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KELÂM Skip to content Allah’a nisbet edilen sübûtî sıfatlardan biri.
Sözlükte “maddî ve mânevî açıdan etkilemek, yaralamak” anlamındaki kelm kökünden masdar ismi olan kelâm “konuşma, söz söyleme, sözlü etkiyi algılama” mânasına gelir. “Konuşma melekesinden yoksun bulunmaya aykırı durum, zihinde bulunan anlamın dille ifade edilmesi” diye tanımlanan kelâm örfte ağızdan çıkan anlaşılır sese verilen addır. Dinî bir terim olarak da “Allah’ın konuşma yetkinliğine sahip bir varlık olduğunu bildiren sıfatı” diye tanımlanabilir (Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “klm” md.; Ebü’l-Bekā, s. 756, 758).
Kur’an’da Allah’ın melekler, İblîs ve peygamberlerle konuştuğu ve tükenmeyen kelimelerinin bulunduğu belirtilerek konuşmanın ulûhiyyete ait bir yetkinlik olduğuna dikkat çekilir. Âyetlerde “söyledi, konuştu, nidâ etti” gibi anlamlara gelen fiiller zikredilip Allah’ın yaratıklarıyla konuştuğu açıkça ifade edilir (M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḳvl”, “klm”, “ndy” md.leri). Hz. Mûsâ örneğinde olduğu üzere Allah insanlarla perde arkasından doğrudan doğruya konuştuğu gibi vahiy yoluyla veya elçi göndermek suretiyle de konuşmuştur (el-A‘râf 7/143; eş-Şûrâ 42/51). Bu sebeple vahiylere “kelâmullah” denilmiştir. Allah’ın kelâmına vasıtasız olarak muhatap kılınan Hz. Mûsâ diğer insanlar arasından seçilmiş, ona Tûr dağının sağ yanından “ey Mûsâ” diye seslenilmiştir (el-A‘râf 7/144; Meryem 19/52). “Ol” sözüyle yaratılan Îsâ peygambere “kelimetullah” unvanı verilmiştir (Âl-i İmrân 3/45; en-Nisâ 4/171).
Hadislerde de Allah’ın konuşan bir varlık olduğuna temas edilmiştir. Çeşitli rivayetlerde yer aldığına göre Allah dünyada bazı insanlarla sadece perde arkasından konuşmuştur (İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 13), âhirette ise arada bir vasıta olmadan müminlere hitap edecek (Buhârî, “Riḳāḳ”, 49), ilâhî emirlere aykırı davranan günahkârlarla konuşmayacaktır (Müsned , II, 253; krş. el-Bakara 2/174; Âl-i İmrân 3/77). Hadislerde Hz. Îsâ Allah’ın kelimesi, Kur’an da Allah kelâmı olarak nitelendirilmiştir (Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 8). Ayrıca bazı rivayetlerde müminlerin gördüğü sadık rüyalar bir tür ilâhî kelâm olarak nitelendirilmiştir (İbn Ebû Âsım, I, 213-214).
Kelâm sıfatına ilişkin tartışmalar erken dönemde başlamış ve hem kelâm ilminin doğması hem adlandırılması üzerinde etkili olmuştur. Kelâm âlimleri, keyfiyeti konusunda farklı görüşler ileri sürmekle birlikte Allah’ın kelâm sıfatı bulunduğu görüşünde birleşmiş ve nasların yanı sıra aklî delillerden hareketle bunu kanıtlamaya çalışmışlardır. Buna göre konuşmak bir yetkinlik, konuşamamak ise eksiklik ve aczdir. Mahlûkatı konuşturan Allah’ın, mahiyeti insanlarca tam olarak bilinemeyen bir konuşma sıfatına sahip olması yetkin varlık oluşunun gereğidir; konuşamamak ise Allah hakkında muhaldir. Allah’ın emreden, nehyeden ve bunları yaratıklarına bildiren bir varlık olması da kelâmın ulûhiyyetin ayrılmaz vasıfları arasında yer aldığını gösterir. Peygamberlerin Allah ile yaratıkları arasında elçilik görevi ifa eden insanlar oldukları dikkate alınırsa onların getirip sundukları kelâmın kendilerine değil Allah’a ait olduğu anlaşılır. Bu da Allah’ın kelâm sıfatı bulunduğunu kanıtlar (Mâtürîdî, s. 57-58; Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, s. 85-91; Teftâzânî, IV, 144).
İslâm âlimleri kelâm sıfatını daha çok mahiyeti, kadîm veya hâdis oluşu ve yaratıklar tarafından işitilmesi açısından ele almışlardır. Bu konudaki görüşleri şöylece özetlemek mümkündür: 1. Kelâm “harflerden ve seslerden oluşan ifade” mânasına geldiğine göre Allah’ın konuşması zâtı dışında herhangi bir nesnede harf ve ses yaratmasıyla mümkün olur. Yaratılan harfler ve sesler hâdis olup zâtıyla kāim değildir. Çünkü zâtı hâdislere konu teşkil etmediği gibi ezelde henüz bulunmayan yaratıklarıyla konuşması da mâkul değildir. Ayrıca kelâm fiilî bir sıfat olduğu için bütün fiilî sıfatlar gibi hâdistir, aksi takdirde yaratıkların da ezelî olması gerekir (Eş‘arî, s. 516-517; Kādî Abdülcebbâr, I, 193-195; Nesefî, I, 259-263; İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, s. 59-61). Kur’an’da Allah’ın, Nûh’u kavmine peygamber olarak göndermesi ve Nûh ile kavmi arasındaki münasebetler geçmiş zaman kipleriyle anlatılmıştır (Nûh 71/1-28). Henüz Nûh ve kavmi yokken bu tür ifadelerin kullanılması “yalan konuşma” anlamına gelir. İlâhî kelâm harf ve ses vasıtasıyla gerçekleştiğinden bir tür bilgi demek olan kelâm-ı nefsî ile açıklanamaz. Zira Allah’a kelâm-ı nefsî nisbet etmek son tahlilde kelâm sıfatını inkâr etmeye götürür. Cehmiyye, Mu‘tezile ve Şîa âlimleri bu görüştedir. 2. Allah dilediği zaman konuşan bir varlıktır. Konuşması harf ve seslerle gerçekleşir. Harf ve sesler zâtıyla kāim olup ezelîdir. Her ne kadar belirli harf ve seslerin kendileri ezelî değilse de bunlar tür olarak kadîmdir. Allah’ın harf ve sesle konuşması organa muhtaç olmasını gerektirmez, zira konuşmak için ağız ve dilin bulunması şart değildir. Nitekim cehennemin yanı sıra ağzı ve dili bulunmayan el ve ayakların âhirette konuşturulacağı haber verilmiştir (Yâsîn 36/65; Kāf 50/30). Hadislerde Allah’ın sesle konuştuğu açıkça beyan edilmiştir (Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 32). Ancak O’nun sesi yaratıkların sesine benzemez. O’nun kelâmını oluşturan ses ve harflerin zâtı dışında bir varlıkta olduğu da iddia edilemez, çünkü bu tür harf ve sesler Allah’a ait bir kelâm olmaz. Aksi takdirde insanlarda konuşmayı yaratan Allah olduğuna göre bütün konuşmalarının O’na ait olması gerekirdi. Kelâm sıfatının hâdis kabul edilmesi Allah’ın ezelde bu yetkin sıfattan mahrum olması anlamına gelir. Selefiyye’ye mensup âlimler bu görüştedir (Ahmed b. Hanbel, s. 70-71; İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , III, 454-509; Seffârînî, I, 138-141). 3. Kelâm sıfatı Allah’ın ezelde konuşma gücü bulunması ve zâtında kelâm yaratması demek olup konuşma gücü ezelî, zâtında harf ve ses yaratmak suretiyle söz söylemesi ise hâdistir, çünkü zâtının hâdis olaylara konu teşkil etmesinde bir sakınca yoktur. Aksi takdirde naslarda Allah’ın yaratıklarıyla konuştuğuna ilişkin bilgilere mâkul bir açıklama getirmek mümkün olmaz. Kerrâmiyye âlimleri bu görüşü benimsemiştir (Eş‘arî, s. 517; Teftâzânî, IV, 143-145; Süheyr M. Muhtâr, s. 526-527). 4. Allah’ın konuşan bir varlık olmakla nitelenmesi, akl-ı faal vasıtasıyla ilâhî bilginin peygamberin kalbine akması (feyiz) demektir. Allah’ın zâtı arazlara konu teşkil etmediğinden O’nun kelâmının beşerî kelâm türünden olması mümkün değildir. İlâhî kelâm kavlî değil fiilîdir. Göklerin ve yerin ilâhî emir karşısında, “İtaat ederek geldik” demesi (Fussılet 41/11) bunu gösterir. İbn Sînâ gibi bazı İslâm filozofları bu görüşü savunur (İbn Sînâ, s. 30-31; Fâtıma Ahmed Rif‘at, s. 450-454). 5. Kelâm Allah’ın zâtıyla kāim mânalardan ibaret olup ezelîdir. Kelâm-ı nefsî adını alan bu mânalar ilimle iradeden farklıdır ve gerçek ilâhî kelâmı teşkil eder. Allah’ın zâtında mevcut mânalar Arapça ile ifade edilince Kur’an, İbrânîce ile anlatılınca Tevrat, Süryânîce ile nakledilince İncil adını almıştır. İlâhî kelâmın emir, nehiy ve haber şeklini alması muhatapların yaratılmasıyla vuku bulur. Hem Kur’an’da hem Arap dilinde kelâm-ı nefsîye işaret edilmiştir. İlâhî sözleri kullara ulaştıran harf ve seslere kelâm-ı lafzî denir. Bunlar Allah’ın zâtında bulunmayıp herhangi bir nesnede yaratıldıklarından hâdistir ve mecazi olarak kelâm-ı ilâhî diye adlandırılır. Kelâm-ı nefsî, ezelde henüz gerçekleşmemiş olan olayların gelecekte vuku bulacağı tarzında Allah’ın zâtında mevcuttur. Olaylar gerçekleşince onlardan “vuku bulmuş” diye kelâm-ı lafzî ile haber verilir. Yaratıklar yokken Allah’ın ezelde kelâm sıfatı bulunması bir problem oluşturmaz. Zira yaratıklara kelâm-ı nefsî ile değil kelâm-ı lafzî ile hitap edilir. Allah’ın yaratıklarla konuşması ancak harf ve ses yaratmasıyla mümkün olur. Eş‘ariyye ve Mâtürîdiyye âlimleri bu görüştedir (İbn Fûrek, s. 65-67; Nesefî, I, 259-264, 282-285; Teftâzânî, IV, 144-149; Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, s. 138-143, 178-182).
Kelâm sıfatıyla ilgili konulardan biri de ilâhî kelâmın insanlar tarafından gerçek haliyle işitilip işitilemeyeceği hususudur. Bu konudaki görüşler de şöyledir: a) Allah, ezelî kelâmını harf ve ses vasıtası olmaksızın hârikulâde çerçevesinde dilediği kuluna işittirir. Nitekim Hz. Mûsâ’nın “kelîmullah” olmasının mânası budur. Eş‘arî, Gazzâlî ve Takıyyüddin es-Sübkî gibi âlimler bu görüşü benimsemiştir. b) Allah’ın kelâmı yarattığı bir ses aracılığıyla âdet üstü bir tarzda işitilebilir. Ebû Mansûr el-Mâtürîdî ve Eş‘arîler’den Ebû İshak el-İsferâyînî’nin kanaati budur. c) Allah’ın zâtında bulunan ezelî kelâmı işitilemez, sadece onlara delâlet eden lafızlar işitilebilir. Eş‘arîler’in çoğunluğu bu görüşü benimsemiştir (Mâtürîdî, s. 59; İbn Fûrek, s. 59; Gazzâlî, s. 82-83; Teftâzânî, IV, 156-157).
Kelâm sıfatı konusunda ileri sürülen farklı görüşler arasında ortak noktaların bulunduğu görülmektedir. Ancak bu sıfatın sadece harf ve ses yaratmaktan ibaret sayılması Allah’ın zâtında mevcut bir kelâm niteliğini inkâr etme anlamına geldiğini söylemek gerekir. Zira harf ve ses yaratana mütekellim değil hâlik ve fâil denir. Şu halde kelâm emir ve nehye kaynak teşkil ettiğinden yaratmadan ayrı bir sıfat olmalıdır. Bu sebeple kelâmın fiilî değil sübûtî bir sıfat olması daha isabetli görünmektedir. Teşbihe götüreceği endişesiyle Allah’ın zâtında mevcut kelâm sıfatını reddedenler, duyu ötesini duyular âlemiyle kıyaslamaları yüzünden bu sonuca varmışlardır. Halbuki bu yöntemi ilâhî sıfatlara uygulamak her zaman doğru değildir. Netice olarak ilâhî sıfatların mahiyetini bilmek imkânsız olmakla birlikte teşbihten kaçınmak şartıyla Allah’ın ilim ve iradeden ayrı sübûtî bir kelâm sıfatı bulunduğunu savunan görüş tercihe şayan görünmektedir.
BİBLİYOGRAFYA
Râgıb el-İsfahânî, el-Müfredât , “klm” md.
M. F. Abdülbâkī, el-Muʿcem , “ḳvl”, “klm”, “ndy” md.leri.
Müsned , I, 461; II, 253.
Dârimî, “Muḳaddime”, 8, “Feżâʾilü’l-Ḳurʾân”, 5, “Riḳāḳ”, 84.
Buhârî, “Tevḥîd”, 32, “Riḳāḳ”, 49.
İbn Mâce, “Muḳaddime”, 8, 13.
Ahmed b. Hanbel, Kitâbü’s-Sünne (nşr. Ebû Hâcer Muhammed Saîd b. Besyûnî Zağlûl), Beyrut 1405/1985, s. 70-71.
Osman b. Saîd ed-Dârimî, er-Red ʿale’l-Cehmiyye (nşr. G. Vitestam), Leiden 1960, s. 71-73, 84-85.
İbn Ebû Âsım, Kitâbü’s-Sünne (nşr. M. Nâsırüddin el-Elbânî), Beyrut 1400/1980, I, 213-214.
Eş‘arî, Maḳālât (Ritter) , s. 516-517.
Mâtürîdî, Kitâbü’t-Tevḥîd , s. 57-59.
İbn Fûrek, Mücerredü’l-Maḳālât , s. 44, 59, 65-67.
Kādî Abdülcebbâr, el-Muḫtaṣar fî uṣûli’d-dîn (nşr. Muhammed İmâre, Resâʾilü’l-ʿadl ve’t-tevḥîd içinde), Kahire 1971, I, 193-195.
İbn Sînâ, er-Risâletü’l-ʿarşiyye fî ḥaḳāʾiḳi’t-tevḥîd ve is̱bâti’n-nübüvve (nşr. İbrâhim Hilâl), Kahire 1980, s. 30-31.
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a.mlf., el-ʿAḳīdetü’n-Niẓâmiyye (nşr. M. Zâhid Kevserî), Kahire 1367/1948, s. 26-29.
Gazzâlî, el-İḳtiṣâd , s. 75-78, 82-83.
Beyhakī, el-Esmâʾ ve’ṣ-ṣıfât , s. 237-267.
Nesefî, Tebṣıratü’l-edille , I, 259-264, 280-286.
Seyfeddin el-Âmidî, Ġāyetü’l-merâm (nşr. Hasan Mahmûd Abdüllatîf), Kahire 1391/1971, s. 85-105.
İbnü’l-Mutahhar el-Hillî, Nehcü’l-ḥaḳ ve keşfü’ṣ-ṣıdḳ , Kum 1407, s. 59-61.
İbn Teymiyye, Mecmûʿatü’r-resâʾil , III, 454-509.
a.mlf., Muvâfaḳatü ṣaḥîḥi’l-menḳūl , Beyrut 1405/1985, I, 327-329, 339-345.
Teftâzânî, Şerḥu’l-Maḳāṣıd (nşr. Abdurrahman Umeyre), Beyrut 1409/1989, IV, 143-163.
Ebü’l-Bekā, el-Külliyyât , s. 756-761.
Beyâzîzâde Ahmed Efendi, İşârâtü’l-merâm min ʿibârâti’l-İmâm (nşr. Yûsuf Abdürrezzâk), Kahire 1368/1949, s. 138-144, 178-183.
Seffârînî, Levâmiʿu’l-envâri’l-behiyye , Beyrut, ts. (el-Mektebetü’l-İslâmiyye), I, 133-141.
M. Muhyiddin Abdülhamîd, en-Niẓâmü’l-ferîd bi-taḥḳīḳi Cevhereti’t-tevḥîd , [baskı yeri yok] 1955 (Mektebetü’t-ticâreti’l-kübrâ), s. 103-106.
Süheyr M. Muhtâr, et-Tecsîm ʿinde’l-müslimîn: Meẕhebü’l-Kerrâmiyye , Kahire 1971, s. 225-228, 526-527.
Fâtıma Ahmed Rif‘at, Meẕhebü ehli’s-sünne ve’l-cemaʿa ve menziletühüm fi’l-fikri’l-İslâmî , İskenderiye 1989, s. 447-454.
Bu madde TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi’nin 2002 yılında Ankara’da basılan 25. cildinde, 194-196 numaralı sayfalarda yer almıştır.