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KAYYÛM NÂSIRÎ Skip to content (1825-1902)
Tatar Türkleri’nden yazar, muallim ve dil âlimi.
15 Şubat 1825’te Kazan civarındaki Yukarı Şırdan köyünde doğdu. Asıl adı Abdülkayyûm’dur. Dedeleri ve babası bölgenin tanınmış âlimlerindendi. Babası Abdünnâsır Molla, Nâsırî’ye temel dinî bilgileri öğrettikten sonra onu Kazan’a götürerek Akmescid (Beşinci Mahalle) Medresesi’ne verdi. Burada 1855 yılına kadar dinî eğitim gördü; Arapça, Farsça ve Rusça öğrendi. Rus çocuklarının okuduğu ibtidâî dinî okulda ve bu okulun devamı olan İlâhiyat Akademisi’nde Tatarca öğretmenliği yaptı. 1871 yılında işten uzaklaştırılınca medreselerde okuyan Tatar çocuklarına Rusça kursları düzenledi. 1873’te müslüman mektepleri müfettişi Radloff’un yardımıyla Muallim Mektebi’nde Tatarca dersler vermeye başladı. Fakat Radloff’la araları açılınca görevinden istifa etti. 1879 yılına kadar bazı Rus okullarında da öğretmenlik yaptıktan sonra görevini bıraktı. Geçimini tercümanlık, kitaplarının geliri ve Rusça bilmeyen Tatarlar’ın resmî dairelerdeki işleri için yazdığı dilekçelerle sağlamaya çalıştı.
1860’lı yıllardan itibaren yayıncılık işine girişen Nâsırî risâlelerinin büyük bir kısmını çeşitli kitaplardan toplayarak kaleme almıştır. Nâsırî’nin en önemli yönlerinden biri dil konusundaki görüş ve faaliyetleridir. Eskiden beri İdil-Ural bölgesinde süregelen Osmanlı ve Çağatay Türkçesi karışımı bir Tatar Türkçesi yerine müstakil, saf Tatarca’yı ön plana çıkarmaya çalıştı, ancak bu hususta yalnız kaldı. Tatar Türkçesi’nin Çağatayca’nın bir kolu olduğunu, kendine has kaide ve usullerinin bulunduğunu savunarak saf Tatarca ile yazı yazmaya gayret etti.
1871’de İdil-Ural bölgesinde ilk defa takvim (salnâme) geleneğini başlatan Nâsırî bunu 1897 yılına kadar sürdürdü. Nâsırî, çıkardığı takvimlerde genel takvim bilgilerinden başka tarih, coğrafya, halk edebiyatı gibi konularda da makaleler yazdı. Ayrıca Türk-Tatar toplumu arasında ilk defa matematik, geometri, coğrafya, anatomi ve sağlık bilgisi ders kitapları kaleme aldı ve bu ilim dallarında yeni Tatarca terimler geliştirmeye çalıştı. Makaleleri Rus coğrafya cemiyeti mecmuasında yayımlandığı gibi 2 Kasım 1885 tarihinde Kazan Üniversitesi Arkeoloji-Tarih ve Etnografya Cemiyeti’ne aslî üye seçildi.
Tatar yenilikçilik (Cedîdcilik) düşüncesinin en önemli temsilcilerinden olan Kayyûm Nâsırî Tatarlar’ın cahilliğinden ve eğitime önem vermemelerinden şikâyet ediyordu. Özellikle yazdığı ders kitapları, tâlim ve terbiye konusundaki görüşleriyle döneminde Gaspıralı İsmâil ile başlayan eğitimde yenileşme (usûl-i cedîd) hareketinin öncülerinden sayılıyordu.
Nâsırî Şark edebiyatına hayrandı. Osmanlıca, Farsça ve Arapça’dan edebiyata dair çok sayıda metni Tatarca’ya tercüme etti. Kābusnâme , Kırk Vezir , Kırk Bakça ve Fevâkihü’l-cülesâ adlı eserlerinde bu hikâyelere yer verdi. Coğrafyayla ilgili eserlerini hazırlarken Kâtib Çelebi ve Ahmed Hamdi’nin kitaplarından faydalandı. Özellikle Kâtib Çelebi’nin Cihannümâ ’sı onun üzerinde büyük etki bıraktı.
Dil ve edebiyat meselelerine dair çalışmalara da ağırlık veren Nâsırî, Tatarca’nın imlâ kaideleriyle sarf ve nahvini (Kavâid-i Kitâbet , Enmûzec ), sözlüğünü (Lehçe-i Tatarî , I-II, Kazan 1895) hazırladı. Özellikle yaz aylarında Tataristan’ın çeşitli bölgelerine seyahatler yaparak Tatar folklorunun örneklerini topladı ve bunları neşretti.
Görüşlerinden dolayı mutaassıp kişilerce aşağılanan, hatta tehdit edilen Nâsırî gösterişten uzak bir şekilde yalnız yaşadı. Diğer aydın kesimle doğrudan ilişki kurmadı. Gaspıralı İsmâil’den de Ruslar’la olan ilişkileri sebebiyle uzak durdu. Nâsırî’nin Rusya hükümetiyle diyalogu hiçbir zaman iyi olmadı. 1886’da neşredilen çarın fermanına göre kadılık ve imamlık yapacak kişilerin 1891 yılından itibaren Rusça imtihan vermeleri şart koşulmuştu. Nâsırî bu fermanı Tatarca olarak yayımladı. Bunun üzerine halk fermana tepki gösterdi. Tatarlar’ın yoğun biçimde yaşadığı İdil-Ural bölgesinde çeşitli karışıklıklar çıkınca Nâsırî’nin tercümesi toplatıldı. Nâsırî, Tatar halkının Rusça öğrenmesi taraftarı olmakla birlikte bu işin zorla ve misyoner Rus papazları vasıtasıyla yapılmasına karşıydı. Bu sebeple Rusça öğrenmek isteyenler için çeşitli gramer kitapları ve sözlükler hazırladı.
Nâsırî 2 Ekim 1902’de vefat etti. Cenazesi çok az sayıda öğrencinin katılımıyla Kazan Mezarlığı’na defnedildi. Ölümüne bir yıl kala yakın dostu Bedîî Müezzin’e 3000 sum (ruble) parası olduğunu, bu parayla köyünde bir mescid inşa ettirmek istediğini bildirdi ve Bedîî Müezzin’i bu işle görevlendirdi. Mescid ancak Nâsırî’nin vefatından sonra tamamlanabildi. Muarızlarınca dinsizlikle suçlanmasına rağmen kendi anlayışına göre dindar, ayrıca taassup derecesinde milliyetçi idi. Onun etkisinde kalan Rus şarkiyatçılarının en ünlüsü Gülnâr Hanım olarak bilinen Olga de Lebedef’tir. Kazan Üniversitesi’nde okurken Nâsırî’den Türkçe-Tatarca dersleri alan Gülnâr Hanım onun dil, edebiyat, folklor ve arkeoloji alanındaki bilgilerinden geniş ölçüde istifade etti. Joseph M. E. Gottwald ve Maslovsky gibi Rus şarkiyatçıları da kendisinden Tatarca dersleri aldılar. Nâsırî’nin ayrıca İstanbul’daki aydın kesim tarafından tanındığı, bunlar arasında Ahmed Mithad Efendi ve Cemâleddîn-i Efgānî’nin de bulunduğu, İdil-Ural bölgesine bir seyahat yapan İkdam gazetesi sahibi Ahmed Cevdet Bey’in onu Kazan’da ziyaret ederek görüştüğü ve ölümü dolayısıyla İkdam ’da bir yazı yayımladığı bilinmektedir.
Eserleri. 1. Mecma‘u’l-ahbâr (Kazan 1895). Hz. Peygamber’in hayatı ve faaliyetlerini konu alır.
2. Nahiv Kitabı (Kazan 1860). Tatarca öğrenen Ruslar ve Rusça öğrenen Tatarlar için hazırlanmış olup Rusça olarak da basılmıştır.
3. Numûne ya ki Enmûzec (Kazan 1891). Rus dilinin okuma, sarf ve nahiv kaidelerini içerir.
4. Kavâid-i Kitâbet (Kazan 1892). Küçük bir gramer niteliğinde olmakla birlikte önemli eserleri arasında yer alır; fiil teşkillerinden, masdar ve edatlardan bahseder.
5. Enmûzec (Kazan 1895). Tatarca dil bilgisi kitabı olup daha çok fonetik özellikler üzerinde durulmuştur.
6. Fevâkihü’l-cülesâ (Kazan 1884). Çeşitli şiir, hikâye, masal, bilmece vb. folklorik malzemeyi ihtiva eden eserde ayrıca Arapça’dan çok sayıda hikâye tercümesi de bulunmaktadır. Eser bir nevi ansiklopedi mahiyetindedir.
Bunların dışında Coğrafya-yı Kebîr (Kazan 1894), Coğrafya-yı Kebîr (I-II, Kazan 1898-1899) ve Istılâhât-ı Coğrafya (Kazan 1900) Nâsırî’nin önemli eserleri arasında yer alır. Sözlük çalışmalarını ise Tatarca-Rusça Lugat (Kazan 1878), Lugat-ı Rus (Kazan 1892), Lehçe-i Tatari I (Kazan 1895) teşkil eder. Eğitimle ilgili olarak Akāid Risâlesi (Kazan 1867), Ahlâk Risâlesi (Kazan 1884), Ahlâk Risâlesi-Kebîr (Kazan 1890), Terbiye Kitabı (Kazan 1891) ve Otuz Vaaz (Kazan 1897) adlı eserleri bulunmaktadır. Bir kısmı ders kitabı mahiyetinde tarih, halk sağlığı, şifalı bitkiler, marangozluk vb. konuları işleyen diğer eserleri arasında Boş Vakit (Kazan 1860), Şecere-i Mübârek-i Peygamber (Kazan 1860), Hesaplık (Kazan 1873), Menâfi-i A‘zâ ve Kānûn-ı Sıhhat (Kazan 1873), Tevârîh-i Enbiyâ (Kazan 1884), Zübdetün min tevârîhi Rus (Kazan 1890), İlm-i Zirâat (Kazan 1892), Havâss-ı Nebatât (Kazan 1893), İlm-i Hendese (Kazan 1895), Icek (Kazan 1895), Kavâid-i Lisân-ı Arab (Kazan 1896), Sanâyi-i Ulfaniye (Kazan 1900) sayılabilir. Edebî türden kitapların başta geldiği tercümeleri Kırk Vezir (Kazan 1868), Kırk Bakça (Kazan 1880), Ebû Ali Sina Hikâyesi (Kazan 1881, 1975), Kābusnâme (Kazan 1884, 1898, Rusça trc. O. Lebedeva, Kazan 1886) ve Cevâhirü’l-hikâyât ’tır (Kazan 1886). Hayatta iken bastıramadığı Kazan Tatarları’nın etnografyasına ait Rusça makaleleri ve çeşitli hâtıraları Ali Rahim tarafından yayımlanmış (Kayyum Nâsırî’nin Munarça Basılmagan Eserleri , Kazan 1926), çeşitli eserlerinden yapılan seçmeler de basılmıştır (Saylanma Eserler , Kazan 1956). Nâsırî’nin ayrıca Kazan Tatarları’nın etnografyası, mitolojisi ve halk edebiyatıyla ilgili henüz yayımlanmamış yedi Rusça makalesi bulunmaktadır.
Yazarın 3000 yılına kadar olan hicrî tarihleri milâdîye çevirme ve Rusya’da güneşin doğuşuyla ilgili çalışmalarının olduğu (Rusya’nın özellikle kuzey bölgelerinde yaşayan müslümanların bazı vakit namazlarını kılmamaları sebebiyle böyle bir eser hazırlama ihtiyacını duymuştur) Kābusnâme ’nin arka kapağında belirtilmektedir. Miftâhu’l-Kur’ân adıyla hazırladığı hacimli bir Kur’an indeksi ölümünden sonra kaybolmuştur. Yayımlanmamış Tevârîh-i Bulgariye , Destân-ı Cengiz Han ve Aksak Timur , Tatar Destanları gibi eserlerinin yanı sıra Pugaçev isyanlarını anlatan bir kitabı da bulunmaktadır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
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E. Lazzerini, “Gadidism at the Turn of the Twentieth Century: A View from within”, Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique , XVI/2, Paris 1975, s. 245-277.
Ch. Lemercier-Quelquejay, “Abdul Kayum Al-Nasyri: A Tatar Reformer of the 19th Century”, CAS , sy. 4 (1983), s. 109-132.
Abdürreşid İbrahim, “Tam Kırk Sene”, Yeni Yapon Muhbiri , sy. 20, Tokyo 1933, s. 15-16.
BSE , XVII, 312.
Ömer Faruk Akün, “Gülnar Hanım”, DİA , XIV, 244, 247.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 109-110 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.