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KE‘‘ÂK Skip to content Osmân b. Muhammed b. el-Arabî b. Osmân el-Ke‘‘âk el-İyâzî el-Endelüsî (1903-1976)
Tunuslu edip ve tarihçi.
15 Ekim 1903’te Tunus’un kuzey sahilinde başşehir yakınlarındaki Mersâ’ya bağlı Gammaret (Kamert) köyünde doğdu. 1900’de doğduğu da kaydedilir. Kādî İyâz’ın soyundan olan ataları XVII. yüzyılın başlarında Tunus’a göç etmiştir. Arapça ve Fransızca eğitim verilen bir ilkokuldaki tahsilinden sonra liseyi Sâdıkıyye Medresesi’nde okudu. Bu okulda Fransızca yanında şahsî gayretiyle İngilizce ve İtalyanca da öğrendi. Kendi ifadesine göre on iki yaşında iken Arapça’yı, İslâm tarih ve medeniyetini öğrenmeyi gereksiz buluyordu. Osmanlı Devleti’nin İtilâf devletlerine karşı I. Dünya Savaşı’na girdiği sırada Mevâlihiye semtinde yürürken karşılaştığı Fransız askerî birliğinden bir askerin kendisine vurması ve yere düşen Mecîdî başlığını çiğnemesi üzerine hırsla Arapça bilgisini ilerletmeye ve Almanca öğrenmeye başladı. Özellikle İslâm tarihine, Arap dili ve edebiyatına dair kaynakları okuyarak kendini yetiştirdi. Ayrıca Fars ve Türk edebiyatıyla ilgilendi. 1919’da Tunus’ta yayımlanan el-Vezîr, eṣ-Ṣavâb, Lisânü’l-ʿArab gibi gazetelerde, Abdülazîz b. İbrâhim es-Seâlibî’nin kurduğu Hür Anayasa Partisi’nin çıkardığı el-Fecr dergisinde tarih, edebiyat ve sosyal konular hakkında yazılar kaleme aldı. Fransız genel valisi Lucien Saint’in uygulamaya koyduğu reformlar sırasında 1922’de yazmaya başladığı makalelerinde onu şiddetle eleştirdi. Çeşitli derneklerde edebiyata, tarihe ve siyasete dair konferanslar verdi. 1926’da Paris’e gidip Sorbon Üniversitesi Ecole des Langues Orientales’de, ardından Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes ve Collège de France’ta okudu. Arap dili ve edebiyatı, Kuzey Afrika ve Doğu’daki mahallî Arap lehçeleri, Latince, Farsça, Sanskritçe, Himyerîce üzerine dersler aldı ve araştırmalar yaptı. Henri Massé, Henri Marçais, William Marçais, Georges Colin, Vladimir F. Minorsky, Muhammed Kazvînî, Muhammed Mahallâtî gibi ilim adamlarından faydalandı. Dil konusunda özel bir yeteneğe sahip olan Ke‘‘âk’in Arapça ve Fransızca’dan başka İngilizce, İspanyolca, İtalyanca, Almanca, Farsça ve Türkçe konuştuğu, Tunus’ta bu kadar dil bilen ikinci bir kişinin bulunmadığı söylenir.
Ke‘‘âk, Tunus’a dönünce Haldûniyye Medresesi’nde tarih ve coğrafya dersleri verdi. el-Medresetü’l-ulyâ li’l-âdâb ve’l-lugati’l-Arabiyye’de müderris (1928-1954), Ma‘hedü’d-dirâsâti’l-ulyâ’da profesör ve aynı okulun Doğu Araştırmaları Bölümü’nde müdür olarak görev yaptı (1954-1956), Tunus Radyosu Arapça Programlar Bölümü’nde genel sekreterlik (1938-1943), Tunus Millî Kütüphanesi’nde Arapça Bölümü başkanlığı, bağımsızlıktan sonra aynı kütüphanede genel müdürlük (1956-1965) görevlerinde bulundu. 70.000 Arapça kitap, çok sayıda gazete koleksiyonu ve 6000 yazma ihtiva eden bu kütüphanenin düzenlenmesini, kayıtlarının Arapça’ya çevrilmesini sağladı. 1965 yılında emekliye ayrılmasına rağmen bir süre daha aynı kütüphanede danışman olarak çalışmaya devam etti (1965-1967). Araştırmalarını Batı ve Doğu İslâm dünyasının, özellikle Kuzey Afrika’nın tarih ve edebiyatı, folkloru, sanatları, âdet ve gelenekleri üzerine yoğunlaştırdı. Hemen hepsi küçük hacimli olan eserlerinde özellikle sömürge döneminde ihmal edilmiş Kuzey Afrika’ya dair dikkat çekici konulara el attı. Fas, Libya, Ürdün ve Suriye’deki üniversitelerde misafir profesör olarak ders verdi. Şam’daki el-Mecmau’l-ilmiyyü’l-Arabî’nin üyesiydi. Bir sempozyuma katıldığı Cezayir’in Annâbe şehrinde 15 Temmuz 1976 tarihinde vefat etti, cenazesi Tunus’ta defnedildi.
Eserleri. Telif: Mûcezü’t-târîḫi’l-ʿâm li’l-Cezâʾir (Tunus 1344/1926; nşr. Ebü’l-Kāsım Sa‘dullah v.dğr., Beyrut 2003; Cezayir tarihi üzerine yazılan ilk eserlerdendir); Cuġrâfiyyetü’l-memleketi’t-Tûnisiyye (Tunus, ts.); el-Belâġatü’l-ʿArabiyye fi’l-Cezâʾir (Tunus 1927); el-Maḳḳarî (Tunus 1945); Cüzürü Ḳarḳane (Sefâkus 1955); el-Berber (Tunus 1956; Dârülbeyzâ 2003); el-Ḥaḍâretü’l-ʿArabiyye fî ḥavżi’l-baḥri’l-mütevassiṭ (Bağdat 1957); Muḥyiddîn İbn ʿAbdiẓẓâhir (Tunus 1956); el-Fulklûrü’t-Tûnisî (Tunus 1957; et-Teḳālîd ve’l-âdâtü’t-Tûnisiyye ev el-Fulklûrü’t-Tûnisî , Tunus 1963, 1972, 1981, 1987); el-Fulklûrü’l-ʿIrâḳī (Bağdat 1957); Meṣâdiru bibliyocrâfiyye ʿan İbn Ḫaldûn (Tunus 1957); Muḥâḍarât fî merâkizi’s̱-s̱eḳāfe fi’l-Maġrib mine’l-ḳarni’s-sâdis ʿaşer ile’l-ḳarni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer (Kahire 1958; eserde Fas, Cezayir, Tunus ve Libya’da eğitim konusunda verdiği konferanslar derlenmiştir); Kuzey Afrikada Türk İdare ve Sanatı (trc. Suat Aksoy, Ankara 1959); el-Medḥal ilâ ʿilmi’l-fulklûr (Bağdat 1964); er-Riḥletü’ş-Şâbbiyye (1966) (Tunus 1966; nşr. Muhammed Raûf Belhasan, Tunus 2009; Tunuslu şair Ebü’l-Kāsım eş-Şâbbî’nin ölümünün otuzuncu yılı münasebetiyle 24 Şubat – 5 Mart 1966 tarihleri arasında gerçekleştirilen sempozyuma katılanlar için düzenlenen ve Tunus’un birçok şehrini kapsayan geziyle ilgili müşahedeleri içeren eserde gezilen yerlerle ilgili önemli tarihî, coğrafî ve kültürel mâlûmat yer almaktadır); Eġānî Aḥmed Ḫayriddîn mine’l-izâʿa ve’t-tilfezeti’l-vaṭaniyye ve’l-Maʿhedi’r-Reşîdî li’l-mûsîḳa’t-Tûnisiyye (Tunus 1968; Tunuslu şair, şarkıcı ve tiyatro yazarı Ahmed Hayruddin b. Süleyman [ö. 1976] ve eserleriyle ilgilidir); eş-Şeyḫ Aḥmed el-Vâfî (nşr. Sâlih el-Mehdî, Tunus 1982; sanatçı dayısı Ahmed b. Hamîde el-Vâfî [ö. 1921] hakkındadır); el-ʿAlâḳāt beyne Tûnis ve Îrân ʿabre’t-târîḫ (Tunus 1972; Settâr Avdî tarafından Revâbıṭ-i Îrân u Tûnis der Güzer-i Zamân adıyla Farsça’ya tercüme edilmiştir, Tahran 1387 hş./2008); el-Müctemaʿu’t-Tûnisî ʿalâ ʿahdi’l-Aġālibe (nşr. Ebû Zeyyân es-Sa‘dî, Tunus 2009).
Ke‘‘âk’in çeşitli dergi ve derlemelerde yayımlanan çok sayıdaki yazılarından bazıları şunlardır: “Türkiye Devrine Ait Tunus Bibliyografyası” (Türk Kütüphaneciler Derneği Bülteni , IX/2, Ankara 1960, s. 54-67; IX/3-4, s. 167-175); “Devrü’l-urûbe ve’l-İslâm fi’n-nehḍati’l-ʿilmiyye ve’l-edebiyye ve’l-fenniyye fî Ûrûbbâ ve Emerîkâ” (Muḥâḍarât ve taʿḳībâtü’l-mülteḳa’s-sâdis li’t-taʿrîf ʿale’l-fikri’l-İslâmî: el-Cezâʾir min 13 Cümâde’s̱- s̱âniye ilâ 1 Receb 1392 el-muvâfıḳ li 24 Yûlyû ilâ 10 Ağustos 1972 , Cezayir 1972, II, 293-348); “et-Tebşîr ve’t-taḥtîtü’t-tebşîrî” (el-Mülteḳa’s-sâbiʿ li’t-taʿrîf ʿale’l-fikri’l-İslâmî: Tîzîuzû 10-22 Cümâde’s̱-s̱âniye 1393/10-22 Yûlyû 1973 , Cezayir 1393/1973, III, 1133-1153); “Mevḳıfü’l-müʾerriḫîne’l-ecânib min târîḫi’l-Cezâʾir” (el-Asâle , sy. 14-15, Cezayir 1393/1973, s. 139-154); “Les bougiotes amazighs, andalous et siciliens et leur rôle éminent dans une civilisation embrassant les deux rives de la Méditerranée pendant quatre siècles” (Actes intégraux [conférences et débats] du 8e séminaire sur la pensée islamique: Bidjaia, du 1er au 12 rabi’ al-Aouel 1394/25 mars-5 avril 1974 , Alger 1974, s. 17-39); “el-Ebʿâdü’r-rûḥiyye ve’s-siyâsiyye ve’l-iḳtiṣâdiyye ve’l-ictimâʿiyye li’l-ʿibâdât ve ehemmiyetühâ li-küllin mine’l-ümmeti ve’l-ferd” (Muḥâḍarât ve münâḳaşâtü’l-mülteḳa’l-ʿâşir li’l-fikri’l-İslâmî: Annâbe 12-21 Receb 1396/10-19 Yûlyû 1976 , Cezayir 1396/1976, V, 441-466 [ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk: Evvelü ḥâfiẓin li-Dâri’l-kütübi’l-vaṭaniyye vemeḍât ʿan ḥayâtihi ve âs̱ârihi adlı çalışmada Ke‘‘âk’in eserleriyle çeşitli gazete ve dergilerde çıkan yazıları hakkında 167 başlık içeren bir listenin verildiği kaydedilir, er-Riḥletü’ş-Şâbbiyye , neşredenin girişi, s. 5]).
Neşir: İbnü’ş-Şemmâ‘, el-Edilletü’l-beyyinetü’ n-nûrâniyye fî mefâḫiri’d-devleti’l-Ḥafṣiyye (Tunus 1936); Ahmed b. Hâlid es-Selâvî, el-İstiḳṣâ li-aḫbâri düveli’l-Maġribi’l-aḳṣâ (Tunus 1355); Hâzim el-Kartâcennî, Dîvânü Ḥâzim el-Ḳarṭâcennî (Beyrut 1384/1964, 1979, 1409/1989); Ahmed Hayruddin, Dîvân ve eġānî Aḥmed Ḫayriddîn (Tunus 1981, mukaddime: “Ḥayâtü Aḥmed Ḫayriddîn”, s. 9-24). Ke‘‘âk ayrıca, Salvador Gomez Nogales’in La filosofía musulmana y su influjo determinante en el pensamiento medieval de Occidente: estado actual de la polémica adlı eserini (Madrid 1966) Arapça’ya tercüme etmiştir (el-Felsefetü’l-İslâmiyye ve teʾs̱îruhe’l-hâsim fî fikri’l-Ġarb es̱nâʾe’l-ʿuṣûri’l-vüsṭâ , Tunus 1397/1977).
Tunus Kültür Bakanlığı Bîbliyoġrâfyâ: ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk adlı bir kitap yayımlamış (Tunus 1976), Cemâl b. Hamâde ve Hüseyin el-Mezûgī onun hakkında ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk: Evvelü ḥâfiẓin li-Dâri’l-kütübi’l-vaṭaniyye vemeḍât ʿan ḥayâtihi ve âs̱ârihi (Tunus 1996), Muhammed Bûzîne ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk 1903-1976 (Tunus 1996), Ebû Ziyân Sâlih es-Sa‘dî ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk: er-Racül ve’l-fikr ve’l-ḳalem (Tunus 2009), Ahmed et-Tavîlî ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk: Ḥayâtuhû ve müʾellefâtühû (Tunus 2009) adıyla birer monografi kaleme almışlardır.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA :
Ke‘‘âk, el-ʿAlâḳāt beyne Tûnis ve Îrân ʿabre’t-târîḫ , Tunus 1972, s. 5-7; a.mlf., er-Riḥletü’ş-Şâbbiyye (1966) (nşr. M. Raûf Belhasan), Tunus 2009, neşredenin girişi, s. 5-6, 21-27; Ahmed Tarabîn, et-Târîḫ ve’l-müʾerriḫûne’l-ʿArab fi’l-ʿaṣri’l-ḥadîs̱ , Dımaşk 1970, s. 227-228; Mongi Sayadi, al-Jam’iyya al-Khaldûniyya 1896-1958 , Tunis 1974, s. 92, 94, 130, 141, 144, 175, 176, 210; A. Louis, Bibliographie ethno-sociologique de la Tunisie , Tunis 1977, s. VII, XVI, 37, 62, 103, 191, 192, 306; Enver el-Cündî, Aʿlâmü’l-ḳarni’r-râbiʿ ʿaşer el-hicrî , Kahire 1981, I, 363-371; Yûsuf Es‘ad Dâgır, Muʿcemü’l-esmâʾi’l-müsteʿâre ve aṣḥâbīhâ , Beyrut 1982, s. 41, 108, 234; Mahmoud Abdel Moula, L’université zaytonienne et la société tunisienne , Tunis 1984, s. 148, 157, 165; Ahmed Hâlid, Eḍvâʾ mine’l-bîʾeti’t-Tûnisiyye ʿale’ṭ-Ṭâhiri’l-Ḥaddâd ve niḍâlü cîl , Tunus 1985, s. 178, 270; Mahfûz, Terâcimü’l-müʾellifîn , IV, 167-171; Ebü’l-Kāsım Muhammed Kirrû, Müstedrekü’l-fehresi’t-târîḫî li’l-müʾellefâti’t-Tûnisiyye , Beyrut 1988, s. 105; Muhammed Hamdân, Delîlü’d-devriyyâti’ṣ-ṣâdire bi’l-bilâdi’t-Tûnisiyye , Tunus 1989, I, 72, 111, 141, 178, 180; Abdülvehhâb ed-Dahlî, İshâmü’t-Tûnisî fî taḥḳīḳi’t-türâs̱i’l-maḫṭûṭ , Kartâc 1990, s. 28, 59, 104; Muhammed Bûzîne, Meşâhîrü’t-Tûnisiyyîn , Tunus 1992, s. 445; M. Hayr Ramazan Yûsuf, Tetimmetü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1418/1998, I, 364; a.mlf., Muʿcemü’l-müʾellifîne’l-muʿâṣırîn: Vefeyât 1315-1424 (1897-2003) , Riyad 1425/2004, I, 431; Nizâr Abâza – M. Riyâz el-Mâlih, İtmâmü’l-Aʿlâm , Beyrut 1999, s. 182; Ahmed el-Alâvine, Ẕeylü’l-Aʿlâm , Cidde 1418/1998, s. 137; a.mlf., et-Teẕyîl ve’l-istidrâk ʿalâ Muʿcemi’l-müʾellifîn , Cidde 1423/2002, s. 205; Hilâl Nâcî, “ʿOs̱mân el-Keʿʿâk”, Mevsûʿatü Beyti’l-ḥikme li-aʿlâmi’l-ʿArab fi’l-ḳarneyni’t-tâsiʿ ʿaşer ve’l-ʿişrîn , Bağdad 1420/2000, I, 354-355; Muhtâr el-Ayyâşî, ez-Zeytûne ve’z-Zeytûniyyûn fî târîḫi Tûnisi’l-muʿâṣır (1883-1958) , Tunus 2003, s. 131; Clémentine Gutron, L’archéologie en Tunisie (XIXe -XXe siècles): jeux généalogiques sur l’antiquité , Paris 2010, s. 269.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2019 yılında Ankara’da basılan (gözden geçirilmiş 3. basım) EK-2. cildinde, 33-35 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.