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KAZF Skip to content İffetli bir kimseye zina iftirasında bulunma anlamında fıkıh terimi.
Sözlükte “herhangi bir şeyi atmak” anlamına gelen kazf fıkıhta haddi gerektiren belirli suçlardan birinin adı olup “muhsan olan bir kimseye zina ithamında bulunmak veya nesebini reddetmek” şeklinde tanımlanır. İthamda bulunan kişiye kāzif , itham edilene makzûf , bu amaçla kullanılan kelime ve cümlelere makzûfün bih denilir.
Kur’an’da kişilik hakları kapsamında iffet, şeref ve haysiyet dokunulmazlığına ayrı bir önem verilmiştir. Müminlerin annesi Hz. Âişe aleyhinde çıkarılan ve İslâm tarihinde İfk Hadisesi olarak bilinen dedikodular sebebiyle başta Resûl-i Ekrem olmak üzere Hz. Âişe’nin ve Ebû Bekir ailesinin mâruz kaldığı iftira kampanyası ve katlanmak zorunda bırakıldıkları mânevî işkenceler üzerine nâzil olan Nûr sûresinin 11-20. âyetleriyle bir taraftan Hz. Âişe’nin bir iftiraya mâruz kalmış iffetli bir kadın olduğu açıklanmış, diğer taraftan iffetli kişilerin şeref ve haysiyetlerinin koruma altına alınması maksadıyla hukuk ilkesi getirilmiştir. Sünnette de kazf suçuyla ilgili bazı rivayetler mevcuttur. Hz. Peygamber’in, insanı helâk edecek olan yedi suç ve günahtan birinin iffetli bir kadına zina ithamı olduğunu söylediği rivayet edilmiştir (el-Muvaṭṭaʾ , “Ḥudûd”, 5; Buhârî, “Ḥudûd”, 44-45; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥudûd”, 34). Hz. Âişe’ye yapılan ithamın bir iftiradan ibaret bulunduğuna dair âyet nâzil olunca Resûl-i Ekrem’in iftira kampanyasında başı çeken bir kadınla iki erkeğe kazf haddi uyguladığı Hz. Âişe tarafından rivayet edilen bir hadisle sabittir (Müsned , VI, 30,35; Ebû Dâvûd, “Ḥudûd”, 34; Tirmizî, “Tefsîr”, 25). Kur’an ve Sünnet’te kazf suçu üzerinde önemle durulmuş olması sebebiyle fıkıhta başka hukuk sistemlerinde olduğundan daha açık biçimde vurgulanan ve kazf adı verilen bir suç tanımı ortaya çıkmış, bu suçu işleyenler aleyhine nisbî olarak ağır cezaî yaptırımlar öngörülmüştür. Cezalandırmada kanunîliğin sağlanabilmesi için de klasik fıkıh literatüründe kazf suçunun oluşumu ve cezasının infazı hakkında ayrıntılı bir doktrin geliştirilmiştir.
Zina isnadı, isnat edilen kimsenin muhsan olması ve isnadın kasıtlı yapılması kazf suçunu oluşturan üç ana unsurdur. Zina isnadı bir kişinin başka bir kişi aleyhine zina ithamında bulunması veya başka bir kişinin sahih olarak bilinen nesebini reddetmesi şeklinde olur. Bu isnadı sarih olarak ifade eden her yazı ve sözle kazf suçu gerçekleşmiş sayılır. Bazı fakihlerin yazıyla yapılan ithamla kazf suçunun gerçekleşmeyeceği görüşünü ileri sürmesi yazının o dönemlerde taşıdığı ispat güçlüğünden kaynaklanır (Serahsî, IX, 111). Livâta (homoseksüellik) ithamıyla kazf suçunun oluşup oluşmayacağı ise fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Çoğunluk böyle bir ithamı da kazf suçu sayarken suçun oluşum şartlarını tesbitte daha sıkı ölçüleri bulunan Ebû Hanîfe ve Zâhirîler onu hakaret ve sövme kapsamına sokar, dolayısıyla ta‘zîr cezasını gerektiren bir suç sayarlar (İbnü’l-Hümâm, V, 114; Abdülkādir Ûdeh, II, 463; Cemîl Besyûnî, XLIII/8 [1976], s. 1205). Aynı gerekçelerle cumhur, net bir itham anlamı içermeyen ta‘rizle yani dolaylı ifadelerle kazf suçunu kabul etmezken Mâlik’e göre dolaylı ithamla da kazf suçu oluşur (Sahnûn, VI, 224; İbn Rüşd, II, 368).
Kazf suçunu oluşturan ikinci unsur ithama mâruz kimsenin muhsan olmasıdır. Kazf suç ve cezasına ilişkin âyetteki (en-Nûr 24/4) nitelendirmeden alınan muhsan terimi fakihlere göre akıllı, ergen, hür, müslüman ve iffetli olan erkek, kadın, dul veya bekâr herkesi kapsar. Ancak kişinin muhsan sayılması için ergen ve hür olmasının şart olup olmadığı tartışmalıdır (bk. İHSAN ). Aksi ispatlanmadığı sürece kişilerin suçsuzluğu asıl olduğundan bir kişi hakkında o güne kadar gayri meşrû ilişkide bulunduğuna dair bir bilgiye sahip olunmaması onun iffetli kabul edilmesi için yeterlidir; iffetli olduğunu kanıtlamak için özel bir araştırma yapılması gerekmez. Recmi icap ettiren zina suçunun oluşumunda aranan ihsan şartında, yani recm ihsanında evlilik ve evlilik içi cinsel ilişkide bulunma daha bir önem taşırken kazf suçunda ihsan, evli olmaktan ziyade kelimenin sözlük anlamına da yakın biçimde iffetli olmayı ifade eder. Bunun için de zina iftirasının ağır bir suç ve günah olduğunu bildiren âyetlerde geçen (en-Nûr 24/4, 23) “muhsanât” kelimesinde iffetli kadınlar anlamı baskındır. Öte yandan bu âyetlerde sadece iffetli kadınlara zina iftirasından bahsedilmesi bunun fiilî hayatta daha sık vuku bulması sebebiyle olduğundan aynı itham iffetli erkeklere yöneltildiğinde de yine kazf suçu oluşur (Kurtubî, XII, 172). Kazf suçunun oluşumu için zina ithamının belli bir kişi veya kişiler aleyhine yapılmış olması da gerekir. Bir belde halkının tamamı aleyhine yapılan zina ithamı olayın yapısı gereği gerçekçi olmayacağından kazf suçu değil ta‘zîr suçu oluşturur. Makzûfün ayrıca ilişkide bulunabilecek kadar cinsel olgunluğa ulaşmış olması ve cinsel ilişkiye engel oluşturan bedenî bir özrünün bulunmaması şartını arayanlar isnadın gerçekliği noktasından hareket ederken Ahmed b. Hanbel, kişinin böyle bir ithamla da şeref ve itibarının zarar göreceğinden hareketle bu şartı aramaz.
Kazf suçunu oluşturan üçüncü unsur bu isnadı yapan kimsenin suç kastıdır. Dolayısıyla kāzifin cezaî ehliyete sahip bulunması yani akıllı, ergen, hür iradeye sahip bir kişi olması şartı aranır. Kāzifin kadın, erkek, müslim, gayri müslim olması veya makzûfün yakını bulunması suçun oluşması açısından önemli değildir. Bir kişi babası, annesi, kardeşleri aleyhine zina ithamında bulunsa kazf suçu işlemiş olur ve kazf cezasına mâruz kalır (Serahsî, IX, 123). Bu kuralın bir istisnası kocanın karısına zina isnat edip şahit getirememesi ve mahkeme huzurunda yapılan yeminleşme ile evliliğin sona ermesi şeklindeki özel durumdur (bk. en-Nûr 24/6-7; LİÂN ). Karısı aleyhine zina ithamında bulunduktan sonra iddiasını geri alan ve karısına haksız bir ithamda bulunduğunu itiraf eden koca ise kazf suçu işlemiş olur.
Kāzifin ithamını makzûfün huzurunda ve onun yüzüne karşı yapmış olması gerekmez. Makzûfün gıyabında yapılan ve usulüne uygun şekilde ispat edilen bir ithamla da kazf suçu oluşur. Böylece ithamın bir cemaat huzurunda yapılmış olması gerekmeyip iki kişi yanında söylenmiş olması suçun oluşması için yeterlidir.
Kazf suçlusunun işlediği suçtan dolayı takip edilmesi için makzûfün dava açmasının gerekip gerekmediği fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Mâlikî, Şâfiî ve Hanbelîler’ce kazf suçu kişi aleyhine işlenmiş, yani şahıs hakkı galip suçlar kapsamında görüldüğünden makzûf dava açıp açmamakta, dava açmış olmasına rağmen kāzifi affedip etmemekte serbesttir. Başta Ebû Hanîfe olmak üzere kazf suçunu amme aleyhine işlenmiş suçlar kategorisinde değerlendiren fakihlere göre ise resmî makamlar konuyla ilgili bilgi edindikten sonra makzûfün davadan vazgeçmesi veya kāzifi affetmesiyle dava kapanmaz.
Kazfi kişisel bir suç kapsamında değerlendiren çoğunluğun görüşüne göre makzûfün dava açma ehliyetine sahip olmaması, dava açabilecek zamanı bulunduğu halde dava açmadan vefat etmiş olması durumunda velileri dava açamaz veya makzûfün açtığı davayı takip edemez; ancak makzûf dava açması için başkasını vekil tayin edebilir. Ölmüş bir kimseye kazfte bulunulduğu takdirde onun usul ve fürûunun kazf davası açma hakkı vardır.
Kāzif tarafından yapılan zina ithamı ya makzûfün suçunu itirafıyla ya da kāzifin kendisi de dahil sözüne güvenilir dört şahitle iddiasını ispat etmesiyle suç olmaktan çıkar; o takdirde makzûf zina suçlusu haline gelir. Ancak zina suçunun şahitle ispatında dört görgü şahidinin bulunması şartı arandığından belli bir kişi veya kişiler aleyhine kazfte bulunanlar dört sayısına ulaşmadıkları, ulaşmış olsalar bile görgü şahitliği yapamadıkları ve ithamları mücerret isnattan ibaret kaldığı sürece hepsi aleyhine kazf suçu sabit olur. Hatta ithamda bulunan kişiyi davacı sayıp onun dışında dört şahidin bulunması şartını arayanlar da vardır. Kur’an’da zinanın ispatında özel ve ağır bir prosedürün öngörülmüş olması (en-Nûr 24/4) ve buna bağlı olarak iddia sahibinin belki de gerçekte suçlu olmadığı halde iddiasını dört şahitle ispat edemediği için kazf suçu işlemiş sayılması İslâm’ın açığa çıkmamış kötülüklerin gizlenmesini istediğini, kişilerin şeref ve iffetlerinin korunmasını esas aldığını ve suçları ancak aleniyet kazandığında cezalandırmaya yöneldiğini gösterir. Kazf suçu sabit olduktan ve kāzif aleyhine kazf cezasına hüküm verildikten sonra henüz ceza infaz edilmeden makzûfün bir zina suçu sabit olsa muhsanlık sıfatı kalkmış olacağından kāzif aleyhine verilen ceza hükmü düşer ve ceza infaz edilmez (Serahsî, IX, 127).
Kazf suçu sabit olduğu takdirde suçluya bedenî ceza olarak celde (sopa) cezası uygulanır; mânevî ceza olarak da şahitliği kabul edilmeyen güvenilmez bir kişi sayılır. Kur’an’da zina iftirasında bulunup da şahit getiremeyenlere seksener sopa vurulması ve artık onların şahitliğinin kabul edilmemesi hükmü yer alır (en-Nûr 24/4). Bundan dolayı kāzife uygulanacak seksen sopa cezası fıkıhta cezası şâri‘ tarafından belirlenen, bunun için de arttırma ve eksiltmeye veya yerine başka ceza ikamesine gidilemeyen had niteliğindeki cezalar arasında görülmüştür. Celdenin uygulama şekli ve şartları konusunda literatürde yer alan ayrıntılar cezaların infazında aşırılığın önlenmesi, istikrar ve kanunîliğin sağlanmasına yönelik çabalar niteliğindedir. Kazf suçunu amme hukuku yani Allah hakları kapsamına giren bir suç olarak kabul eden Ebû Hanîfe’nin temsil ettiği görüşe göre kazf cezası affedilemez (a.g.e. , IX, 109; Bilmen, III, 238). Zina ithamını kişisel hakkın ihlâli yani kul hakkı kapsamında kabul eden Şâfiî ve Ahmed b. Hanbel’e göre cezanın infazından önce makzûfün affetme yetkisi vardır. Mâlik’e göre af dava resmî makamlara intikal etmeden önce mümkündür. Ancak resmî makamlara intikal etmiş olmasına rağmen makzûf olayın gizli kalmasını istiyor ve bunun için kāzifi affediyorsa af geçerli olur.
Kazf suçlusuna verilecek mânevî ceza ise onun güvenilirlik niteliğini kaybetmesi, mahkemelerde şahitliğinin kabul edilmemesidir. Kāzifin tövbe etmesi ve durumunu düzeltmesi halinde şahitliğinin kabul edilip edilmeyeceği konusu fakihler arasında tartışmalıdır. Hanefîler’e göre kāzif tövbe etse de şahitliği kabul edilmez. Şâfiî, Mâlikî ve Hanbelî mezheplerine göre kāzif tövbe eder ve iyi hali görülürse şahitliği kabul edilir.
Kazf cezasında tedâhül cereyan eder, yani birden fazla kişi aleyhine kazfte bulunan kimse üzerine sadece bir kazf cezası uygulanır. Kazfte bulunduğu her kişi için ayrı ayrı kazf cezası uygulanmaz. Bir kişi hakkında kazfte bulunan kimse üzerinde kazf cezası infaz edildikten sonra tekrar kazf suçu işlediği takdirde tedâhül söz konusu olmaz. Bu durumda kāzif tekrar kazf cezasına mâruz kalır. Bir grup ve bir cemaat aleyhine yapılan kazf sebebiyle de kāzife tek ceza uygulanır. Ahmed b. Hanbel ve Şâfiî’den gelen bir görüşe göre birden fazla kişiye ayrı ayrı kazfte bulunan şahıs üzerinde her bir makzûf için ayrı ceza uygulanır. Had cezasını gerektirecek bir kazf suçunun oluşum şartlarını taşımayan isnat ve iftiralara, meselâ muhsan olma şartlarını taşımayan kimseye yapılan zina isnadı, kişilik haklarına tecavüz teşkil etmesi ölçüsünde ta‘zîr suçu teşkil eder ve o kapsamda cezalandırılır (Mâverdî, I, 387, vd.; Kâsânî, VII, 40).
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Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 148-149 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.