezîriâzamların bile yaya geçtikleri yerden binek üzerinde geçmesine izin verildiğini ve II. Selim’in tahta geçişinden (974/1566) iki yıl sonra vefat ettiğini belirtir. Atâî de 976 yılı Safer ayında (Ağustos 1568) ishalden öldüğünü söyler. Fakat Süleymaniye Kütüphanesi’nde mevcut (Ayasofya, nr. 3728) Muḫtaṣarü’t-Teẕkire adlı eserinin kapağında, kendisinden sonra hekimbaşı olan Mehmed b. Garsüddin’in 980’de (1572) yazdığı notta müellifin bu kitabı tamamladığı 977 (1569) yılında İstanbul’da vefat ettiği belirtilmiştir. Ayvansarâyî, Sütlüce’de Kaysûnîzâde Mescidi’nden söz ederken onun mescid civarında medfun olduğunu belirtmekte, ancak Atâî’ye atıfta bulunduğu halde Mâlûlzâde Mehmed Efendi’nin Mısır kadılığından 978’de (1570) dönerken onu kendisiyle birlikte getirdiği ve 1020 (1611) yılında öldüğü, yerine de oğlu Mahmud’un geçtiği, Kaysûnî’nin “ladinci” anlamına geldiği gibi yanlışlarla dolu bir mâlûmat vermektedir (Hadîkatü’l-cevâmi‘ , s. 306). Fındıklılı İsmet Efendi, Şeyh Mustafa Efendi’den söz ederken onun, Sütlüce’de Kanûnî Sultan Süleyman’ın sertabibi Kaysûnîzâde Mehmed Efendi’nin eser-i hayrı olan caminin imamı olduğunu belirtir (Tekmiletü’ş-Şekāik , V, 496).
Eserleri. Kaysûnîzâde’nin şahsiyeti gibi eserleri hakkında da çeşitli bibliyografik eserler ve kataloglarda verilen bilgilerde hatalar mevcut olup Sellheim’in de ona nisbet ettiği eserler şunlardır:
1. Düstûrü’l-bîmâristânât . İlâç yapımıyla ilgili muhtasar bir eserdir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2112).
2. Zâdü’l-mesîr fî ʿilâci’l-bevâsîr . Dört fasıl ve bir hâtimeden oluşan risâle, mukaddimede belirtildiği üzere Mısır’da Menûfiye bölgesi şer‘î hâkiminin isteği üzerine yazılmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2093).
3. Tuḥfetü’l-muḥib fî ṣınâʿati’ṭ-ṭıb . Tıpla ilgili genel bilgileri ihtiva eden eser beş bölüme (makale) ve bunların altında çeşitli bab ve fasıllara ayrılmıştır (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2007).
4. Muḫtaṣarü’t-Teẕkire . İbnü’s-Süveydî’nin (İbn Tarhan) et-Teẕkiretü’l-hâdiye adlı tıbba dair eserinin muhtasarıdır. Müellif mukaddimede dedesi Şemseddin Muhammed el-Kūsûnî’nin de aynı eseri farklı bir şekilde ihtisar ettiğini belirtir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Ayasofya, nr. 3728; Gotha, nr. 2026).
5. Risâle fi’l-ḳūbâ (Süleymaniye Ktp., Şehid Ali Paşa, nr. 2112, vr. 82b -88b ).
6. Şerḥu’l-Ceznâʾiyye . Eserin mukaddimesinde fakih ve edip olduğu belirtilen Ebû Hafs Ömer b. Abdurrahman el-Ceznâî’ye ait el-Münîr fî ṣınâʿati’t-tevfîḳ ve’t-teks̱îr adlı vefklere dair kitap üzerine 23 Zilhicce 958’de (22 Aralık 1551) Edirne’de yazılmış bir şerhtir. Müellifin adı mukaddimede Muhammed b. Muhammed b. Muhammed el-Kūsûnî şeklinde tam olarak verilmiştir (Süleymaniye Ktp., Giresun, nr. 147).
Sellheim ayrıca Maḳāle fi’l-ḥammâm , Maḳāle fî cevâzi istiʿmâli haceri’l-bâdezehr el-ḥayevânî ve el-Miṣbâḥ adlı eserlerini zikreder (bu eserlerine ve yukarıda adı geçen eserlere ait diğer nüshalar için bk. Sellheim, I, 210-213).
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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Taşköprizâde, eş-Şeḳāʾiḳ , s. 428.
Kutbüddin en-Nehrevâlî, el-Fevâʾidü’s-seniyye fi’r-riḥleti’l-Medeniyye ve’r-Rûmiyye (Mecmûʿatü’l-fevâʾidi’l-müteferriḳa içinde), Beyazıt Devlet Ktp., Veliyyüddin Efendi, nr. 2440, vr. 107b -152b .
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Osmanlı Müellifleri , III, 239.
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Hediyyetü’l-ʿârifîn , II, 231, 413.
M. Ullmann, Die Medizin im Islam , Leiden 1970, s. 180-181, 341.
R. Sellheim, Materialien zur Arabischen Literaturgeschichte , Wiesbaden 1976, I, 202-213.
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Bedi N. Şehsuvaroğlu v.dğr., Türk Tıp Tarihi , Bursa 1984, s. 82.
Şeşen, Fihrisü maḫṭûṭâti’ṭ-ṭıbbi’l-İslâmî , s. 319 vd.
Ahmet Hulusi Köker, “Mısırlı Hekimbaşı Kaysuni-zade Mehmet Efendi’nin Hayatı”, Hekimbaşı Kaysuni-zade Mehmed Efendi (1512-1569), Ankaralı Şair Hekim Nidai (1502-1570) , Kayseri 1990, s. 1-7.
Ali Rıza Karabulut, “Hekim Şaban Nidaî’nin Eserleri”, a.e. , s. 66-94.
Ali Haydar Bayat, Osmanlı Devleti’nde Hekimbaşılık Kurumu ve Hekimbaşılar , Ankara 1999, s. 32-41.
Ekrem Kâmil, “Gazzi-Mekki Seyahatnamesi”, Tarih Semineri Dergisi , I/2, İstanbul 1937, s. 3-89.
Rusçuklu Hakkı Üzel, “Kanunî Süleyman Zamanında Bir Tıbbî Müşavere: Kaysunî Zade ve Haman Oğlu”, Türk Tıb Tarihi Arkivi , IV/15, İstanbul 1940, s. 103-105.
R. Vesely, “Neues zur Familie al-Qūsūnī: Ein Beitrag zur Genealogie einer ägyptischen Ärzte- und Gelehrtenfamilie”, Oriens , XXXIII (1992), s. 437-444.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 105-107 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.